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Low Fat Diet (low + fat_diet)
Selected AbstractsDifferential Effects of Restricted Versus Unlimited High-Fat Feeding in Rats on Fat Mass, Plasma Hormones and Brain Appetite RegulatorsJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 7 2009T. Shiraev The rapid rise in obesity has been linked to altered food consumption patterns. There is increasing evidence that, in addition to total energy intake, the macronutrient composition of the diet may influence the development of obesity. The present study aimed to examine the impact of high dietary fat content, under both isocaloric and hypercaloric conditions, compared with a low fat diet, on adiposity, glucose and lipid metabolism, and brain appetite regulators in rats. Male Sprague,Dawley rats were exposed to one of three diets: control (14% fat), ad lib high-fat palatable (HFD, 35% fat) or high-fat palatable restricted (HFD-R, matched to the energy intake of control) and were killed in the fasting state 11 weeks later. Body weight was increased by 28% in unrestricted HFD fed rats, with an almost tripling of caloric intake and fat mass (P < 0.001) and double the plasma triglycerides of controls. Glucose intolerance and increased insulin levels were observed. HFD-R animals calorie matched to control had double their fat mass, plasma insulin and triglycerides (P < 0.05). Only ad lib consumption of the HFD increased the hypothalamic mRNA expression of the appetite-regulating peptides, neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin. Although restricted consumption of palatable HFD had no significant impact on hypothalamic appetite regulators or body weight, it increased adiposity and circulating triglycerides, suggesting that the proportion of dietary fat, independent of caloric intake, affects fat deposition and the metabolic profile. [source] Latest news and product developmentsPRESCRIBER, Issue 17 2008Article first published online: 15 SEP 200 Small AED suicide risk Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are associated with a small increase in the risk of suicidal thoughts, the MHRA has warned. In the latest Drug Safety Update (2008;2:Issue 1) the MHRA says that, compared with placebo, AEDs are associated with an additional two cases of suicidal thoughts and behaviour per 1000 patients (0.43 vs 0.22 per cent). This may occur as early as one week after starting treatment. It is unclear whether the risk varies among AEDs. Also in this issue, the MHRA warns of an increased risk of tumour progression and reduced survival in patients with cancer treated with recombinant erythropoietin. Other topics include the use of lenalidomide (Revlimid) and thalidomide for multiple myeloma; new restrictions on the use of moxifloxacin (Avelox) due to adverse effects; and a reminder that metronidazole should be administered orally, not by intravenous injection, for the treatment of C. difficile -associated diarrhoea. Low-fat diet least effective option? A low-fat diet is associated with less weight loss and less favourable metabolic changes over two years than a low-carbohydrate (Watkins) diet or a Mediterranean diet in 322 moderately obese patients (mean BMI 30kg per m2; N Eng J Med 2008;359:229,41). Estimated energy intake was similar for all diets. Mean weight loss in all randomised patients was 2.9kg for the low fat diet, 4.4kg for the Mediterranean diet and 4.7kg for the low-carbohydrate diet. The low-carbohydrate diet was associated with greater increases in HDL-cholesterol and greater reductions in triglycerides and total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio compared with the low-fat diet. Among people with diabetes, fasting plasma glucose and insulin resistance were decreased only in those assigned to the Mediterranean diet, and only the low carbohydrate diet significantly decreased HbA1c. Stopping post-MI statins Patients who stop taking a statin first prescribed after an acute MI almost double their risk of death compared with nonusers, a new study shows (Eur Heart J; published online 29 July 2008; doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn346). The analysis of 9939 MI survivors in the General Practice Research Database showed that, compared with patients who had never used a statin, the risk of death was unchanged for those previously taking a statin who continued treatment after MI. The risk was reduced by 28 per cent for those who started a statin post-MI and continued it but, in those who started a statin but then stopped it, the hazard ratio for death was 1.88 (CI 95% 1.13-3.07). Stopping control medication (aspirin, beta-blockers or proton pump inhibitors) did not alter the risk of death. Smoking quit rates with NRT and varenicline Differences in quit rates between nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and varenicline (Champix) are small, according to a multinational study (Thorax 2008;63:717,24). The trial compared transdermal NRT (21mg to 7mg per day over 10 weeks) with varenicline (1mg twice daily for 12 weeks). Over the final four weeks of treatment, the abstinence rate was significantly higher with varenicline (56 vs 43 per cent). After one year, the four-week abstinence rates were 26 and 20 per cent respectively (p = 0.056) and seven-day point prevalence abstinence rates at 6 or 12 months were not significantly different. Varenicline reduced craving, withdrawal symptoms and smoking satisfaction compared with NRT but at the cost of a higher incidence of nausea (37 vs 10 per cent). Azithromycin goes OTC The MHRA has announced that azithromycin will be available without prescription for the treatment of Chlamydia infection. Under the brand Clamelle, azithromycin will be supplied from pharmacies to over-16s who have tested positive for infection but have no symptoms; their partners may also be treated. A urine testing kit will be marketed to pharmacists. Product news Sodium valproate (Epilim Chronosphere) is now available as modified-release granules to be taken with food or a drink; 30 sachets, in five strengths from 50750mg, cost £30. Boehringer Ingelheim has introduced a higher strength of its telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination (Micardis Plus) for hypertension; 80mg/25mg costs £14.18 for a month's supply. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd [source] Effect of fat supplementation during transition period on plasma leptin and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in Holstein cowsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010Ahmad AFZALZADEH ABSTRACT The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of fat supplementation during the transition period on pre and postpartum body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose and leptin concentrations in Holstein cows. Holstein cows (n = 15) received a low fat diet (LF; 1.61 Mcal net energy for lactation (NEL)/kg of dry matter [DM]), moderate fat diet (MF; 1.68 Mcal NEL/kg DM) or a high fat diet (HF; 1.74 Mcal NEL/kg DM) for 4 weeks prior to calving. All cows were fed similar lactation diets ad libitum (1.74 Mcal NEL/kg DM) for 30 days after calving. Increasing diet energy density during transition period had no effect on prepartum DMI, BCS, BW, glucose and NEFA concentrations (P > 0.05); but leptin concentrations and energy balance (EB) were affected by treatments (P < 0.05). Animals fed HF had less plasma leptin prepartum. After parturition, BW, milk production, milk fat, protein, urea nitrogen and plasma glucose concentrations were affected by prepartum diets (P < 0.05). Fat supplementation prepartum did not affect postpartum NEFA. In conclusion, prepartum fat supplementation decreased leptin concentration prepartum. [source] Manipulation of end-product quality of rainbow trout with finishing dietsAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2000Rasmussen The effect of dietary lipid level upon various quality parameters of smoked rainbow trout were examined. Fish were fed four experimental diets differing in lipid content (18.8,31.4%). Groups received either a lipid-rich diet throughout the trial (101 days), a lipid-rich feed for 46 days followed by a lower fat diet for 55 days and vice versa, or a low fat diet throughout. A fifth group (controls), consisting of commercially reared animals, was employed for comparative purposes. The visceral fraction of experimental fish increased with increasing lipid ingestion, whereas final process yield decreased. Chemical analyses following salting and hot-smoking revealed that fillet lipid and ash was higher (P < 0.05) and moisture lower (P < 0.05) for fish fed the high-lipid diet throughout and during the last 55 days of trial. No differences were recorded with respect to sensory attributes between treatment groups, although differences were observed between tank-reared and control fish. In experimental animals, fillet protein content was negatively correlated with juiciness and fibreness, while dry matter was correlated with juiciness, fresh oily taste and rose flesh colour. The present study indicates that high lipid feeds can be employed without negatively influencing sensory characteristics or yield provided that lean finishing diets are fed prior to slaughter. Fasting of fish for 61 days improved slaughter yields without affecting relative yields among dietary groups. [source] Resting energy expenditure and body composition of Labrador Retrievers fed high fat and low fat dietsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5-6 2006S. Yoo Summary A high dietary fat intake may be an important environmental factor leading to obesity in some animals. The mechanism could be either an increase in caloric intake and/or a decrease in energy expenditure. To test the hypothesis that high fat diets result in decreased resting energy expenditure (REE), we measured REE using indirect calorimetry in 10-adult intact male Labrador Retrievers, eating weight-maintenance high-fat (HF, 41% energy, average daily intake: 8018 ± 1247 kJ/day, mean ± SD) and low-fat (LF, 14% energy, average daily intake: 7331 ± 771 kJ/day) diets for a 30-day period. At the end of each dietary treatment, body composition measurements were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mean ± SD REE was not different between diets (4940 ± 361 vs. 4861 ± 413 kJ/day on HF and LF diets respectively). Measurements of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) also did not differ between diets (FFM: 26.8 ± 2.3 kg vs. 26.3 ± 2.5 kg; FM: 3.0 ± 2.3 vs. 3.1 ± 1.5 kg on HF and LF diets respectively). In summary, using a whole body calorimeter, we found no evidence of a decrease in REE or a change in body composition on a HF diet compared with LF diet. [source] Nutrition in the genomics era: Cardiovascular disease risk and the Mediterranean dietMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 10 2007Jose M. Ordovas Abstract The effect of dietary changes on phenotypes (i.e., plasma lipid measures, body weight and blood pressure) differs significantly between individuals. This phenomenon has been more extensively researched in relation to changes in dietary fat and plasma lipid concentrations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to other pathological conditions. Although common knowledge associates low fat diets with reductions in total and plasma LDL cholesterol, the clinical evidence shows dramatic inter-individual differences in response that are partially due to genetic factors. The discovery of the cardioprotective and other healthy properties of the Mediterranean diet has popularized the consumption of Mediterranean products such as olive oil. Molecular, clinical, and epidemiological studies have begun to shed some light about how various components of this diet may protect the cardiovascular system and to decrease the risk of other diseases such as cancer. However, it is also possible that the right combination of genetic, cultural, socioeconomic factors is needed to achieve full benefit. It has been proposed that the Mediterranean diet may be closer to the ancestral foods that were part of human development and our metabolism may have evolved to work optimally on such a diet rather than with the current diets richer in saturated fat and highly refined and processed foods. Therefore, it is possible that alleles that are associated with increase disease risk may be silenced in the presence of that more ancestral and traditional diet and lifestyle. This knowledge may provide the basis for successful public health as well individual approaches for disease prevention. [source] | |||||||||||||