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Logical Consequence (logical + consequence)
Selected AbstractsFixed- versus Variable-domain Interpretations of Tarski's Account of Logical ConsequencePHILOSOPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 9 2010Paolo Mancosu In this article I describe and evaluate the debate that surrounds the proper interpretation of Tarski's account of logical consequence given in his classic 1936 article ,On the concept of logical consequence'. In the late 1980s Etchemendy argued that the familiar model theoretic account of logical consequence is not to be found in Tarski's original article. Whereas the contemporary account of logical consequence is a variable-domain conception , in that it calls for a reinterpretation of the domain of variation of the quantifiers when evaluating logical consequence ,, no such reinterpretation is found in Tarski's original account, which was rather based on a ,fixed-domain' conception. Etchemendy's claims have sparked a debate on Tarski's conception of logical consequence with important contributions by, among others, Bach, Bays, Corcoran, Gómez-Torrente, Mancosu, Ray, Sagüillo, and Sher. [source] Present and future therapeutic strategies for idiopathic oligozoospermiaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY, Issue 6 2000Dimitrios A. Adamopoulos The effectiveness of medical treatment for idiopathic oligozoospermia (IO) has been at best doubtful until now and a logical consequence of this unsatisfactory situation has been the partial displacement of this approach by assisted reproduction techniques. This state of affairs has resulted from insufficient investigation, inappropriately designed clinical trials and consistent disregard for the principles of evidence-based medicine. Protocol-related shortcomings and wrong interpretation of the data available have also been some of the all too frequent problems encountered in this therapeutic approach. In this rather misty situation, it appears that, of the therapeutic agents used so far, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (mainly FSH-secretagogues) may exert some beneficial effects on a number of biological endpoints related to spermatogenesis and sperm maturation. The short and medium term prospects of medical treatment for IO rest mainly with improvement of investigative procedures to a higher degree of sophistication, with emphasis placed on identifying the causes rather than the results of dysfunction so that a better selection of candidates can be made. Moreover, the introduction of prognostic indices for evaluation of the beneficial effects of a therapeutic agent may be of paramount importance. Finally, a better assessment of the preparations available and, possibly, the introduction of new more specific agents may also be an important step forward in this field. This type of large-scale effort should not be left to individual investigators or special centres working independently, but it may come under the auspices of a central regulating agency so that undisputed results from large, multicentre and uniform studies might be obtained, if medical treatment is to remain a good option. In this context, it may also be emphasized that andrology's main task should always be to treat the male with the problem rather than his healthy female partner, whenever this is possible. [source] Nerve growth factor mediates steroid-resistant inflammation in respiratory syncytial virus infection,,PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Lida Mohtasham MD Abstract Neurotrophic factors and receptors are upregulated in the respiratory tract of humans and rodents infected by the respiratory syncytial virus, leading to airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. The contribution of neurotrophic pathways to the recruitment of immuno-inflammatory cells and their response to anti-inflammatory therapy remains unclear. We sought to determine whether selective nerve growth factor inhibition prevents the immuno-inflammatory response against infection, and explored the effect of inhaled corticosteroids on virus-induced neurotrophic upregulation and the consequent recruitment of immuno-inflammatory cells into the airways. We tried to inhibit the recruitment of lymphocytes and monocytes into the airways of infected weanling rats using immunologic inhibition of nerve growth factor with a specific blocking antibody, or chemical inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase with K252a. The anti-inflammatory activity of inhaled corticosteroids was studied in infected rats treated with budesonide, fluticasone, or vehicle. Immunological or chemical inhibition of nerve growth factor or its high-affinity receptor tyrosine kinase pathway inhibited the recruitment of inflammatory cells triggered by nociceptive irritation of infected rat airways, thereby reducing local and systemic immuno-inflammatory responses against the virus. Neurotrophic upregulation in infected airways was not affected by inhaled corticosteroids. As a logical consequence, these commonly used drugs were also unable to stop the recruitment of immune and inflammatory effector cells into infected airways. Overexpression of neurotrophic factors and receptors in airways infected by respiratory syncytial virus is critical for the development of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity, which is resistant to the anti-inflammatory effect of inhaled corticosteroids. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:496,504. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Wettbewerbsföderalismus als Integrationskonzept für die Europäische UnionPERSPEKTIVEN DER WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK, Issue 1 2003Wolfgang Kerber This paper argues that both aims can only be achieved simultaneously by applying the concept of competitive federalism to the EU. After showing that interjurisdictional competition is a logical consequence of the removal of mobility barriers within the EU, basic tenets of the theory of a multi-level system of competing jurisdictions are presented. As a consequence, the EU has to provide an institutional framework for the proper working of interjurisdictional competition. In the second half of the paper, consequences of the application of competitive federalism to the EU are examined, e.g. the possibility that also many public goods and regulations might be provided competitively by lower-level jurisdictions. Finally, the problem of regulatory competition vs. harmonization is discussed, leading on to exploring advantages and problems of decentralised legal systems (legal federalism). [source] Fixed- versus Variable-domain Interpretations of Tarski's Account of Logical ConsequencePHILOSOPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 9 2010Paolo Mancosu In this article I describe and evaluate the debate that surrounds the proper interpretation of Tarski's account of logical consequence given in his classic 1936 article ,On the concept of logical consequence'. In the late 1980s Etchemendy argued that the familiar model theoretic account of logical consequence is not to be found in Tarski's original article. Whereas the contemporary account of logical consequence is a variable-domain conception , in that it calls for a reinterpretation of the domain of variation of the quantifiers when evaluating logical consequence ,, no such reinterpretation is found in Tarski's original account, which was rather based on a ,fixed-domain' conception. Etchemendy's claims have sparked a debate on Tarski's conception of logical consequence with important contributions by, among others, Bach, Bays, Corcoran, Gómez-Torrente, Mancosu, Ray, Sagüillo, and Sher. [source] THE DOCTRINE OF UNIVOCITY IS TRUE AND SALUTARYMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 4 2005THOMAS WILLIAMS After clearing up some misunderstandings of Scotus's doctrine of univocity, I argue that the doctrine of univocity is true. All predications about God must be reducible to univocity if they are to be intelligible at all. So even if the doctrine has unwelcome consequences, we ought to affirm it anyway; it is not the job of the theologian or philosopher to shrink from uncomfortable truths. I then argue that the doctrine of univocity in fact has no unwelcome consequences. Moreover, it has at least two salutary logical consequences of the highest importance. I conclude that the polemic against univocity, and against Scotus as its defender, is misplaced. [source] II,What is the Normative Role of Logic?ARISTOTELIAN SOCIETY SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME, Issue 1 2009Peter Milne In making assertions one takes on commitments to the consistency of what one asserts and to the logical consequences of what one asserts. Although there is no quick link between belief and assertion, the dialectical requirements on assertion feed back into normative constraints on those beliefs that constitute one's evidence. But if we are not certain of many of our beliefs and that uncertainty is modelled in terms of probabilities, then there is at least prima facie incoherence between the normative constraints on belief and the probability-like structure of degrees of belief. I suggest that the norm-governed practice relating to degrees of belief is the evaluation of betting odds. [source] | |||||||||||||