Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Lot
Kinds of Lot Terms modified by Lot Selected AbstractsDevelopment and topography of the lateral olfactory tract in the mouse: Imaging by genetically encoded and injected fluorescent markersDEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 8 2006Andreas Walz Abstract In mammals, conventional odorants are detected by OSNs located in the main olfactory epithelium of the nose. These neurons project their axons to glomeruli, which are specialized structures of neuropil in the olfactory bulb. Within glomeruli, axons synapse onto dendrites of projection neurons, the mitral and tufted (M/T) cells. Genetic approaches to visualize axons of OSNs expressing a given odorant receptor have proven very useful in elucidating the organization of these projections to the olfactory bulb. Much less is known about the development and connectivity of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), which is formed by axons of M/T cells connecting the olfactory bulb to central neural regions. Here, we have extended our genetic approach to mark M/T cells of the main olfactory bulb and their axons in the mouse, by targeted insertion of IRES-tauGFP in the neurotensin locus. In NT-GFP mice, we find that M/T cells of the main olfactory bulb mature and project axons as early as embryonic day 11.5. Final innervation of central areas is accomplished before the end of the second postnatal week. M/T cell axons that originate from small defined areas within the main olfactory bulb, as visualized by localized injections of fluorescent tracers in wild-type mice at postnatal days 1 to 3, follow a dual trajectory: a branch of tightly packed axons along the dorsal aspect of the LOT, and a more diffuse branch along the ventral aspect. The dorsal, but not the ventral, subdivision of the LOT exhibits a topographical segregation of axons coming from the dorsal versus ventral main olfactory bulb. The NT-GFP mouse strain should prove useful in further studies of development and topography of the LOT, from E11.5 until 2 weeks after birth. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006 [source] Low oxygen treatment prior to cold storage decreases the incidence of bitter pit in ,Golden Reinders' applesJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 3 2010Jesús Val Abstract BACKGROUND: The effect of subjecting ,Golden Reinders' apples to a low O2 pre-treatment (LOT; 1,2% O2) was evaluated as a strategy to decrease the rate of bitter pit (BP) incidence after standard cold storage (ST). Immediately after harvest, apples were stored for 10 days at 20 °C under low O2. Thereafter, apples were cold-stored (0,4 °C) for 4 months and changes were monitored in terms of BP incidence, fruit quality traits and mineral element concentrations. RESULTS: After 4 months cold storage, LOT apples presented a 2.6-fold decrease in the rate of BP incidence (14%) versus the values obtained for standard cold-stored fruits (37% BP incidence). LOT increased flesh firmness, total soluble solids and titratable acidity as compared to the quality traits determined for cold-stored fruits. Lower cortex Ca and Mg concentrations as compared to ST apples were determined in association with LOT, 2 months after cold storage. CONCLUSION: Application of a LOT prior to cold storage may be a promising strategy to reduce the incidence of BP and preserve fruit quality, which should be further investigated. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Laminar organization of the developing lateral olfactory tract revealed by differential expression of cell recognition moleculesTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2004Koichiro Inaki Abstract The projection neurons in the olfactory bulb (mitral and tufted cells) send axons through the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) onto several structures of the olfactory cortex. However, little is known of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying establishment of functional connectivity from the bulb to the cortex. Here, we investigated the developmental process of LOT formation by observing expression patterns of cell recognition molecules in embryonic mice. We immunohistochemically identified a dozen molecules expressed in the developing LOT and some of them were localized to subsets of mitral cell axons. Combinatorial immunostaining for these molecules revealed that the developing LOT consists of three laminas: superficial, middle, and deep. Detailed immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization, and 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeling analyses suggested that the laminar organization reflects: 1) the segregated pathways from the accessory and main olfactory bulbs, and 2) the different maturity of mitral cell axons. Mitral cell axons of the accessory olfactory bulb were localized to the deep lamina, segregated from those of the main olfactory bulb. In the main olfactory pathway, axons of mature mitral cells, whose somata is located in the apical sublayer of the mitral cell layer, were localized to the middle lamina within LOT, while those of immature mitral cells that located in the basal sublayer were complementarily localized to the superficial lamina. These results suggest that newly generated immature axons are added to the most superficial lamina of LOT successively, leading to the formation of piled laminas with different maturational stages of the mitral cell axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 479:243,256, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The Leader Observation Tool: a process skills treatment fidelity measure for the Incredible Years parenting programmeCHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2008C. Eames Abstract Background Despite recognition of the need to deliver evidence-based programmes in the field of mental health, there is little emphasis on implementing such programmes with fidelity. Attempts by programme developers to ensure adherence to their programmes include the development of training, manuals and content scales, but these alone may be insufficient to ensure fidelity in replication. Observational measures lend themselves as a potentially useful assessment of intervention outcomes, providing accurate and objective accounts of the intervention process. Aim To develop a reliable and valid observational treatment fidelity tool of process skills required to deliver the Incredible Years (IY) BASIC parenting programme effectively. Methods An objective observational fidelity measure was developed to assess adherence to the IY BASIC parenting programme protocol. Observations were conducted on 12 IY BASIC parenting programme groups, attended by parents of pre-school children displaying signs of early onset conduct disorder. Results The Leader Observation Tool (LOT) achieved high internal reliability and good code,recode and inter-rater reliability. Evidence of concurrent validity was also obtained. Conclusions Having demonstrated that the LOT is a reliable and valid measure of implementation fidelity, further research is necessary to examine the relationship between LOT scores and intervention outcome. [source] Practice and Coaching on IQ Tests: Quite a Lot of gINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 4 2001Jan Te Nijenhuis In the present research two studies are used to investigate the relation between g loading of tests and practice (test-retest) and coaching (active teaching) effects. The data on practice do not support the hypothesis that the higher a test's g loading, the less susceptible it is to preparation, but the data on coaching support the hypothesis. There is evidence that practice and coaching reduce the g -loadedness of a collection of tests. The implications of these results for predictive validity, practical usability of the tests, the relevance of traditional intelligence taxonomies, and for future research are discussed. [source] Uniformity, Performance and Seed Quality of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Seed Crops Grown from Sub-samples of One Seed Lot Obtained after Selection for Physical Seed AttributesJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 2 2000R. A. Illipronti Jr In a glasshouse experiment it was examined whether narrow grading and selection from a commercial soybean seed lot cultivar ,IAS-5', could improve the uniformity of the seed crop grown from it and thereby enhance yield, quality and uniformity of seeds produced. The classes created were: Control (original seed lot); Size-graded seeds (projected area measured by image analysis 37,46 mm2); Non-cracked seeds; Yellow seeds; Size-graded sound seeds (size-graded, non-cracked, yellow, non-wrinkled, non-etched). Compared to the control, percentage of emergence, survival and number of yielding plants were enhanced in crops from non-cracked, yellow or size-graded sound seeds. Differences in plant numbers did not result in differences in crop yield. The different seed lots also did not differ in crop uniformity: time interval between stages of plant development, plant height 20 days after sowing, yield components, physical or physiological quality attributes of seeds produced, and respective coefficients of variation were similar. Fewer plants survived in crops showing a larger variation in plant height 20 days after sowing, thus reducing differences in initial plant-to-plant variation. Creating more uniform crops by additional grading or selection of commercial seed lots may therefore not be promising. Zusammenfassung In einem Gewächshausexperiment wurde untersucht, ob Sortierung in engen Werten und Selektion aus einer kommerziellen Sojabohnen-Samenprobe (Kultivar IAS-5) die Einheitlichkeit des Bestandes verbessern und damit Ertrag, Qualität und Einheitlichkeit der Samenproduktion verbessern kann. Die berücksichtigten Klassen waren: Kontrolle (originale Samenprobe); nach Gröie eingeteilte Samen (mit Grenzwerten zwischen 37,46 mm2); nicht geplatzte Samen; gelbe Samen, nach Gröie eingeteilte gesunde Samen (nach Gröie eingeteilt, nicht beschädigt, gelb, nicht runzelige, nicht verätzt). Im Vergleich zur Kontrolle waren Auflaufprozentsatz, Überlebensfähigkeit und Anzahl der Ertrag bringenden Pflanzen bei Beständen aus nicht beschädigten, gelben oder nach Gröie eingeteilten nicht beschädigten Samen erhöht. Unterschiede in der Pflanzenzahl führten nicht zu Unterschieden im Bestandesertrag. Die Unterschiedlichen Samengruppen unterschieden sich auch nicht in der Bestandes-Einheitlichkeit: Zeitintervalle zwischen den Stadien der Pflanzenentwicklung, Pflanzenhöhe zwanzig Tage nach der Aussaat, Ertragskomponenten, äuiere oder physiologische Qualitätseigenschaften der produzierten Samen und Variationskoeffizienten waren vergleichbar. Weniger Pflanzen überlebten in Beständen, die eine gröiere Variation in der Pflanzenhöhe zwanzig Tage nach der Aussaat aufwiesen, wodurch eine Reduzierung der Unterschiede in der Ausgangsvariation von Pflanze zu Pflanze eintrat wurde. Die Erzeugung von mehr einheitlichen Beständen durch zusätzliche Gröieneinordnung oder Selektion von kommerziellen Samenproben könnte daher nicht als zweckmäiig betrachtet werden. [source] Konstruktionsprinzipien an der Vorder- und Hinterpfote der Hauskatze (Felis catus).ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 1 2005Zusammenfassung Die Innervationsverhältnisse an der Vorder- und Hintergliedmaße der Katze wurden erneut untersucht, um die Darstellung der Muskelinnervation zu komplettieren (Abb.1,4). Mit Hilfe von speziellen Bewegungsanalysen wird der Beitrag der Pfotenmuskeln beim Gleichgewicht, in der Fortbewegung sowie bei spezifischen Manipulationen an den jeweiligen Einzelphasen eines Bewegungszyklus ermittelt. Die funktionellen Überlegungen sind in Abb. 5,11 graphisch aufbereitet. Figure Abb. 1.,. Übersichtsschema vom Plexus brachialis der Hauskatze, Medialansicht (nach Roos, 1989). C6, C7, C8, T1 = Ventraläste der 6. bis 8. Hals- und des 1. Brustnerven; (T2) = gelegentlicher Zuschuß vom Ventralast des 2. Brustnerven. ax N. axillaris: ax + fakultativer Muskelast zum M. teres major, ax 1 Gelenkast an das Schultergelenk und Muskelast zum M. teres minor, ax 2 Muskeläste zur Pars scapularis und Pars acromialis des M. deltoideus, ax 3 weiterer Gelenkast zum Schultergelenk, ax 4 Muskeläste zum M. cleidobrachialis, ax 5 N. cutaneus brachii lateralis cranialis, ax 6 N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis; mc N. musculocutaneus: mc1 Muskelast zum M. coracobrachialis und Gelenkast zum Schultergelenk, mc 2 Muskeläste zum M. biceps brachii und zum M. brachialis, mc 3 Gelenkast zum Ellbogengelenk, mc 4 N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis; me N. medianus: me 1 Gelenkast zum Ellbogengelenk, me 2 , me 8 Rami musculares: me 2 zum M. pronator teres, me 3 zum M. flexor carpi radialis, me 4, 4, zum Caput humerale des M. flexor digitalis profundus, me 5, 5, zum M. flexor digitalis superficialis, me 6 zum Caput radiale des M. flexor digitalis profundus, me 7 zum M. pronator quadratus, me 8 zum M. interflexorius dist lis, me 9 Hautast zum Karpalbereich, me 10 Ramus medialis, me 11 Ramus lateralis, me 12 N. digitalis palmaris I abaxialis, me 13 , me 15 Nn. digitales palmares I, II, III communes; ra N. radialis: ra 1 , ra 4 Rami musculares proximales: ra 1, 1, zum Caput longum des M. triceps brachii, ra 2 zum M. tensor fasciae antebrachii, ra 3 zum Caput laterale, Caput mediale und Caput accessorium des M. triceps brachii, ra 4 zum M. anconaeus, ra 5 Ramus profundus, ra 6 Gelenkast zum Ellbogengelenk, ra 7 , ra 8 Rami musculares distales: ra 7 zum M. brachioradialis und zu den Mm. extensores carpi radialis longus et carpi radialis brevis, ra 8 zum M. extensor digitalis communis, ra 8, zum M. supinator, M. abductor digiti primi longus, M. extensor digiti primi et secundi, M. extensor carpi ulnaris und M. extensor digitalis lateralis, ra 9 Ramus superficialis, ra 10 N. cutaneus brachii lateralis caudalis, ra 11 Ramus medialis, ra 12 Ramus lateralis, ra 13 N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis, ra 14 N. dig talis I abaxialis, ra 15 , ra 17 Nn. digitales dorsales I, II, III communes, ra 18 Ramus communicans; s N. suprascapularis: s 1 Muskeläste zum M. supraspinatus, s 2 Gelenkäste zum Schultergelenk, s 3 Muskelast zum M. infraspinatus; ul N. ulnaris: ul 1 Muskelast zum M. anconaeus, ul 2 Gelenkast zum Ellbogengelenk, ul 3 , ul 6 Rami musculares: ul 3 zum Caput ulnare und ul 4 zum Caput humerale des M. flexor carpi ulnaris, ul 5,5, zum Caput humerale und ul 6 zum Caput ulnare des M. flexor digitalis profundus, ul 7 Ramus dorsalis, ul 8 sein Hautast, ul 9 N. digitalis dorsalis V abaxialis, ul 10 N. digitalis dorsalis IV communis, ul 11 Ramus palmaris, ul 12 Hautast zum Karpalbüschel und Karpalballen sowie Muskeläste zu den besonderen Muskeln der 5. Zehe, ul 13 Ramus profundus zu den tiefen Zehenmuskeln (siehe Abb. 2), ul 14 Ramus superficialis, ul 15 N. digitalis palmaris V abaxialis, ul 16 N. digitalis palmaris IV communis. Meßbalken 10 mm. Figure Abb. 2.,. Ramifikation der Nerven für die kurzen Zehenmuskeln der (linken) Vorderpfote der Hauskatze, Palmaransicht, schematisiert. Orientierungspunkte: 1 Os carpi accessorium, 2 Ligamentum accessoriometacarpeum, medialer Anteil; I , V Mittelfuß- und Zehenstrahlen; Umrisse des Sohlen- und der Zehenballen strichliert. me N. medianus: me 10 Ramus medialis und me 11 Ramus lateralis des N. medianus, me 12 N. digitalis palmaris I abaxialis. ul N. ulnaris: ul 7 Ramus dorsalis, ul 11 Ramus palmaris, ul 12 Muskelast zu M. abductor digiti V und M. flexor digiti V, ul 13 Ramus profundus, ul 14 Ramus superficialis, ul 15 N. digitalis palmaris V abaxialis, ul 16 N. digitalis palmaris IV communis, ul 17 N. metacarpeus palmaris V, ul 18 N. metacarpeus palmaris IV lateralis, ul 18, N. metacarpeus palmaris IV medialis, ul 19 Muskelast zu M. adductor digiti V und Mm. lumbricales IV und V, ul 20 N. metacarpeus palmaris III, ul 21 N. metacarpeus II, ul 22 Muskeläste zu M. adductor pollicis und M. flexor pollicis brevis. Weitere Muskeläste sind gekennzeichnet mit Quadraten zu den Mm. adductores II und V, mit Kreisen zu den Mm. lumbricales, mit Pfeilen zu den Mm. interossei manus. Figure Abb. 3.,. Übersichtsschema vom Plexus lumbosacralis der Hauskatze, Medialansicht. L4, L5, L6, L7, S1, S2, S3 = Ventraläste der 4. , 7. Lenden- und 1. , 3. Kreuznerven. f N. femoralis: f 1 N. saphenus, f 2,7 Muskeläste für f 2, 2, M. sartorius, f 3,5 Bäuche des M. quadratus femoris, f 6 M. pectineus, f 7 M. gracilis, f 8 Gelenkast zum (medialen) Femorotibial- und Femoropatellargelenk, f 9 Rami cutanei; fc N. fibularis (peronaeus) communis: fc 1 Muskelast für den M. fibularis longus (alternativer Ursprung strichliert); fp N. fibularis (peronaeus) profundus: fp 1,3 Muskeläste für fp 1 M. tibialis cranialis, fp 2 M. extensor digitalis longus, fp 3 M. extensor hallucis longus, fp 4 N. metatarsalis dorsalis, fp 5 Muskelast zum M. extensor digitalis brevis; fs N. fibularis (peronaeus) superficialis: fs 1, 1, Muskeläste zum M. extensor digitalis lateralis, fs 2 zum M. fibularis brevis, fs 3 Ramus lateralis, fs 4 Ramus medialis, fs 5 Nn. digitales dorsales communes II , IV, fs 6 Nn. digitales dorsales proprii für die 2. bis 5. Zehe; g N. glutaeus cranialis bzw. caudalis: g 1 zum M. glutaeus medius, g 2 zum M. tensor fasciae latae, g 3 zum M. glutaeus profundus, g 4 zum M. piriformis, g 5 M. glutaeus superficialis, g 6 M. glutaeofemoralis; is N. ischiadicus: is 1 Muskeläste zu den Mm. gemelli und M. obturatorius internus, is 2, 2, zum M. biceps femoris, is 3 zum M. semitendinosus, is 4 zum M. semimembranosus, is 5 zum M. abductor cruris caudalis (tenuissimus); ti N. tibialis: ti 1 N. cutaneus surae caudalis, ti 2 Gelenkast zum (lateralen) Femorotibialgelenk, ti 3,5 Muskeläste für ti 3 Caput mediale des M. gastrocnemius, ti 4 Caput laterale des M. gastrocnemius sowie M. flexor digitalis superficialis und M. flexor hallucis longus, ti 5,5, M. popliteus, M. flexor digitalis profundus, M. tibialis caudalis und M. soleus, ti 6 N. plantaris medialis, ti 7 N. plantaris lateralis, ti 8 Ramus profundus (s. auch Abb. 4), ti 9 Muskelast zum M. flexor digitalis brevis, ti 10 Nn. digitales plantares communes II , IV, ti 11 Nn. digitales plantares proprii für die 2. , 5. Zehe; ob N. obturatorius: ob 1,5 Muskeläste für ob 1 M. pectineus, ob 2 M. adductor longus, ob 3 M. adductor magnus, ob 4 M. gracilis, ob 5 M. obturatorius externus. Meßbalken 10 mm. Figure Abb. 4.,. Ramifikation der Nerven für die kurzen Zehenmuskeln der (linken) Hinterpfote der Hauskatze, Plantaransicht, schematisiert. Orientierungspunkte: 1 Tuber calcanei; II , V Mittelfuß- und Zehenstrahlen; Umrisse des Sohlen- und der Zehenballen strichliert. ti N. tibialis: ti 6 N. plantaris medialis, ti 7 N. plantaris lateralis, ti 8 Ramus profundus, ti 9 Muskelast zum M. flexor digitalis brevis, ti 10 Nn. digitales plantares communes II und III, ti 11 N. digitalis plantaris II abaxialis, ti 12 N. metatarseus plantaris V, ti 13 N. metatarseus plantaris IV lateralis, ti 13, N. metatarseus plantaris IV medialis, ti 14 Muskelast zu den Mm. adductores digiti II und V, ti 15 N. metatarseus plantaris III, ti 16 N. metatarseus plantaris II, ti 17 Muskelast zum M. abductor digiti V, ti 18 Muskelast zum M. quadratus plantae, ti 19 Stamm des N. digitalis plantaris communis IV und N. digitalis plantaris V abaxialis. Weitere Muskeläst sind gekennzeichnet mit hochstehenden Rechtecken zu den Mm. digitales flexores breves, mit Quadraten zu den Mm. adductores II und V, mit Kreisen zu den Mm. lumbricales, mit Pfeilen zu den Mm. interossei pedis. Figure Abb. 5.,. Statik der Hauskatze in Normalstellung (nach Roos, 1989) (Sk) Lage des Schwerpunkts des Körpers; das gefällte Lot, die Schwerelinie, trifft die Unterstützungsfläche, d.h. das Rechteck zwischen den Gliedmaßenspitzen. Figure Abb. 6.,. Prinzip der Zuggurtung an der Vorder- (rechts) und Hintergliedmaße (links) der Hauskatze. Das Schwerelot der Hintergliedmaße (Sh) aus dem Hüftgelenk und das Schwerelot der Vordergliedmaße (Sv) aus dem Rumpfschultergelenk treffen die Fußungsflächen der Hinter- bzw. Vorderpfote. Die zur Aufrechterhaltung des Gleichgewichts notwendige minimale Zuggurtung der Gelenke erfolgt durch folgende Muskeln: 1 kranialer Bauch des M. semimembranosus, 2 Mm. vastus lateralis, vastus medialis und vastus intermedius des M. quadriceps femoris, 3 M. soleus, 4 plantare Endsehnen der Mm. interossei pedis, 5 M. supraspinatus, 6 Caput laterale, Caput mediale und Caput accessorium des M. triceps brachii, 7 Caput ulnare des M. flexor carpi ulnaris, 8 Mm. extensorii carpi radialis longus und carpi radialis brevis, 9 palmare Endsehnen der Mm. interossei manus. Einzelheiten im Text. Figure Abb. 7.,. Dynamik der Vorderpfote der Hauskatze in der Fortbewegung. Obere Reihe: Diagramme der Schrittbewegung der Vorderpfote, nach Röntgenbildern auf dem Laufband (in Anlehnung an Caliebe et al., 1991, kombiniert und ergänzt, Ergänzungen strichliert). Untere Reihen: Änderung der Gelenkwinkel und daraus abgeleitete Kontraktionen, evtl. Superpositionen sowie Entspannung verschiedener Muskeln oder Muskelgruppen: Große dunkle Pfeile = Beginn der Kontraktion, kleine Pfeile = anhaltende Kontraktion, gestreifte Pfeile = Superposition, helle Pfeile = Beginn der Entspannung 1 Beuger des Karpalgelenks, 2 Strecker des Karpalgelenks, 3 Wirkung des M. flexor carpi radialis als Adduktor, 4 Wirkung des M. extensor carpi radialis als Abduktor der Vorderpfote, 5 M. flexor digitalis superficialis, 6 lange Zehenstrecker, 7 Mm. interossei manus, 8 entspannter M. flexor digitalis profundus (manus) läßt das Krallenbein in Schonstellung. Seqq: Sequenzen 1,35. Figure Abb. 8.,. Dynamik der Hinterpfote der Hauskatze in der Fortbewegung. Obere Reihe: Diagramme der Schrittbewegung der Hinterpfote, nach Röntgenbildern auf dem Laufband (in Anlehnung an Kuhtz-Buschbeck et al., 1994, maßstab- und synchrongerecht eingerichtet und ergänzt, Ergänzungen strichliert). Untere Reihen: Änderung der Gelenkwinkel und daraus abgeleitete Kontraktionen, evtl. Superpositionen sowie Entspannung verschiedener Muskeln oder Muskelgruppen: Große dunkle Pfeile = Beginn der Kontraktion, kleine Pfeile = anhaltende Kontraktion, gestreifte Pfeile = Superposition, helle Pfeile = Beginn der Entspannung 1 Beuger des Tarsalgelenks, 2 Strecker des Tarsalgelenks, 3 M. flexor digitalis superficialis (pedis), 4 lange Zehenstrecker, 5 Mm. interossei pedis, 6 entspannt bleibender M. flexor digitalis profundus (pedis). Seqq: Sequenzen 1,35. Figure Abb. 9.,. Vorderpfote der Hauskatze in ihrer Funktion als Fangorgan, schematisiert. Obere Reihe: Perspektivische Darstellung nach Beobachtung an Freilaufkatzen, teilweise ergänzt nach Röntgenbildern von Boczek-Funcke et al. (1998). Untere Reihen: Bewegungsablauf aufgelöst nach den drei Bewegungsebenen S = Sagittalebene, A Abduktion , Adduktion, R = Rotationsebene. Einzelheiten im Text. Seqq: Sequenzen 1,5. Wirkungslinien der aktiven Muskeln: 1 M. flexor digitalis superficialis, 2 M. extensor digitalis communis und M. extensor digitalis lateralis, 3 M. flexor digitalis profundus, 4 Mm. interossei manus, 4, seine axialen Bäuche, 4, seine abaxialen Bäuche, 5 M. adductor digiti V, 6 M. adductor digiti II, 7 M. adductor pollicis, 8 M. extensor pollicis et indicis, 9 M. abductor digiti V und M. flexor digiti V, 10 M. abductor pollicis longus, 11 M. abductor digiti II, 12 M. flexor pollicis brevis, 13 M. pronator teres und M. pronator quadratus, 14 M. brachioradialis und M. supinator. Figure Abb. 10.,. Spezielle Bewegungen der Hinterpfote vor (oben) und während des Spurtstarts (unten), schematisiert. Situation in der S , Ebene. 1,4 Muskeln in Unterstützungskontraktion: 1 zweiköpfiger M. gastrocnemius, 2 M. soleus, 3 M. extensor hallucis longus, 4 M. tibialis cranialis, 5 M. flexor digitalis superficialis, 6 Mm. interossei pedis, 7 M. extensor digitalis longus, 8 M. extensor digitalis brevis, 9 M. flexor digitalis profundus. Figure Abb. 11.,. Dynamik bei der Kletterhaltung der Hinterpfote der Hauskatze, schematisch. Links Grundhaltung, rechts Spreizung und Streckung der Zehen II , V; der Mittelfuß nimmt an der Spreizung nicht teil. Beteiligte Muskeln: 1 M. adductor digiti V, 2 M. adductor digiti II, 3 M. abductor digiti V, 4 axiale Bäuche der Mm. interossei II , V pedis, 5 abaxiale Bäuche der Mm. interossei II , V pedis. Einzelheiten im Text. Summary Principles of construction in the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat (Felis catus). 4. Innervation of muscles and analysis of locomotion. The innervation relations of the fore- and hindlimb of the cat were newly investigated to complete the interpretation of the muscle innervation (Figs 1,4). By means of special motion studies the contribution of paw muscles was determined during balance, locomotion as well as under specific manipulation of the prevailing sincle phases of the motion cycle. The functional considerations are graphically prepared in Figs 5,11. [source] Manganese Black Pigments in Prehistoric Paintings: the Case of the Black Frieze of Pech Merle (France)ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 2 2001B. Guineau Different black pigments of natural origin (mineral or organic) have been examined by means of several analytical methods (colour measurements, elemental analysis and structural analysis). The results, after being compared with each other, then served as reference points in the study of the ,Black Frieze' of the cave of Pech Merle (Lot). After that, colour measurement was investigated in situ on the paintings as a means of displaying small differences (in hue or chroma) between the black colours. The aim of this study was to verify several hypotheses concerning the techniques used by the painters of Pech Merle, and specifically by the one(s) of the Black Frieze. A first objective was that of identifying the nature and, if possible, the origin of the black pigments used in these figures. A second objective was that of determining in which parts of the frieze one or the other (or one and the other) had been used; and the final objective was to provide new technical information that might help us better to understand how the Pech Merle frieze was produced, whether by a single painter and in one episode, for the most part, or, on the contrary, in several episodes and by a succession of different painters. [source] Lots of target variance: An update of SRM using the HEXACO personality inventoryEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 3 2010Reinout E. de Vries Abstract According to previous studies based on the Social Relations Model (SRM), most of the variance in observer reports of personality is perceiver and relationship variance, and not much is target variance. However, most SRM studies have employed short adjective scales instead of personality questionnaires. Results based on the HEXACO-PI-R in family and work groups showed high levels of consensus (target variance) and self-other agreement for all traits and, except for Honesty,Humility and Openness to Experience, low levels of generalized rater bias (perceiver variance) and of assumed similarity. Additionally, intraclass correlations suggested a 'group personality' for some traits. The findings suggest that the use of personality questionnaires in Social Relations Analyses may promote higher estimates of consensus in personality judgments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Teaching and Learning Guide for: Memoryscape: How Audio Walks Can Deepen Our Sense of Place by Integrating Art, Oral History and Cultural GeographyGEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 5 2008Toby Butler Author's Introduction This article is concerned with the history and practice of creating sound walks or ,memoryscapes': outdoor trails that use recorded sound and spoken memory played on a personal stereo or mobile media to experience places in new ways. It is now possible to cheaply and easily create this and other kinds of located media experience. The development of multi-sensory-located media (,locedia') presents some exciting opportunities for those concerned with place, local history, cultural geography and oral history. This article uses work from several different disciplines (music, sound art, oral history and cultural geography) as a starting point to exploring some early and recent examples of locedia practice. It also suggests how it might give us a more sophisticated, real, embodied and nuanced experience of places that the written word just can not deliver. Yet, there are considerable challenges in producing and experiencing such work. Academics used to writing must learn to work in sound and view or image; they must navigate difficult issues of privacy, consider the power relations of the outsider's ,gaze' and make decisions about the representation of places in work that local people may try and have strong feelings about. Creating such work is an active, multi-sensory and profoundly challenging experience that can offer students the chance to master multi-media skills as well as apply theoretical understandings of the histories and geographies of place. Author Recommends 1.,Perks, R., and Thomson, A. (2006). The oral history reader, 2nd ed. London: Routledge. This is a wonderful collection of significant writing concerned with oral history. Part IV, Making Histories features much of interest, including a thought-provoking paper on the challenges of authoring in sound rather than print by Charles Hardy III, and a moving interview with Graeme Miller, the artist who created the Linked walk mentioned in the memoryscape article. These only feature in the second edition. 2.,Cresswell, T. (2004). Place: a short introduction. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. A refreshingly clear and well-written guide to the different theoretical takes on what makes places , a good starting point for further reading. 3.,Carlyle, A. (ed.). (2008). Autumn leaves: sound and the environment in artistic practice. Paris, France: Double Entendre. This is a collection of short essays and examples of located sonic media art; it includes interviews with practitioners and includes Hildegard Westekamp's Soundwalking, a practical guide to leading students on a mute walk. Lots of thought provoking, applied reading material for students here. 4.,Blunt, A., et al. (eds) (2003). Cultural geography in practice. London: Arnold. A great book for undergraduate and postgraduate students , concepts explained and lots of examples of actually doing cultural geography. The chapter on mapping worlds by David Pinder is particularly useful in this context. 5.,Pinder, D. (2001). Ghostly footsteps: voices, memories and walks in the city. Ecumene 8 (1), pp. 1,19. This article is a thoughtful analysis of a Janet Cardiff sound walk in Whitechapel, East London. Online Materials http://www.memoryscape.org.uk This is my project website, which features two online trails, Dockers which explores Greenwich and the memories of the London Docks that are archived in the Museum of London, and Drifting which is a rather strange experiment-combining physical geography and oral history along the Thames at Hampton Court, but still makes for an interesting trail. Audio, maps and trails can be downloaded for free, so students with phones or iPods can try the trails if you are within reach of Surrey or London. The site features an online version, with sound-accompanying photographs of the location. http://www.portsofcall.org.uk This website has three more trails here, this time of the communities surrounding the Royal Docks in East London. The scenery here is very dramatic and anyone interested in the regeneration of East London and its impact on local communities will find these trails interesting. Like Dockers, the walks feature a lot of rare archive interviews. This project involved a great deal of community interaction and participation as I experimented with trying to get people involved with the trail-making process. The site uses Google maps for online delivery. http://www.soundwalk.com This New York-based firm creates exceptionally high-quality soundwalks, and they are well worth the money. They started by producing trails for different districts of New York (I recommend the Bronx Graffiti trail) and have recently made trails for other cities, like Paris and Varanassi in India. http://www.mscapers.com This website is run by Hewlett Packard, which has a long history of research and development in located media applications. They currently give free licence to use their mscape software which is a relatively easy to learn way of creating global positioning system-triggered content. The big problem is that you have to have a pricey phone or personal digital assistant to run the software, which makes group work prohibitively expensive. But equipment prices are coming down and with the new generations of mobile phones developers believe that the time when the player technology is ubiquitous might be near. And if you ask nicely HP will lend out sets of equipment for teaching or events , fantastic if you are working within reach of Bristol. See also http://www.createascape.org.uk/ which has advice and examples of how mscape software has been used for teaching children. Sample Syllabus public geography: making memoryscapes This course unit could be adapted to different disciplines, or offered as a multidisciplinary unit to students from different disciplines. It gives students a grounding in several multi-media techniques and may require support/tuition from technical staff. 1.,Introduction What is a located mediascape, now and in the future? Use examples from resources above. 2.,Cultural geographies of site-specific art and sound Theories of place; experiments in mapping and site-specific performance. 3.,Walk activity: Westergard Hildekamp , sound walk, or one of the trails mentioned above The best way , and perhaps the only way , to really appreciate located media is to try one in the location they have been designed to be experienced. I would strongly advise any teaching in this field to include outdoor, on-site experiences. Even if you are out of reach of a mediascape experience, taking students on a sound walk can happen anywhere. See Autumn Leaves reference above. 4.,Researching local history An introduction to discovering historical information about places could be held at a local archive and a talk given by the archivist. 5.,Creating located multimedia using Google maps/Google earth A practical exercise-based session going through the basics of navigating Google maps, creating points and routes, and how to link pictures and sound files. 6.,Recording sound and oral history interviews A practical introduction to the techniques of qualitative interviewing and sound recording. There are lots of useful online guides to oral history recording, for example, an online oral history primer http://www.nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/research/audiovis/oral_history/index.htm; a more in depth guide to various aspects of oral history http://www.baylor.edu/oral%5fhistory/index.php?id=23566 or this simple oral history toolkit, with useful links to project in the North of England http://www.oralhistorynortheast.info/toolkit/chapter1.htm 7.,Sound editing skills Practical editing techniques including working with clips, editing sound and creating multi-track recordings. The freeware software Audacity is simple to use and there are a lot of online tutorials that cover the basics, for example, http://www.wikieducator.org/user:brentsimpson/collections/audacity_workshop 8.,Web page design and Google maps How to create a basic web page (placing pictures, text, hyperlinks, buttons) using design software (e.g. Dreamweaver). How to embed a Google map and add information points and routes. There is a great deal of online tutorials for web design, specific to the software you wish to use and Google maps can be used and embedded on websites free for non-profit use. http://maps.google.com/ 9,and 10. Individual or group project work (staff available for technical support) 11.,Presentations/reflection on practice Focus Questions 1What can sound tell us about the geographies of places? 2When you walk through a landscape, what traces of the past can be sensed? Now think about which elements of the past have been obliterated? Whose past has been silenced? Why? How could it be put back? 3Think of a personal or family story that is significant to you. In your imagination, locate the memory at a specific place. Tell a fellow student that story, and describe that place. Does it matter where it happened? How has thinking about that place made you feel? 4What happens when you present a memory of the past or a located vision of the future in a present landscape? How is this different to, say, writing about it in a book? 5Consider the area of this campus, or the streets immediately surrounding this building. Imagine this place in one of the following periods (each group picks one): ,,10,000 years ago ,,500 years ago ,,100 years ago ,,40 years ago ,,last Thursday ,,50 years time What sounds, voices, stories or images could help convey your interpretation of this place at that time? What would the visitor hear or see today at different points on a trail? Sketch out an outline map of a located media trail, and annotate with what you hear/see/sense at different places. Project Idea small group project: creating a located mediascape Each small group must create a located media experience, reflecting an aspect of the history/geography/culture of an area of their choosing, using the knowledge that they have acquired over the course of the semester. The experience may be as creative and imaginative as you wish, and may explore the past, present or future , or elements of each. Each group must: ,,identify an area of interest ,,research an aspect of the area of the groups choosing; this may involve visiting local archives, libraries, discussing the idea with local people, physically exploring the area ,,take photographs, video or decide on imagery (if necessary) ,,record sound, conduct interviews or script and record narration ,,design a route or matrix of media points The final project must be presented on a website, may embed Google maps, and a presentation created to allow the class to experience the mediascape (either in the classroom or on location, if convenient). The website should include a brief theoretical and methodological explanation of the basis of their interpretation. If the group cannot be supported with tuition and support in basic website design or using Google mapping with sound and imagery, a paper map with locations and a CD containing sound files/images might be submitted instead. For examples of web projects created by masters degree students of cultural geography at Royal Holloway (not all sound based) see http://www.gg.rhul.ac.uk/MA/web-projects.html [source] Lots of conflict resolution tactics and techniques used for consensus in oil sands development effortsALTERNATIVES TO THE HIGH COST OF LITIGATION, Issue 10 2009Bernard J. Roth Bernard J. Roth, of Calgary, Alberta, discusses the long-running use of consensus-building techniques that have aided development of oil sands,and how a new provincial law may lessen the use of ADR techniques in the business and community controversies that bubble up around the mining and refining work. [source] Lots Achieved, Lots More To DoPHARMACEUTICAL STATISTICS: THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, Issue 1 2006Larry Furlong No abstract is available for this article. [source] Strategic Localization of Toll-like Receptor 4 in the Digestive Tract of Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 6 2009G. Y. Zhang Summary This study was performed to determine the localization strategies of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) in digestive tract (oesophagus, bulbodium, foregut, midgut and hindgut) of Blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) using immunohistochemical staining method. TLR4 positive cells were observed throughout the digestive tract. In the oesophagus, some positive reactions in lamina propria were found around small blood vessels and there were also some positive cells within the stratified squamous epithelium. Lots of positive cells were observed in the muscular layer of the oesophagus. In bulbodium, foregut and hindgut, the expression of TLR4 was mainly restricted to the apical surface of epithelial cells located at the bottom of the mucosal folds and the mesenchymal cells in lamina propria. It was very interesting that epithelial cells in the midgut, but none in other parts, had many TLR4 positive cytoplasmic granular structures which were also periodic acid Schiff positive. These findings suggested that TLR4 was expressed in a compartmentalized manner in the Blunt snout bream (M. amblycephala) digestive tract and provided novel information about the in vivo localization of pattern recognition receptors. [source] Mental health services for people with intellectual disability: challenges to care deliveryBRITISH JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES, Issue 2 2009Eddie Chaplin Accessible summary ,,This paper looks at how care is given to people with intellectual disability who have mental health problems. ,,The paper looks at care since Valuing People came out in 2001. ,,It shows there are not enough services for people with intellectual disability who have mental health problems. ,,It shows there are not enough services for people who have autism and mental health problems. ,,Lots of people feel that mainstream mental health services are not good enough for people with intellectual disability. Lots of people feel mainstream services could be better. ,,The paper looks at how people can get help and support in their local area and not having to move away to get help. ,,The paper looks at what services might be needed in the future. What can be done to make services better? ,,The people who pay for services are called commissioners. They should think about how they can make local services better for with intellectual disability and mental health problems. ,,Commissioners should work more together with those who support people with intellectual disability to improve services. ,,People with intellectual disability should be happy with the services they have in their local places. ,,Services need to remember that people change as they get older. ,,Services need to remember that what people want. This can change when they get older. Summary The commissioning and provision of mental health services for people with intellectual disability is often complex and characterised by different service delivery models. This paper looks at the current situation 7 years after the White Paper, Valuing People (From words into action: London learning disabilities strategic framework, Department of Health, London), within the context of the National Service Framework for Mental Health (Establishing responsible commissioner; draft guidance. HSC draft, Department of Health, London). It sets out to illustrate problems faced in providing local services in the United Kingdom for those with intellectual disability and other neurodevelopmental disorders. This paper proposes new ways of working and introduces the concept of a neurodevelopmental model designed to address gaps and inequalities within services by offering solutions that embrace joint working. [source] An Adaptive Method for Indirect Illumination Using Light VectorsCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2001Xavier Serpaggi In computer graphics, several phenomema need to be taken into account when it comes to the field of photo-realism. One of the most relevant is obviously the notion of global, and more precisely indirect, illumination. In "classical" ray-tracing if you are not under the light, then you are in a shadow. A great amount of work has been carried out which proposes ray-tracing based solutions to take into account the fact that "there is a certain amount of light in shadows". All of these methods carry the same weaknesses: high computation time and a lot of parameters you need to manage to get something out of the method. This paper proposes a generic computation method of indirect illumination based on Monte Carlo sampling and on the sequential analysis theory, which is faster and more automatic than classical methods. [source] Increasing data reuse of sparse algebra codes on simultaneous multithreading architecturesCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 15 2009J. C. Pichel Abstract In this paper the problem of the locality of sparse algebra codes on simultaneous multithreading (SMT) architectures is studied. In these kind of architectures many hardware structures are dynamically shared among the running threads. This puts a lot of stress on the memory hierarchy, and a poor locality, both inter-thread and intra-thread, may become a major bottleneck in the performance of a code. This behavior is even more pronounced when the code is irregular, which is the case of sparse matrix ones. Therefore, techniques that increase the locality of irregular codes on SMT architectures are important to achieve high performance. This paper proposes a data reordering technique specially tuned for these kind of architectures and codes. It is based on a locality model developed by the authors in previous works. The technique has been tested, first, using a simulator of a SMT architecture, and subsequently, on a real architecture as Intel's Hyper-Threading. Important reductions in the number of cache misses have been achieved, even when the number of running threads grows. When applying the locality improvement technique, we also decrease the total execution time and improve the scalability of the code. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Accounting for suburban tree information systemsCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 5 2006Alistair M. Brown Abstract Suburban trees are things of wonder and of utility, yet accounting has systematically failed to account for them despite the availability of information technologies that could assist in trees' measurement. Taking a utilitarian view of the value of trees, this paper posits a way of accounting for suburban tree information systems, which not only follows the traditional accounting practices of the Australian Standards Setting Board, but also encompasses the idea of sharing ideas from the disciplines of the environmental sciences and computerized informational systems. By using information technologies, local councils and business entities may be able to account for suburban trees as non-current assets, and thereby improve the lot of conscripted investors who seek information for decision-making and accountability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] ,Resisting Creativity, Creating the New'.CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2006A Deleuzian Perspective on Creativity Create/Innovate or die. This is the taken-for-granted ,truth' in the social, political and economic context in which we currently live. In fact, so accepted is this mantra that criticism seems foolish; mere evidence of the entrenched conservatism that needs to be challenged. This article posits an alternative view of creativity, drawing in particular on the thinking of the philosopher Gilles Deleuze. The writing of Deleuze is used to explore our understanding of creativity, in terms of what ,creativity' is (and what it is not), and the destructive (and sometimes pointless) nature of creativity. In doing so it is hoped that this article challenges clichéd representations of ,creativity', the typical ,creativity is wonderful and we need a lot more of it . . .' type arguments and assist scholars to become more creative (or at least more reflective) in their own practice. [source] A classification of risk factors in serious juvenile offenders and the relation between patterns of risk factors and recidivismCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 1 2010Eva Mulder Background,There has been a lot of research on risk factors for recidivism among juvenile offenders, in general, and on individual risk factors, but less focus on subgroups of serious juvenile offenders and prediction of recidivism within these. Objective,To find an optimal classification of risk items and to test the predictive value of the resultant factors with respect to severity of recidivism among serious juvenile offenders. Method,Seventy static and dynamic risk factors in 1154 juvenile offenders were registered with the Juvenile Forensic Profile. Recidivism data were collected on 728 of these offenders with a time at risk of at least 2 years. After factor analysis, independent sample t-tests were used to indicate differences between recidivists and non-recidivists. Logistic multiple linear regression analyses were used to test the potential predictive value of the factors for violent or serious recidivism. Results,A nine-factor solution best accounted for the data. The factors were: antisocial behaviour during treatment, sexual problems, family problems, axis-1 psychopathology, offence characteristics, conscience and empathy, intellectual and social capacities, social network, and substance abuse. Regression analysis showed that the factors antisocial behaviour during treatment, family problems and axis-1 psychopathology were associated with seriousness of recidivism. Conclusions and implications for practice,The significance of family problems and antisocial behaviour during treatments suggest that specific attention to these factors may be important in reducing recidivism. The fact that antisocial behaviour during treatment consists mainly of dynamic risk factors is hopeful as these can be influenced by treatment. Consideration of young offenders by subgroup rather than as a homogenous population is likely to yield the best information about risk of serious re-offending and the management of that risk. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Children, admitted to high security (special) hospitalCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 4 2003Adolescent Forensic Psychiatry, Claire Dimond Consultant in Child Introduction The Special Hospitals in England provide psychiatric treatment in high security. The aim of this study was to examine the demographics and background characteristics of children admitted to high security hospitals in England, using the special hospital case register. Method Forty-six children (the subject group) were admitted to a high security hospital under the MHA (1983) classification of disorder of mental illness and/or psychopathic disorder between 1983 and 1999, 33 (72%) of whom were male. A comparison group of adults was matched on sex, legal classification of detention and MHA 1983 classification of disorder. Results The children were admitted for a similar range of offences to those of the comparison group. However, the children had received convictions for criminal damage and violence at a significantly earlier age, they were more likely to have experienced a change in carer during their childhood, been placed in a children's home and were less likely to be living with a family member on their 16th birthday. Children admitted to special hospital experience a lot of disruption in their childhood and are extremely high users of multi-agency services as they grow up. Discussion Issues are raised regarding how to provide a developmentally sensitive service for children who require high security care. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] Relapse prevention with sex offenders: practice, theory and researchCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 1 2001Gilles Launay Head of Psychology Introduction Relapse prevention (RP) is now applied to sex offending. It has been questioned as to whether RP is worthwhile. This paper aims to evaluate this technique. The Rochester RP programme The purpose of the Rochester RP programme is to refine and strengthen skills gained in the prison department's sex offender treatment programme. The objective of the programme is to teach prisoners to recognize the chain of events leading up to their current offences and to practise strategies to interrupt this chain. Theoretical basis for RP Stopping an undesired behaviour and maintaining abstinence are two different problems. RP aims to address the maintenance problems. At the centre of RP theory is a study of the conditions that can turn lapse into relapse. Yet RP has been criticized as a lot of jargon saying very little. Ward and Hudson criticize RP constructs and their interaction. Such debates have few implications for clinical work and most of the criticism flies in the face of clinical experience. Research basis for RP Risk factors for sex offenders are being identified. Local evaluation of the Rochester programme suggests that prisoners do learn to identify risk factors and to develop coping strategies. As yet, however, there is no evidence as to whether RP works or not. Discussion A way to improve the efficacy of an RP programme may be to augment it with additional modules, e.g. behaviour therapy, drug treatment, continued work with the same prison staff and relaxation training. Conclusion RP theory is sound in essence but suffers from an overlay of cumbersome vocabulary. Reliable research is emerging. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] Electrical and optical properties of CdS nanocrystalline semiconductorsCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Shikha Tiwari Abstract II-VI semiconductor nanoparticles have recently attracted a lot of attention due to the possibility of their application in various devices. In the present study, chemical method has been used in synthesis of CdS nanoparticles and thiophenol was used as capping agent. X-ray diffraction studies of both samples were done. The dc conductivity of CdS increases at a lower rate or is approximately constant upto 500K and thereafter the conductivity increases at a rapid rate. Beyond Tc it is seen that the portion of the ,dc versus 1000/T is almost a straight line showing an Arrehenious behaviour. The dielectric constant of nanoparticles of CdS is found to be larger than the corresponding values of CdS crystals. It is clearly observed that at lower wavelengths nanocrystalline samples show a blue-shift. The three peaks of sample (S2), A, Band C can be ascribed to the transition from Cd-O complex donor formed by adsorbed oxygen to the valance band, Cd - excess acceptor and the surface states, respectively. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Surgical extrusion of a crown-root fractured immature permanent incisor: 36 month follow-upDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Zuhal K Abstract,,, Crown-root fracture is defined as a fracture involving enamel, dentin and pulp and can be classified as either complicated or uncomplicated. The tooth with crown-root fracture presents a lot of problems during coronal restorations and extraction was formerly used in many cases. But loss of a permanent incisor in a young patient may create severe emotional problems and alternative treatment approaches must be considered. This report presents the successful results of a surgical extrusion of a complicated crown-root fractured, immature permanent incisor in a 9-year-old boy. Examination 36 months after the trauma indicated that the treatment had provided functional and esthetic results. [source] Review of Photorejuvenation: Devices, Cosmeceuticals, or Both?DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2005Cameron K. Rokhsar MD Background:. Both the public and the medical profession have placed a lot of attention on reversal of signs of aging and photodamage, resulting in numerous cosmeceutical products and nonablative laser techniques designed to achieve these results. Objective:. The purpose of this report is to briefly review both the cosmeceutical products and nonablative laser techniques that appear to be most promising based on published studies. After this review, recommendations for potential enhancement of benefits by combining cosmeceuticals and laser treatments will be explored. Results. Pulsed dye lasers targeting microvessels, intense pulsed light targeting both melanin and microvessels, and midinfrared lasers targeting dermal water and collagen all appear to have some ability to improve skin texture, color, and wrinkling. Retinoids, vitamin C, alpha-hydroxy acids, and topical growth factors may also stimulate repair mechanisms that result in similar improvements in photodamaged skin. Conclusion:. Although supported only by theoretic considerations and anecdotal reports, it seems logical that the concurrent use of appropriate cosmeceuticals with nonablative laser photorejuvenation should result in enhanced benefits. [source] Physicians' Preparedness for Bioterrorism and Other Public Health PrioritiesACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 11 2006G. Caleb Alexander MD Objectives Potential bioterrorism challenges policy makers to balance competing public health priorities. Earlier surveys showed low physician bioterrorism preparedness but did not assess physicians' general public health preparedness, compare the preparedness of emergency and primary care physicians, or assess temporal trends. Methods This was a national, cross-sectional, random-sample survey conducted in 2003. Results Overall, 744 of 1,200 eligible physicians responded (response rate, 62%). Of these, 58% of emergency physician respondents and 48% of primary care physician respondents reported having learned a lot about responding to bioterror since September 11, 2001 (p < 0.01). However, only 43% of emergency physicians and 21% of primary care physicians agreed they are generally "well prepared to play a role in responding to a bioterror attack" (p < 0.001). Beliefs about balancing public health priorities were similar among emergency and primary care respondents. Seventy-eight percent of respondents believed that local health care systems need to be prepared for bioterrorism, and 92% believed that local health care systems need to be prepared for natural epidemics. By contrast, only 23% and 46% of respondents reported that their local health care systems are well prepared for bioterrorism and natural epidemics, respectively. Meanwhile, 77% agreed that "influenza is a greater threat to public health than bioterrorism," and 21% reported that bioterrorism preparedness efforts are diverting resources from more important public health problems. Conclusions In 2003, most emergency and primary care physicians reported that they and their local health care systems were not yet well prepared to respond to a bioterror attack, and many believed that more resources should go toward preparing for natural epidemics. These findings highlight the importance of expanding bioterrorism preparedness efforts to improve the public health system more broadly. [source] RESEARCH VULNERABILITY: AN ILLUSTRATIVE CASE STUDY FROM THE SOUTH AFRICAN MINING INDUSTRYDEVELOPING WORLD BIOETHICS, Issue 3 2007LYN HORN ABSTRACT The concept of ,vulnerability' is well established within the realm of research ethics and most ethical guidelines include a section on ,vulnerable populations'. However, the term ,vulnerability', used within a human research context, has received a lot of negative publicity recently and has been described as being simultaneously ,too broad' and ,too narrow'.1 The aim of the paper is to explore the concept of research vulnerability by using a detailed case study , that of mineworkers in post-apartheid South Africa. In particular, the usefulness of Kipnis's taxonomy of research vulnerability will be examined.2 In recent years the volume of clinical research on human subjects in South Africa has increased significantly. The HIV and TB pandemics have contributed to this increase. These epidemics have impacted negatively on the mining industry; and mining companies have become increasingly interested in research initiatives that address these problems. This case study explores the potential research vulnerability of mineworkers in the context of the South African mining industry and examines measures that can reduce this vulnerability. [source] Possible effects of habitat fragmentation and climate change on the range of forest plant speciesECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 4 2002Olivier Honnay Global circulation models predict an increase in mean annual temperature between 2.1 and 4.6 °C by 2080 in the northern temperate zone. The associated changes in the ratio of extinctions and colonizations at the boundaries of species ranges are expected to result in northward range shifts for a lot of species. However, net species colonization at northern boundary ranges, necessary for a northward shift and for range conservation, may be hampered because of habitat fragmentation. We report the results of two forest plant colonization studies in two fragmented landscapes in central Belgium. Almost all forest plant species (85%) had an extremely low success of colonizing spatially segregated new suitable forest habitats after c. 40 years. In a landscape with higher forest connectivity, colonization success was higher but still insufficient to ensure large-scale colonization. Under the hypothesis of net extinction at southern range boundaries, forest plant species dispersal limitation will prevent net colonization at northern range boundaries required for range conservation. [source] From Bismarck to FriedmanECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2007Kristian Niemietz Chile provides the most frequently quoted example of a change from an established state PAYGO pension system to a privately funded scheme based on personal savings. Most of the key results have been impressive and a lot of the often-heard criticisms of funded schemes have been disproved. A number of shortcomings remain. These shortcomings are seldom caused by features inherent to funded schemes, but rather by elements specific to the Chilean arrangement which could be altered given the political will. [source] LET'S END, NOT MEND, SOCIAL SECURITYECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2002Walter Block Social Security is a paternalist measure, supposedly forcing people to save for their old-age years, based on the assumption that they are not far-seeing enough to do so on their own behalf. It is only ,supposed', since the funds mulcted from each generation go not to finance their own retirements, but those of their predecessors. As in the case of all coercive schemes, this one cannot be shown to improve the lot of anyone (with the exception of those who do the imposing). Specifically, this measure has negative implications for family bonds, as it substitutes the state for a function previously carried out by the extended family. [source] On the Use of the Moving Average Trading Rule to Test for Weak Form Efficiency in Capital MarketsECONOMIC NOTES, Issue 2 2008Alexandros E. Milionis The examination for the possible existence of predictive power in the moving average trading rule has been used extensively to test the hypothesis of weak form market efficiency in capital markets. This work focuses mainly on the study of the variation of the moving average (MA) trading rule performance as a function of the length of the longer MA. Empirical analysis of daily data from NYSE and the Athens Stock Exchange reveal high variability of the performance of the MA trading rule as a function of the MA length and on some occasions the series of successive trading rule total returns is non-stationary. These findings have direct implications in weak form market efficiency testing. Indeed, given this high variability of the performance of the MA trading rule, by just finding out that trading rules with some specific combinations of MA lengths can or cannot beat the market, as is the case in most of the published work thus far, is not enough evidence for or against the existence of weak form market efficiency. Results also show that on average in about three out of four cases trading rule signals are false, a fact that leaves a lot of space for improved trading rule performance if trading rule signals are combined with other information (e.g. filters, or volume of trade). Finally, some evidence of enhanced trading rule performance for the shorter MA lengths was found. This enhanced performance is partly attributed to the higher probability that a trading rule signal is not a whipsaw, as well as to the larger number of days out-of-the-market which are associated with shorter MA lengths. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||