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Logical Approach (logical + approach)
Selected AbstractsLogical approaches to deontic reasoning: From basic questions to dynamic solutionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 10 2008Philippe Balbiani The development of deontic logic has opened new possibilities for the mathematical analysis of norms. This article tackles the description of large families of deontic systems that attempt to formalize such-and-such idea of juridical notions like obligation. It also introduces a modal logic based on actions for studying deontic reasoning within the context of a dynamic logic. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Lumps and bumps in neonates and infantsDERMATOLOGIC THERAPY, Issue 2 2005Davis Farvolden ABSTRACT:, There are many developmental abnormalities that may appear in the neonate and in infants when critical steps in embryogenesis fail. These steps are often not fatal but can lead to signifi-cant morbidity for those patients affected. A logical approach is needed in addressing both the diagnostic and therapeutic issues that arise when caring for these patients, as various lesions will warrant an observational approach, and others may require imaging studies or definitive surgical intervention. Additionally, there are other "lumps and bumps" that are seen in the neonatal and infantile age groups that include malignancies and cutaneous neoplasms with associated systemic sequelae. [source] A fuzzy logic approach to experience-based reasoningINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 8 2007Zhaohao Sun Experience-based reasoning (EBR) is a reasoning paradigm that has been used in almost every human activity such as business, military missions, and teaching activities since early human history. However, EBR has not been seriously studied from either a logical or mathematical viewpoint, although case-based reasoning (CBR) researchers have paid attention to EBR to some extent. This article will attempt to fill this gap by providing a unified fuzzy logic-based treatment of EBR. More specifically, this article first reviews the logical approach to EBR, in which eight different rules of inference for EBR are discussed. Then the article proposes fuzzy logic-based models to these eight different rules of inference that constitute the fundamentals for all EBR paradigms from a fuzzy logic viewpoint, and therefore will form a theoretical foundation for EBR. The proposed approach will facilitate research and development of EBR, fuzzy systems, intelligent systems, knowledge management, and experience management. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 22: 867,889, 2007. [source] Host range and lytic capability of four bacteriophages against bovine and clinical human isolates of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Y.D. Niu Abstract Aims:, To evaluate host range and lytic capability of four bacteriophages (rV5, wV7, wV8 and wV11) against Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC O157:H7) from cattle and humans. Methods and Results:, Four hundred and twenty-two STEC O157:H7 isolates (297 bovine; 125 human) were obtained in Alberta, Canada. The four phages were serially diluted and incubated for 5 h with overnight cultures of STEC O157:H7 to estimate their multiplicity of infection (MOI). All bovine STEC O157:H7 were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and phage typing (PT). Phage wV7 lysed all human and bovine isolates irrespective of PFGE genotype or PT phenotype and exhibited the lowest MOI (0·004,0·006, P < 0·0001) of all phages. Phages rV5 and wV11 exhibited a lower MOI (0·002,0·04, P < 0·0001) than did phage wV8 (25,29) and they had a narrower host range than wV7 or wV8. Phages rV5, wV11 and wV8 lysed 342 (81·0%), 321 (76·1%) and 407 (96·4%), respectively, of the 422 isolates. Susceptibility of bovine STEC O157:H7 to rV5, w11 and wV8 was influenced by PFGE genotype and/or PT phenotype. Conclusions:, Phages exhibited activity against the majority of bovine and human STEC O157:H7 isolates. PFGE genotype and/or PT phenotype of the host-target influenced their vulnerability to phage attack. Susceptibility of bovine STEC O157:H7 to phage may also differ among farms. Both lytic capability and host range should be considered in the selection of therapeutic phage for on-farm control of STEC O157:H7. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The present work indicates that a four-phage cocktail should be equally effective at mitigating STEC O157:H7 isolates both of bovine and of human origin. Given that some STEC O157:H7 exhibited resistance to some but not all phages, a phage cocktail is the logical approach to efficacious on-farm therapy. [source] Preparedness for Influenza Pandemic in Hong Kong Nursing UnitsJOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, Issue 4 2006Agnes Tiwari Background: To present preparedness planning for an influenza pandemic for two nursing subunits: nursing services in hospitals and schools of nursing in universities. Discussion: The preparedness plan is modeled on a modified Haddon matrix, a logical approach to identify measures appropriate for the pre-event, event, and postevent phases of an influenza pandemic. For the pre-event phase, the objective is to ensure preparedness for the potential pandemic outbreak through training, communication, surveillance, infection control, and vaccination. Once the pandemic outbreak is declared, the aim is to implement effective measures to ensure a rapid and appropriate response. For the postevent phase, the plan is focused on the restoration of core functions, vigilance for a second or possibly more waves of the pandemic, and psychosocial support to staff and students. Conclusion: Measures required to prepare for, respond to, and manage the consequences of influenza pandemic are identified. This planning indicates the need to balance a logical approach with contextual perspectives and the importance for nursing leaders to develop plans for subunits of larger entities. [source] Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of the Adult Patient With Suspected Primary Immunodeficiency Disease: A Case AnalysisJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 4 2004Debbie Ciesielka MSN Purpose To describe immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) sub-class deficiency in the context of primary immunodeficiency disorders, their pathophys-iology, epidemiology, clinical evaluation, and management. Data Sources Actual case study and extensive review of the scientific and medical literature. Conclusions Consideration should be given to primary immunodeficiency diseases as one possible cause of recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections in patients at any age. Early diagnosis and intervention can significantly reduce the burden of these diseases. Implications for Practice Advanced practice nurses need to keep pace with the ever-expanding field of immunity. Knowledge of basic principles of the immune system facilitates a logical approach to the evaluation and management of primary immunodeficiency diseases. [source] Finding energy in strategic project management: an essay in honour of Dean FangPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2001Donald CurtisArticle first published online: 16 OCT 200 A development project is an intervention that is designed to makes things better in a particular context or situation. It is always a problem to know what to do for the best. The Logical Framework, evaluated in this journal last year (Gasper, 2000), is a project-planning and management technique widely applied by multilateral as well as bilateral donor agencies in international development work. It was designed to prevent project managers from simply offering to do what they had always done before and instead to think strategically about cause and effect in context. The present article respects this logical approach but focuses attention upon context. Context is considered in the right-hand column of a Log Frame. The article seeks inspiration in ancient Chinese concepts of energy: Yin,Yang and Wu,Wei. The search is for a form of project management that minimizes energy consumption in its own internal processes and maximizes energy release in the context that the project seeks to transform. Context has to be examined for opportunities rather than constraints. The article advocates management by being a still presence, as against management by rushing about. It borrows the old-fashioned idea about being a catalyst and validates the now fashionable concepts of enabling and empowering. It also rediscovers at least some virtue in the Blueprint Project. The article seeks to be practical. A management development project in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa provides some illustrations and an incomplete example of what might be entailed if energy is brought into the equations of project management. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Disease risk analysis: a tool for primate conservation planning and decision makingAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2006D.A. Travis Abstract Concern about emerging and re-emerging diseases plays an increasing role in conservation and management of both captive and free-ranging nonhuman primates (NHPs). Managers and policy makers must formulate conservation plans in an arena plagued by uncertainty, complexity, emotion, and politics. The risk analysis paradigm provides a framework that brings together scientists and policy experts to make better decisions for both people and animals. Risk analysis is a multidisciplinary, science-based process that provides an organized and logical approach for incorporating scientific information into policy development in the real world. By blending four specific goal-oriented stages,hazard identification, risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication,one can logically assess the probability that an adverse event, such as the introduction of an emerging disease into a naïve population, will occur. The following is a review of this process as it pertains to NHP conservation and risks associated with infectious diseases. Am. J. Primatol. 68:855,867, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||