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Lower Permeability (lower + permeability)
Selected AbstractsSynthesis and characterization of hybrid nanocomposites comprising poly(vinyl alcohol) and colloidal silicaADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Mousumi De Sarkar Abstract Organic,inorganic hybrid composite films were developed using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and an aqueous dispersion of colloidal silica of initial particle size of 15,30 nm. The hybrid films, prepared with varied proportion of colloidal silica (10,90 phr), were found to be transparent, indicating the nanolevel dispersion of the inorganic component over the polymer. Morphological studies further revealed no significant agglomeration of the silica domains embedded into the polymer matrix. A depression in glass transition temperature of PVA is observed with increasing proportion of silica. The degree of crystallinity also showed a decreasing trend with increasing amount of silica. However, the composite films demonstrated superior mechanical performances, higher resistances to dissolution in boiling water, and lower permeability compared with virgin PVA, owing to the better interaction between PVA and silica as well as the reinforcing action of nanosilica particles in the polymer matrix. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 27:152,162, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20129 [source] Matrimid®/MgO mixed matrix membranes for pervaporationAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 7 2007Lan Ying Jiang Abstract For the first time, porous Magnesium oxide (MgO) particles have been applied to generate mixed matrix membranes (MMM) for the dehydration of iso-propanol by pervaporation. A modified membrane fabrication procedure has been developed to prepare membranes with higher separation efficiency. FESEM and DSC characterizations confirm that the MMMs produced have intimate polymer/particle interface; the nanosize crystallites on MgO surface may interfere with the polymer chain packing and induce chains rigidification upon the particle surface. It is observed that Matrimid®/MgO MMMs generally have higher selectivity, but lower permeability relative to the neat Matrimid® dense membrane. The highest selectivity is obtained with MMM containing 15 wt. % MgO. The selective sorption and diffusion of water in the MgO particles, and the polymer/particle interface properties combine to lead to the earlier phenomena. The investigation on the effect of feed water composition on the pervaporation performance reveals that the addition of MgO can show the selectivity-enhancing effects if the feed water concentration is lower than 30 wt. %. In the dehydration of isopropanol aqueous solution with 10 wt. % water, the selectivity of the MMMs is around 2,000, which is more than twice of 900 of neat polymeric membrane. This makes MMMs extremely suitable for breaking the azeotrops of water/iso-propanol. Gas permeation tests are also conducted using O2 and N2 to determine the microscopic structure of the MMMs, and to investigate the relationship between pervaporation and gas separation performance. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007 [source] Optimizing Melt-Processing Conditions for the Preparation of iPP/Fumed Silica Nanocomposites: Morphology, Mechanical and Gas Permeability PropertiesMACROMOLECULAR REACTION ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2007Alexandros Vassiliou Abstract A series of iPP/SiO2 nanocomposites, containing 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt.-% fumed silica nanoparticles, were prepared by melt mixing in a twin screw co-rotating extruder. The effect of different extrusion parameters was evaluated. The size of aggregates increased with increase in SiO2 content and repetition of the mixing process improved the filler's dispersion. A similar effect was also exhibited by either increasing the rotor speed or the mixing temperature, with the latter being more pronounced at the ranges studied. The mechanical properties of the prepared nanocomposites were evaluated and various models used to explain the observed enhancements. However, only the three-phase model could provide some correlation with the experimental results. All nanocomposites displayed lower permeability to gases. [source] A new precipitation technique provides evidence for the permeability of Casparian bands to ions in young roots of corn (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.)PLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 11 2005KOSALA RANATHUNGE ABSTRACT Using an insoluble inorganic salt precipitation technique, the permeability of cell walls and especially of endodermal Casparian bands (CBs) for ions was tested in young roots of corn (Zea mays) and rice (Oryza sativa). The test was based on suction of either 100 µm CuSO4 or 200 µm K4[Fe(CN)6] into the root from its medium using a pump (excised roots) or transpirational stream (intact seedlings), and subsequent perfusion of xylem of those root segments with the opposite salt component, which resulted in precipitation of insoluble brown crystals of copper ferrocyanide. Under suction, Cu2+ could cross the endodermis apoplastically in both plant species (although at low rates) developing brown salt precipitates in cell walls of early metaxylem and in the region between CBs and functioning metaxylem vessels. Hence, at least Cu2+ did cross the endodermis dragged along with the water. The results suggested that CBs were not perfect barriers to apoplastic ion fluxes. In contrast, ferrocyanide ions failed to cross the mature endodermis of both corn and rice at detectable amounts. The concentration limit of apoplastic copper was 0.8 µm at a perfusion with 200 µm K4[Fe(CN)6]. Asymmetric development of precipitates suggested that the cation, Cu2+, moved faster than the anion, [Fe(CN)6]4,, through cell walls including CBs. Using Chara cell wall preparations (,ghosts') as a model system, it was observed that, different from Cu2+, ferrocyanide ions remained inside wall-tubes suggesting a substantially lower permeability of the latter which agreed with the finding of an asymmetric development of precipitates. In both corn and rice roots, there was a significant apoplastic flux of ions in regions where laterals penetrated the endodermis. Overall, the results show that the permeability of CBs to ions is not zero. CBs do not represent a perfect barrier for ions, as is usually thought. The permeability of CBs may vary depending on growth conditions which are known to affect the intensity of formation of bands. [source] Effect of morphology on barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate),POLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 3 2005A.A. Natu The effects of morphology on the barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) have been investigated. Various levels of crystallinity can be developed in PET as a result of thermal exposure, orientation, and heat setting. The morphologies of the crystalline phase are affected by the conditions of their formation. As a result of morphological differences, samples with equivalent levels of crystallinity have been found to exhibit different oxygen barrier properties. These differences are most apparent at low and intermediate levels of crystallinity. For thermally crystallized systems, at the same crystalline content, increasing superstructure size in the crystalline phase leads to greater tortuosity for the permeant molecules, resulting in lower permeability. For stretched and heat set PET, transport properties can be correlated with birefringence as well as overall orientation, measured in terms of fraction of molecules in the trans or extended chain conformation. At high levels of crystallinity, where the spherulites become volume filling, permeation takes place primarily through the interlamellar regions of the crystalline phase and is controlled by level of crystallinity, independent of the mode of crystallization. The barrier properties of PET, before spherulitic impingement occurs, are governed by the size and number of spherulites as well as by the amorphous orientation present in non-crystalline regions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:400,409, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers [source] Investigation of some factors contributing to negative food effectsBIOPHARMACEUTICS AND DRUG DISPOSITION, Issue 2 2009Venugopal P. Marasanapalle Abstract A drug is defined as exhibiting negative food effects, if the co-administration of food statistically decreases its area under the curve, AUC, when compared with its administration on a fasted stomach. In this study, the role of biopharmaceutical factors that contribute to negative food effects was studied using furosemide, nadolol, tacrine and atenolol (as model compounds exhibiting negative food effects), and prednisolone, hydrochlorothiazide and ibuprofen (as model compounds that do not show any food effects). The physiological pH of the upper intestinal tract is lower, at pH 5, in the postprandial state when compared with the preprandial state, pH 6.5. Drugs that exhibited negative food effects had low apical to basolateral Caco-2 permeabilities, low pKa/pKb and Log P values of less than 1. The drugs exhibiting negative food effects had low distribution coefficients at the pH conditions of the fed and fasted states. Furosemide, being a hydrophilic, poorly soluble acidic drug showed lower solubility in the fed state when compared with the fasted state. Basic drugs, atenolol, nadolol and tacrine, are ionized to a higher extent in the fed state and exhibit lower permeability and lower absorption when compared with the fasted state. Thus, drugs were found to exhibit negative food effects owing to their decrease in solubility or permeability in the upper intestinal tract of the fed state when compared with the fasted state. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||