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Loss

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences44%
Life Sciences23%
Chemistry10%
Engineering5%
Earth and Environmental Science4%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting3%
Polymers and Materials Science2%
Humanities and Social Sciences2%
6 Other Domains7%
Distribution within Medical Sciences
Oncology & Radiotherapy6%
Dermatology4%
105 Other Subdomains82%

Kinds of Loss

  • absorption loss
  • acid loss
  • activity loss
  • acuity loss
  • age-related loss
  • allelic loss
  • allograft loss
  • alveolar bone loss
  • ambiguous loss
  • annual bone loss
  • annual loss
  • antemortem tooth loss
  • apparent loss
  • appetite loss
  • appreciable loss
  • area loss
  • attachment loss
  • average loss
  • biodiversity loss
  • biomass loss
  • blood loss
  • bmd loss
  • body weight loss
  • bone loss
  • c loss
  • carbon loss
  • cartilage loss
  • cartilage volume loss
  • catastrophic loss
  • cause loss
  • cell loss
  • chromosome loss
  • clinical attachment loss
  • co2 loss
  • cognitive loss
  • combined loss
  • complete loss
  • concomitant loss
  • concordant loss
  • conductive hearing loss
  • conductor loss
  • consequent loss
  • considerable loss
  • cook loss
  • cooking loss
  • copy number loss
  • core loss
  • coupling loss
  • crestal bone loss
  • crop loss
  • data loss
  • deadweight loss
  • dielectric loss
  • diversity loss
  • dopaminergic cell loss
  • dose-dependent loss
  • dramatic loss
  • drip loss
  • early graft loss
  • early loss
  • early parental loss
  • early pregnancy loss
  • economic loss
  • efficiency loss
  • embryonic loss
  • endothelial cell loss
  • energy loss
  • enormous loss
  • estimated blood loss
  • evaporative water loss
  • eventual loss
  • excess weight loss
  • excessive blood loss
  • expected loss
  • experience loss
  • extensive loss
  • fat loss
  • female pattern hair loss
  • fetal loss
    		•
  • fiber loss
  • fibre loss
  • field loss
  • financial loss
  • fitness loss
  • flap loss
  • fluid loss
  • focal loss
  • foetal loss
  • forest loss
  • frequent loss
  • fresh weight loss
  • friction loss
  • function loss
  • functional loss
  • ganglion cell loss
  • gene loss
  • general loss
  • genetic loss
  • genomic loss
  • global loss
  • good return loss
  • gradual loss
  • graft loss
  • great loss
  • greater loss
  • greater weight loss
  • habitat loss
  • hair cell loss
  • hair loss
  • hbeag loss
  • head loss
  • hearing loss
  • heat loss
  • hereditary hearing loss
  • homozygous loss
  • horizontal bone loss
  • immediate loss
  • implant loss
  • increasing loss
  • information loss
  • initial loss
  • insertion loss
  • intensity loss
  • intentional weight loss
  • intra-operative blood loss
  • intraoperative blood loss
  • irreversible loss
  • job loss
  • large loss
  • larger loss
  • late graft loss
  • late loss
  • late lumen loss
  • leaching loss
  • limb loss
  • line loss
  • local loss
  • long-term loss
  • long-term weight loss
  • low dielectric loss
  • low insertion loss
  • low loss
  • lower loss
  • lower weight loss
  • lumen loss
  • lung function loss
  • marginal bone loss
  • marked loss
  • mass loss
  • massive loss
  • material loss
  • matter loss
  • maximum loss
  • mean blood loss
  • mean bone loss
  • mean loss
  • mean marginal bone loss
  • mean weight loss
    		•
  • median blood loss
  • memory loss
  • menstrual blood loss
  • mineral loss
  • minimal blood loss
  • minimal loss
  • minimum insertion loss
  • modest weight loss
  • moisture loss
  • molecule loss
  • motor neuron loss
  • muscle loss
  • myelin loss
  • n loss
  • nest loss
  • net loss
  • neural loss
  • neuron loss
  • neuronal cell loss
  • neuronal loss
  • neutral loss
  • nitrogen loss
  • noise-induced hearing loss
  • non-random loss
  • non-syndromic hearing loss
  • noticeable loss
  • number loss
  • nutrient loss
  • olfactory loss
  • oligodendrocyte loss
  • operative blood loss
  • optical loss
  • output loss
  • oxygen loss
  • ozone loss
  • p loss
  • packet loss
  • parental loss
  • partial flap loss
  • partial loss
  • pattern hair loss
  • percentage loss
  • percentage weight loss
  • performance loss
  • peri-implant bone loss
  • perinatal loss
  • periodontal attachment loss
  • periodontal bone loss
  • permanent hearing loss
  • personal loss
  • phosphorus loss
  • plasmid loss
  • population loss
  • possible loss
  • postmenopausal bone loss
  • potential loss
  • power loss
  • preferential loss
  • pregnancy loss
  • premature loss
  • preoperative weight loss
  • pressure loss
  • preventing loss
  • production loss
  • productivity loss
  • profound loss
  • progressive bone loss
  • progressive loss
  • progressive visual loss
  • propagation loss
  • protein loss
  • purkinje cell loss
  • quality loss
  • radiation loss
  • rapid loss
  • rapid weight loss
  • recombination loss
  • recurrent pregnancy loss
  • relative loss
    		•
  • resource loss
  • return loss
  • revenue loss
  • reversible loss
  • sample loss
  • secondary loss
  • seed loss
  • selective loss
  • sensorineural hearing loss
  • sensory loss
  • severe bone loss
  • severe economic loss
  • severe loss
  • severe visual loss
  • severe weight loss
  • showing loss
  • signal loss
  • significant economic loss
  • significant loss
  • significant weight loss
  • similar loss
  • sleep loss
  • slight loss
  • small loss
  • social loss
  • soil loss
  • species loss
  • specific loss
  • spontaneous loss
  • strength loss
  • strong loss
  • subsequent graft loss
  • subsequent loss
  • substance loss
  • substantial economic loss
  • substantial loss
  • substrate loss
  • sudden hearing loss
  • sudden sensorineural hearing loss
  • surface loss
  • sustained weight loss
  • synapse loss
  • synaptic loss
  • temporary loss
  • thickness loss
  • time loss
  • tissue loss
  • tooth loss
  • total blood loss
  • total flap loss
  • total loss
  • total soil loss
  • trabecular bone loss
  • trans-epidermal water loss
  • transepidermal water loss
  • transient loss
  • transmission loss
  • unintentional weight loss
  • unresolved loss
  • urinary loss
  • urine loss
  • utility loss
  • viability loss
  • vision loss
  • visual acuity loss
  • visual field loss
  • visual loss
  • vitamin loss
  • volatilization loss
  • voltage loss
  • volume loss
  • water loss
  • weight loss
  • welfare loss
  • wetland loss
  • yield loss

    • Terms modified by Loss

  • loss aversion
  • loss better
  • loss characteristic
  • loss decreased
  • loss distribution
  • loss equation
  • loss estimate
    		•
  • loss factor
  • loss function
  • loss greater
  • loss increase
  • loss intervention
  • loss measure
  • loss measurement
    		•
  • loss modulus
  • loss occurring
  • loss only
  • loss prevention
  • loss probability
  • loss process
  • loss rate
    		•
  • loss reduction
  • loss spectroscopy
  • loss spectrum
  • loss tangent
  • loss temperature
  • loss value

    • Selected Abstracts

    SIMULATING RANGE EXPANSION: MALE SPECIES RECOGNITION AND LOSS OF PREMATING ISOLATION IN DAMSELFLIES

    EVOLUTION, Issue 1 2010
    Maren Wellenreuther
    Prolonged periods of allopatry might result in loss of the ability to discriminate against other formerly sympatric species, and can lead to heterospecific matings and hybridization upon secondary contact. Loss of premating isolation during prolonged allopatry can operate in the opposite direction of reinforcement, but has until now been little explored. We investigated how premating isolation between two closely related damselfly species, Calopteryx splendens and C. virgo, might be affected by the expected future northward range expansion of C. splendens into the allopatric zone of C. virgo in northern Scandinavia. We simulated the expected secondary contact by presenting C. splendens females to C. virgo males in the northern allopatric populations in Finland. Premating isolation toward C. splendens in northern allopatric populations was compared to sympatric populations in southern Finland and southern Sweden. Male courtship responses of C. virgo toward conspecific females showed limited geographic variation, however, courtship attempts toward heterospecific C. splendens females increased significantly from sympatry to allopatry. Our results suggest that allopatric C. virgo males have partly lost their ability to discriminate against heterospecific females. Reduced premating isolation in allopatry might lead to increased heterospecific matings between taxa that are currently expanding and shifting their ranges in response to climate change. [source]

    THE PHYLOGENY OF THE PENTASCHISTIS CLADE (DANTHONIOIDEAE, POACEAE) BASED ON CHLOROPLAST DNA, AND THE EVOLUTION AND LOSS OF COMPLEX CHARACTERS

    EVOLUTION, Issue 4 2007
    C. Galley
    We construct a species-level phylogeny for the Pentaschistis clade based on chloroplast DNA, from the following regions: trnL-F, trnT-L, atpB-rbcL, rpL16, and trnD-psbA. The clade comprises 82 species in three genera, Pentaschistis, Pentameris, and Prionanthium. We demonstrate that Prionanthium is nested in Pentaschistis and that this clade is sister to a clade of Pentameris plus Pentaschistis tysonii. Forty-three of the species in the Pentaschistis clade have multicellular glands and we use ancestral character state reconstruction to show that they have been gained twice or possibly once, and lost several times. We suggest that the maintenance, absence, loss, and gain of glands are correlated with leaf anatomy type, and additionally that there is a difference in the degree of diversification of lineages that have these different character combinations. We propose that both glands and sclerophyllous leaves act as defense systems against herbivory, and build a cost/benefit model in which multicellular glands or sclerophyllous leaves are lost when the alternative defense system evolves. We also investigate the association between leaf anatomy type and soil nutrient type on which species grow. There is little phylogenetic constraint in soil nutrient type on members of the Pentaschistis clade, with numerous transitions between oligotrophic and eutrophic soils. However, only orthophyllous-leaved species diversify on eutrophic soils. We suggest that the presence of these glands enables the persistence of orthophyllous lineages and therefore diversification of the Pentaschistis clade on eutrophic as well as oligotrophic soils. [source]

    WHEN ONTOGENY REVEALS WHAT PHYLOGENY HIDES: GAIN AND LOSS OF HORNS DURING DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF HORNED BEETLES

    EVOLUTION, Issue 11 2006
    Armin P. Moczek
    Abstract How ecological, developmental and genetic mechanisms interact in the genesis and subsequent diversification of morphological novelties is unknown for the vast majority of traits and organisms. Here we explore the ecological, developmental, and genetic underpinnings of a class of traits that is both novel and highly diverse: beetle horns. Specifically, we focus on the origin and diversification of a particular horn type, those protruding from the pronotum, in the genus Onthophagus, a particularly speciose and morphologically diverse genus of horned beetles. We begin by documenting immature development of nine Onthophagus species and show that all of these species express pronotal horns in a developmentally transient fashion in at least one or both sexes. Similar to species that retain their horns to adulthood, transient horns grow during late larval development and are clearly visible in pupae. However, unlike species that express horns as adults, transient horns are resorbed during pupal development. In a large number of species this mechanisms allows fully horned pupae to molt into entirely hornless adults. Consequently, far more Onthophagus species appear to possess the ability to develop pronotal horns than is indicated by their adult phenotypes. We use our data to expand a recent phylogeny of the genus Onthophagus to explore how the widespread existence of developmentally transient horns alters our understanding of the origin and dynamics of morphological innovation and diversification in this genus. We find that including transient horn development into the phylogeny dramatically reduces the number of independent origins required to explain extant diversity patters and suggest that pronotal horns may have originated only a few times, or possibly only once, during early Onthophagus evolution. We then propose a new and previously undescribed function for pronotal horns during immature development. We provide histological as well as experimental data that illustrate that pronotal horns are crucial for successful ecdysis of the larval head capsule during the larval-to-pupal molt, and that this molting function appears to be unique to the genus Onthophagus and absent in the other scarabaeine genera. We discuss how this additional function may help explain the existence and maintenance of developmentally transient horns, and how at least some horn types of adult beetles may have evolved as exaptations from pupal structures originally evolved to perform an unrelated function. [source]

    THE PREVALENCE OF AT-RISK FOOT IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS, PATIENTS WITHOUT DIABETES MELLITUS WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, AND SUBJECTS WITHOUT KNOWN DIABETES MELLITUS OR LOWER LIMB SENSORY LOSS

    JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 1 2008
    Zoltan Pataky MD
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    QUALITY LOSS DURING TOMATO PASTE PRODUCTION VERSUS SAUCE STORAGE

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 4 2001
    RADHIKA K. APAIAH
    Two studies were conducted to assess the extent of quality changes in tomato processing versus storage. For the processing study, tomato juice was vacuum concentrated into paste at 68C for 300 min (LT) or 85C for 34 min (ST) and samples taken at 5,26 Brix. Reduced ascorbic acid (RAA) degraded sooner during LT than ST, but reached equivalent final concentrations. The particle size decreased and hue angle increased during LT, but not ST. The viscosity decreased more during LT than ST. There was no formation of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF.) For the storage study, commercial tomato sauce was stored at 4 to 55C for 6 months. RAA degradation and HMF formation during storage were first order with activation energies of 77 and 70 KJ/mole, respectively. The particle size decreased at all storage temperatures, viscosity decreased at 45 to 55C and hue angle increased at 37 to 55C. In general, quality loss of tomato sauce during processing was greater than during storage. [source]

    PREDICTION OF APPLE FIRMNESS FROM MASS LOSS AND SHRINKAGE

    JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 1 2004
    S.O. LINK
    ABSTRACT Prediction of firmness from mass loss and shrinkage was investigated in apples (Malus x domestica Borkh.) under regular atmosphere (RA) storage conditions. Apples (,Delicious' and ,Fuji') were repeatedly weighed to determine mass loss. Shrinkage was measured with a strain gauge sensor. ,Delicious' apples lost firmness (73 to 58 N) while ,Fuji' apples maintained firmness at 69 N over 57 days in storage. Apples lost mass at a constant rate with ,Delicious' losing mass slower (0.6 % per month) than ,Fuji' (1.1% per month). ,Delicious' apple shrank less (0.28 mm) than the ,Fuji' (0.70 mm) over 57 days. The relationship between firmness and mass loss, or shrinkage was dependent on apple cultivar. Firmness was significantly and linearly related to mass loss and to shrinkage in ,Delicious' apples. It is possible to predict firmness of ,Delicious' apples under RA storage conditions by tracking mass loss or shrinkage. [source]

    HEALING LOSS, AMBIGUITY, AND TRAUMA: A COMMUNITY-BASED INTERVENTION WITH FAMILIES OF UNION WORKERS MISSING AFTER THE 9/11 ATTACK IN NEW YORK CITY

    JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 4 2003
    Pauline Boss
    A team of therapists from Minnesota and New York workied with labor union families of workers gone missing on September 11, 2001, after the attack on the World Trade Center, where they were employed. The clinical team shares what they did, what was learned, the questions raised, and preliminary evaulations about the multiple family meeting that were the major intervention. Because of the vast diversity, training of therapists and interventions for families aimed for cultural competence. The community-based approach, preferred by union families, plus family therapy using the lens of ambiguous loss are proposed as necessary additions to disaster work. [source]

    GRAY WHALES WITH LOSS OF FLUKES ADAPT AND SURVIVE

    MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2004
    J. Urbán R.
    [source]

    RENAL ALLOGRAFT LOSS , THE AUSTRALIAN EXPERIENCE, 1988-1997

    NEPHROLOGY, Issue 3 2000
    Esther Briganti
    [source]

    LOSS OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR- , (ER,) IN PROSTATE CANCER

    PATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 12 2001
    Horvath LG
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    WITHOUT PURPOSE: MODERNITY AND THE LOSS OF FINAL CAUSES

    THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010
    OWEN ANDERSON
    First page of article [source]

    JOHN J. KEPES, MD, FRSM: THE LOSS OF A COLLEAGUE, MENTOR AND FRIEND

    BRAIN PATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2010
    Bernd W. Scheithauer M.D.
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    Documenting Loss of Large Trophy Fish from the Florida Keys with Historical Photographs

    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
    LOREN McCLENACHAN
    arrecifes de coral; ecología histórica; directrices cambiantes; peces de arrecife; sobrepesca Abstract:,A loss of large vertebrates has occurred in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but data to measure long-term population changes are sparse. Historical photographs provide visual and quantitative evidence of changes in mean individual size and species composition for groups of marine fish that have been targeted by sport fishing. I measured such trends for 13 groups of recreationally caught "trophy" reef fish with photographs taken in Key West, Florida, from 1956 to 2007. The mean fish size declined from an estimated 19.9 kg (SE 1.5) to 2.3 kg (SE 0.3), and there was a major shift in species composition. Landings from 1956 to 1960 were dominated by large groupers (Epinephelus spp.), and other large predatory fish were commonly caught, including sharks with an average length of just <2 m. In contrast, landings in 2007 were composed of small snappers (Lutjanus spp. and Ocyurus chrysurus) with an average length of 34.4 cm (SE 0.62), and the average length of sharks declined by more than 50% over 50 years. Major declines in the size of fish caught were not reflected in the price of fishing trips, so customers paid the same amount for a less-valuable product. Historical photographs provide a window into a more pristine coral reef ecosystem that existed a half a century ago and lend support to current observations that unfished reef communities are able to support large numbers of large-bodied fish. Resumen:,Una pérdida de vertebrados mayores ha ocurrido en ecosistemas acuáticos y terrestres, pero los datos para medir los cambios poblaciones a largo plazo son escasos. Las fotografías históricas proporcionan evidencia visual y cuantitativa de cambios en el tamaño individual promedio y de la composición de especies en grupos de peces marinos que han sido blanco de la pesca deportiva. Medí esas tendencias en 13 grupos de peces de arrecife capturados recreativamente como "trofeos" mediante fotografías tomadas en Key West, Florida, desde 1956 a 2007. El peso promedio de los peces declinó de unos 19.9 kg (ES 1.5) a 2.3 kg (ES 0.3), y hubo un cambio mayor en la composición de especies. Las capturas entre 1956 y 1960 estuvieron dominadas por meros (Epinephelus spp.) grandes, y otros peces depredadores eran capturados comúnmente, incluyendo tiburones con una longitud promedio de poco menos de 2m. En contraste, las capturas en 2007 fueron compuestas de pargos (Lutjanus spp. y Ocyurus chrysurus) pequeños con una longitud promedio de 34.4 cm (ES 0.62), y la longitud promedio de los tiburones declinó más de 50% en 50 años. La gran declinación en el tamaño de los peces capturados no se reflejó en los precios de los viajes de pesca, así que los clientes pagaron la misma cantidad por un producto menos valioso. Las fotografías históricas proporcionan una visión de un ecosistema arrecifal coralino prístino que existió hace medio siglo y proporcionan soporte a los comentarios actuales de que las comunidades arrecifales no explotadas son capaces de soportar numerosos peces de talla grande. [source]

    Economic Growth and Biodiversity Loss in an Age of Tradable Permits

    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006
    JON ROSALES
    comercio de emisiones; límite y comercio; proceso ciencia-política; Protocolo de Kyoto Abstract:,Tradable permits are increasingly becoming part of environmental policy and conservation programs. The efficacy of tradable permit schemes in addressing the root cause of environmental decline,economic growth,will not be achieved unless the schemes cap economic activity based on ecological thresholds. Lessons can be learned from the largest tradable permit scheme to date, emissions trading now being implemented with the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol caps neither greenhouse gas emissions at a level that will achieve climate stability nor economic growth. If patterned after the Kyoto Protocol, cap-and-trade schemes for conservation will not ameliorate biodiversity loss either because they will not address economic growth. In response to these failures to cap economic growth, professional organizations concerned about biodiversity conservation should release position statements on economic growth and ecological thresholds. The statements can then be used by policy makers to infuse these positions into the local, national, and international environmental science-policy process when these schemes are being developed. Infusing language into the science-policy process that calls for capping economic activity based on ecological thresholds represents sound conservation science. Most importantly, position statements have a greater potential to ameliorate biodiversity loss if they are created and released than if this information remains within professional organizations because there is the potential for these ideas to be enacted into law and policy. Resumen:,Cada vez más, los permisos comerciables son parte de la política ambiental y de los programas de conservación. La eficacia de los esquemas de permisos comerciables para atender la causa principal de la declinación ambiental,crecimiento económico,será baja a menos que los esquemas limiten la actividad económica con base en umbrales ecológicos. Se pueden aprender lecciones del mayor esquema de permisos comerciables a la fecha, la comercialización de emisiones implementada con el Protocolo de Kyoto. El Protocolo de Kyoto no limita a las emisiones de gases a un nivel que logre la estabilidad climática ni al crecimiento económico. Si se sigue el modelo del Protocolo de Kyoto, los esquemas de límite y comercio tampoco reducirán las pérdidas de biodiversidad porque no considerarán al crecimiento económico. En respuesta a estas fallas para limitar el crecimiento económico, las organizaciones profesionales preocupadas por la conservación de la biodiversidad deberían emitir declaraciones sobre su posición respecto a umbrales ecológicos y de crecimiento económico. Las declaraciones luego pueden ser usadas por políticos para infundir estas posiciones en el proceso ciencia ambiental-política a nivel local, nacional e internacional cuando estos esquemas estén siendo desarrollados. La infusión de lenguaje que demanda la limitación de actividades de crecimiento económico con base en umbrales ecológicos es ciencia de la conservación sólida. Más notablemente, las declaraciones de posición tienen un mayor potencial para reducir las pérdidas de biodiversidad si son creadas y publicadas que si esta información permanece dentro de las organizaciones profesionales porque existe el potencial para que estas ideas se constituyan en leyes y políticas. [source]

    Habitat Loss and Extinction in the Hotspots of Biodiversity

    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2002
    Thomas M. Brooks
    None of these hotspots have more than one-third of their pristine habitat remaining. Historically, they covered 12% of the land's surface, but today their intact habitat covers only 1.4% of the land. As a result of this habitat loss, we expect many of the hotspot endemics to have either become extinct or,because much of the habitat loss is recent,to be threatened with extinction. We used World Conservation Union [ IUCN ] Red Lists to test this expectation. Overall, between one-half and two-thirds of all threatened plants and 57% of all threatened terrestrial vertebrates are hotspot endemics. For birds and mammals, in general, predictions of extinction in the hotspots based on habitat loss match numbers of species independently judged extinct or threatened. In two classes of hotspots the match is not as close. On oceanic islands, habitat loss underestimates extinction because introduced species have driven extinctions beyond those caused by habitat loss on these islands. In large hotspots, conversely, habitat loss overestimates extinction, suggesting scale dependence (this effect is also apparent for plants). For reptiles, amphibians, and plants, many fewer hotspot endemics are considered threatened or extinct than we would expect based on habitat loss. This mismatch is small in temperate hotspots, however, suggesting that many threatened endemic species in the poorly known tropical hotspots have yet to be included on the IUCN Red Lists. We then asked in which hotspots the consequences of further habitat loss (either absolute or given current rates of deforestation) would be most serious. Our results suggest that the Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests of Tanzania-Kenya, Philippines, and Polynesia-Micronesia can least afford to lose more habitat and that, if current deforestation rates continue, the Caribbean, Tropical Andes, Philippines, Mesoamerica, Sundaland, Indo-Burma, Madagascar, and Chocó,Darién,Western Ecuador will lose the most species in the near future. Without urgent conservation intervention, we face mass extinctions in the hotspots. Resumen: Casi la mitad del total de plantas vasculares del mundo y un tercio de los vertebrados terrestres son endémicos en 25 "áreas críticas" para la biodiversidad, cada una de las cuales tiene por lo menos 1500 especies de plantas endémicas. En ninguno de estos sitios permanece más de un tercio de su hábitat prístino. Históricamente, cubrían 12% de la superficie terrestre, pero en la actualidad su hábitat intacto cubre solo 1.4% del terreno. Como resultado de esta pérdida de hábitat esperamos que muchas de las especies endémicas a estos sitios estén extintas o , porque la pérdida de hábitat es reciente , se encuentren amenazadas de extinción. Utilizamos Listas Rojas de UICN para comprobar esta predicción. En general, entre la mitad y dos tercios de las plantas amenazadas y el 57% de los vertebrados terrestres amenazados son endémicos de áreas críticas para la biodiversidad. Para aves y mamíferos en general, las predicciones de extinción en las áreas críticas para la biodiversidad, basadas en la pérdida de hábitat, coinciden con el número de especies consideradas extintas o amenazadas independientemente. En dos clases de áreas críticas para la biodiversidad la coincidencia no es muy grande. En islas oceánicas, la pérdida de hábitat subestima la extinción porque las especies introducidas han causado más extinciones que las producidas por la reducción del hábitat. Por lo contrario, la pérdida de hábitat sobrestima la extinción en áreas críticas para la biodiversidad extensas, lo que sugiere una dependencia de escala (este efecto también es aparente para plantas). Para reptiles, anfibios y plantas mucho menos especies endémicas son consideradas amenazadas o extintas por pérdida de hábitat. Sin embargo, esta discordancia es pequeña en áreas críticas para la biodiversidad en zonas templadas templadas, lo que sugiere que muchas especies endémicas amenazadas en las poco conocidas áreas críticas para la biodiversidad en zonas tropicales aun están por incluirse en las Listas Rojas. Posteriormente nos preguntamos en que áreas críticas para la biodiversidad serían más serias las consecuencias de una mayor pérdida de hábitat (absoluta o con las tasas actuales de deforestación). Nuestros resultados sugieren que el Arco Oriental y los Bosques Costeros de Tanzania/Kenia, Filipinas, Polinesia/Micronesia no pueden soportar mayores pérdidas y que, si continúan las tasas de deforestación actuales, el Caribe, Andes Tropicales, Filipinas, Mesoamérica, Sundaland, Indo-Burma, Madagascar y Chocó/Darién/Ecuador Occidental perderán más especies en el futuro. Sin acciones urgentes de conservación, habrá extinciones masivas en las áreas críticas para la biodiversidad. [source]

    Role of ancillary techniques in diagnosing and subclassifying non-Hodgkin's lymphomas on fine needle aspiration cytology

    CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2006
    P. DeyArticle first published online: 8 SEP 200
    Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are tumours of the lymphoid cells. During the process of development of lymphoid cells, neoplasia may evolve at any point. Neoplastic cells usually carry the imprint of cell of origin at the stage of origin. Various types of NHL may have similar morphology with wide variation in origin, immunophenotype and other biological features. Different ancillary laboratory techniques may help to overcome the limitations of morphology in this aspect. The commonly used ancillary techniques in lymphomas are immunocytochemistry (IC), flow cytometry, Southern blot (SB) technique, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). In addition, laser scanning cytometry (LSC) and DNA microarray technologies are in the research phase. Various laboratory techniques are used for immunophenotyping, demonstration of monoclonality, identification of chromosomal translocation, assessment of cell kinetics and expression of mRNA in the tumour cells. Flow cytometry helps in rapid immunophenotying of NHL and it has an added advantage over IC in recognizing the co-expression of CD markers. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) combined with flow immunophenotyping may help us to diagnose and subclassify certain NHLs, such as follicular lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma, which were previously recognized as pure morphological entities. Loss of morphology is one of the important limitations of flow cytometry. LSC can overcome this limitation by studying morphology along with the immunophenotyping pattern of individual cells. Chromosomal changes in NHL can be identified by SB, PCR and FISH. Molecular diagnosis of NHL helps in diagnosis, subclassification, prognostic assessment and even in planning of therapy. DNA microarray is a relatively newer and promising technology. It gives information about the expression of several thousands of genes in a tumour in a single experiment. In the near future, FNAC combined with ancillary techniques may play a major role in diagnosis, subclassification and management of lymphomas. [source]

    Assessment of myosin II, Va, VI and VIIa loss of function on endocytosis and endocytic vesicle motility in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells

    CYTOSKELETON, Issue 10 2007
    Jeffrey P. Holt
    Abstract An essential feature of dendritic cell immune surveillance is endocytic sampling of the environment for non-self antigens primarily via macropinocytosis and phagocytosis. The role of several members of the myosin family of actin based molecular motors in dendritic cell endocytosis and endocytic vesicle movement was assessed through analysis of dendritic cells derived from mice with functionally null myosin mutations. These include the dilute (myosin Va), Snell's waltzer (myosin VI) and shaker-1 (myosin VIIa) mouse lines. Non muscle myosin II function was assessed by treatment with the inhibitor, blebbistatin. Flow cytometric analysis of dextran uptake by dendritic cells revealed that macropinocytosis was enhanced in Snell's waltzer dendritic cells while shaker-1 and blebbistatin-treated cells were comparable to controls. Comparison of fluid phase uptake using pH insensitive versus pH sensitive fluorescent dextrans revealed that in dilute cells rates of uptake were normal but endosomal acidification was accelerated. Phagocytosis, as quantified by uptake of E. coli, was normal in dilute while dendritic cells from Snell's waltzer, shaker-1 and blebbistatin treated cells exhibited decreased uptake. Microtubule mediated movements of dextran-or transferrin-tagged endocytic vesicles were significantly faster in dendritic cells lacking myosin Va. Loss of myosin II, VI or VIIa function had no significant effects on ratesof endocytic vesicle movement. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Parsing the general and specific components of depression and anxiety with bifactor modeling,

    DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 7 2008
    Leonard J. Simms Ph.D.
    Abstract Recent hierarchical models suggest that both general and specific components are needed to fully represent the variation observed among mood and anxiety disorders. However, little is known about the relative size, severity, and psychological meaning of these components. We studied these features through bifactor modeling of the symptoms from the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms [IDAS; Watson et al., 2007] in 362 community adults, 353 psychiatric patients, and 673 undergraduates. Results revealed that although all IDAS symptom types loaded prominently both on a general factor as well as specific factors, some symptom groups,such as dysphoria, generalized anxiety, and irritability,were influenced more strongly by the general factor, whereas others,e.g., appetite gain, appetite loss, and low well-being,contained a larger specific component. Second, certain symptom groups,e.g., Suicidality, Panic, Appetite Loss, and Ill Temper,reflected higher severity than other symptom groups. Finally, general factor scores correlated strongly with markers of general distress and negative emotionality. These findings support a hierarchical structure among mood and anxiety symptoms and have important implications for how such disorders are described, assessed, and studied. Depression and Anxiety 0:1,13, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Letter: Effect of the Loss of the Multiple Surgery Reduction Exemption on the New Mohs Practice

    DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 7 2010
    HOBART W. WALLING MD
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    Full Scope of Effect of Facial Lipoatrophy: A Framework of Disease Understanding

    DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 8 2006
    BENJAMIN ASCHER MD
    BACKGROUND Facial lipoatrophy has been observed to occur in a variety of patient populations, with inherited or acquired disease, or even in aging patients as a natural progression of tissue change over time. There is currently no framework from which physicians of all medical specialties can communally discuss the manifestations, diagnoses, and management of facial lipoatrophy. OBJECTIVE The aim of this assembly was to derive a definition of facial lipoatrophy capable of being applied to all patient populations and develop an accompanying grading system. RESULTS The final consensus of the Facial Lipoatrophy Panel encompasses both aging and disease states: "Loss of facial fat due to aging, trauma or disease, manifested by flattening or indentation of normally convex contours." The proposed grading scale includes five gradations (Grades 1,5; 5 being the most severe), and the face is assessed according to three criteria: contour, bony prominence, and visibility of musculature. CONCLUSION Categorizing the presentation of facial lipoatrophy is subjective and qualitative, and will need to be validated with objective measures. Furthermore, during the assembly, several topics were exposed that warrant further research, including the physiology of volume loss, age and lipoatrophy, and human immunodeficiency virus and lipoatrophy. [source]

    Non-core subunit eIF3h of translation initiation factor eIF3 regulates zebrafish embryonic development

    DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 6 2010
    Avik Choudhuri
    Abstract Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF3, which plays a central role in translation initiation, consists of five core subunits that are present in both the budding yeast and higher eukaryotes. However, higher eukaryotic eIF3 contains additional (non-core) subunits that are absent in the budding yeast. We investigated the role of one such non-core eIF3 subunit eIF3h, encoded by two distinct genes,eif3ha and eif3hb, as a regulator of embryonic development in zebrafish. Both eif3h genes are expressed during early embryogenesis, and display overlapping yet distinct and highly dynamic spatial expression patterns. Loss of function analysis using specific morpholino oligomers indicates that each isoform has specific as well as redundant functions during early development. The morphant phenotypes correlate with their spatial expression patterns, indicating that eif3h regulates development of the brain, heart, vasculature, and lateral line. These results indicate that the non-core subunits of eIF3 regulate specific developmental programs during vertebrate embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 239:1632,1644, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Genome-wide expression profiling in the Drosophila eye reveals unexpected repression of notch signaling by the JAK/STAT pathway

    DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 9 2009
    Maria Sol Flaherty
    Abstract Although the JAK/STAT pathway regulates numerous processes in vertebrates and invertebrates through modulating transcription, its functionally relevant transcriptional targets remain largely unknown. With one jak and one stat (stat92E), Drosophila provides a powerful system for finding new JAK/STAT target genes. Genome-wide expression profiling on eye discs in which Stat92E is hyperactivated, revealed 584 differentially regulated genes, including known targets domeless, socs36E, and wingless. Other differentially regulated genes (chinmo, lama, Mo25, Imp-L2, Serrate, Delta) were validated and may represent new Stat92E targets. Genetic experiments revealed that Stat92E cell-autonomously represses Serrate, which encodes a Notch ligand. Loss of Stat92E led to de-repression of Serrate in the dorsal eye, resulting in ectopic Notch signaling and aberrant eye growth there. Thus, our micro-array documents a new Stat92E target gene and a previously unidentified inhibitory action of Stat92E on Notch signaling. These data suggest that this study will be a useful resource for the identification of additional Stat92E targets. Developmental Dynamics 238:2235,2253, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Neural protein Olig2 acts upstream of the transcriptional regulator sim1 to specify diencephalic dopaminergic neurons

    DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2009
    Nataliya Borodovsky
    Abstract Neural factors are expressed in neural progenitors and regulate neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Recent studies suggested that these factors are also involved in determining specific neuronal fates by regulating the expression of their target genes, thereby creating transcriptional codes for neuronal subtype specification. In the present study, we show that in the zebrafish the neural gene Olig2 and the transcriptional regulator Sim1 are co-expressed in a subset of diencephalic progenitors destined towards the dopaminergic (DA) neuronal fate. While sim1 mRNA is also detected in mature DA neurons, the expression of olig2 is extinguished prior to terminal DA differentiation. Loss of function of either Olig2 or Sim1 leads to impaired DA development. Finally, Olig2 regulates the expression of Sim1 and gain of function of Sim1 rescues the deficits in DA differentiation caused by targeted knockdown of Olig2. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that commitment of basal diencephalic DA neurons is regulated by the combined action of the neural protein Olig2 and its downstream neuronal specific effector Sim1. Developmental Dynamics 238:826,834, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Influence of hormones and hormone metabolites on the growth of schwann cells derived from embryonic stem cells and on tumor cell lines expressing variable levels of neurofibromin,

    DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 2 2008
    Therese M. Roth
    Abstract Loss of neurofibromin, the protein product of the tumor suppressor gene neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), is associated with neurofibromas, composed largely of Schwann cells. The number and size of neurofibromas in NF1 patients have been shown to increase during pregnancy. A mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) model was used, in which mESCs with varying levels of neurofibromin were differentiated into Schwann-like cells. NF1 cell lines derived from a malignant and a benign human tumor were used to study proliferation in response to hormones. Estrogen and androgen receptors were not expressed or expressed at very low levels in the NF1+/+ cells, at low levels in NF1+/,cells, and robust levels in NF1,/,cells. A 17,-estradiol (E2) metabolite, 2-methoxy estradiol (2ME2) is cytotoxic to the NF1,/, malignant tumor cell line, and inhibits proliferation in the other cell lines. 2ME2 or its derivatives could provide new treatment avenues for NF1 hormone-sensitive tumors at times of greatet hormonal influence. Developmental Dynamics 237:513,524, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Gli3 null mice display glandular overgrowth of the developing stomach

    DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2005
    Jae H. Kim
    Abstract The role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in various aspects of gut development is still poorly understood. In the developing stomach, Sonic (Shh) and Indian (Ihh) hedgehog are expressed in both distinct and overlapping regions. Loss of Sonic hedgehog function in the stomach results in a glandular phenotype of intestinal transformation and overgrowth. These changes are reminiscent of the pre-malignant lesion, intestinal metaplasia. To determine the role of Hedgehog-related transcription factors, Gli2 and Gli3, in Shh signaling during stomach development, we conducted a mutant analysis of glandular stomach from Shh, Gli2, and Gli3 mutant mice. Although Gli2 principally mediates the activator function of Shh, surprisingly we observed minimal changes in glandular development in the Gli2 mutant stomach. Furthermore, Gli3, which typically functions as a repressor of Hedgehog signal, showed a striking phenocopy of the glandular expansion and intestinal transformation found in Shh mutant stomach. A reduction in apoptotic events was seen in all mutant stomachs with no appreciable changes in proliferation. Both Shh and Gli3 mutant stomachs displayed early changes of intestinal transformation but these did not impact on the overall differentiation of the gastric epithelium. Interestingly, the observation that Gli3 shares a similar glandular phenotype to Shh mutant stomach reveals a possible novel role of Gli3 activator in the developing stomach. The embryonic stomach is a unique model of the Hedgehog pathway function and one that may help to uncover some of the mechanisms underlying the development of intestinal metaplasia. Developmental Dynamics 234:984,991, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    PDGFR-, signaling is critical for tooth cusp and palate morphogenesis

    DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 1 2005
    Xun Xu
    Abstract Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR-,) and PDGF ligands are key regulators for embryonic development. Although Pdgfr, is spatially expressed in the cranial neural crest (CNC)-derived odontogenic mesenchyme, mice deficient for Pdgfr, are embryonic lethal, making it impossible to investigate the functional significance of PDGF signaling in regulating the fate of CNC cells during tooth morphogenesis. Taking advantage of the kidney capsule assay, we investigated the biological function of PDGF signaling in regulating tooth morphogenesis. Pdgfr, and Pdgfa are specifically and consistently expressed in the CNC-derived odontogenic mesenchyme and the dental epithelium, respectively, throughout all stages of tooth development, suggesting a paracrine function of PDGF signaling in regulating tooth morphogenesis. Highly concentrated expression patterns of Pdgfr, and Pdgfa are associated with the developing dental cusp, suggesting possible functional importance of PDGF signaling in regulating cusp formation. Loss of the Pdgfr, gene does not affect proper odontoblasts proliferation and differentiation in the CNC-derived odontogenic mesenchyme but perturbs the formation of extracellular matrix and the organization of odontoblast cells at the forming cusp area, resulting in dental cusp growth defect. Pdgfr,,/, mice have complete cleft palate. We show that the cleft palate in Pdgfr, mutant mice results from an extracellular matrix defect within the CNC-derived palatal mesenchyme. The midline epithelium of the mutant palatal shelf remains functionally competent to mediate palatal fusion once the palatal shelves are placed in close contact in vitro. Collectively, our data suggests that PDGFR, and PDGFA are critical regulators for the continued epithelial,mesenchymal interaction during tooth and palate morphogenesis. Disruption of PDGFR, signaling disturbs the growth of dental cusp and interferes with the critical extension of palatal shelf during craniofacial development. Developmental Dynamics 232:75,84, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Loss of the Tg737 protein results in skeletal patterning defects

    DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 1 2003
    Qihong Zhang
    Abstract Tg737 mutant mice exhibit pathologic conditions in numerous tissues along with skeletal patterning defects. Herein, we characterize the skeletal pathologic conditions and confirm a role for Tg737 in skeletal patterning through transgenic rescue. Analyses were conducted in both the hypomorphic Tg737orpk allele that results in duplication of digit one and in the null Tg737,2-3,Gal allele that is an embryonic lethal mutation exhibiting eight digits per limb. In early limb buds, Tg737 expression is detected throughout the mesenchyme becoming concentrated in precartilage condensations at later stages. In situ analyses indicate that the Tg737orpk mutant limb defects are not associated with changes in expression of Shh, Ihh, HoxD11,13, Patched, BMPs, or Glis. Likewise, in Tg737,2-3,Gal mutant embryos, there was no change in Shh expression. However, in both alleles, Fgf4 was ectopically expressed on the anterior apical ectodermal ridge. Collectively, the data argue for a dosage effect of Tg737 on the limb phenotypes and that the polydactyly is independent of Shh misexpression. Developmental Dynamics 227:78,90, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Motor impairments in young children with cerebral palsy: relationship to gross motor function and everyday activities

    DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 9 2004
    Sigrid Østensjø MSc PT
    In this study we assessed the distribution of spasticity, range of motion (ROM) deficits, and selective motor control problems in children with cerebral palsy (CP), and examined how these impairments relate to each other and to gross motor function and everyday activities. Ninety-five children (55 males, 40 females; mean age 58 months, SD18 months, range 25 to 87 months) were evaluated with the modified Ashworth scale (MAS), passive ROM, the Selective Motor Control scale (SMC), the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). Types of CP were hemiplegia (n=19), spastic diplegia (n=40), ataxic diplegia (n=4), spastic quadriplegia (n=16), dyskinetic (n=9), and mixed type (n=7). Severity spanned all five levels of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). The findings highlight the importance of measuring spasticity and ROM in several muscles and across joints. Wide variability of correlations of MAS, ROM, and SMC indicates a complex relationship between spasticity, ROM, and selective motor control. Loss of selective control seemed to interfere with gross motor function more than the other impairments. Further analyses showed that motor impairments were only one component among many factors that could predict gross motor function and everyday activities. Accomplishment of these activities was best predicted by the child's ability to perform gross motor tasks. [source]

    Activity of nAChRs containing ,9 subunits modulates synapse stabilization via bidirectional signaling programs

    DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 14 2009
    Vidya Murthy
    Abstract Although the synaptogenic program for cholinergic synapses of the neuromuscular junction is well known, little is known of the identity or dynamic expression patterns of proteins involved in non-neuromuscular nicotinic synapse development. We have previously demonstrated abnormal presynaptic terminal morphology following loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) ,9 subunit expression in adult cochleae. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes have remained obscure. To better understand synapse formation and the role of cholinergic activity in the synaptogenesis of the inner ear, we exploit the nAChR ,9 subunit null mouse. In this mouse, functional acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmission to the hair cells is completely silenced. Results demonstrate a premature, effusive innervation to the synaptic pole of the outer hair cells in ,9 null mice coinciding with delayed expression of cell adhesion proteins during the period of effusive contact. Collapse of the ectopic innervation coincides with an age-related hyperexpression pattern in the null mice. In addition, we document changes in expression of presynaptic vesicle recycling/trafficking machinery in the ,9 null mice that suggests a bidirectional information flow between the target of the neural innervation (the hair cells) and the presynaptic terminal that is modified by hair cell nAChR activity. Loss of nAChR activity may alter transcriptional activity, as CREB binding protein expression is decreased coincident with the increased expression of N-Cadherin in the adult ,9 null mice. Finally, by using mice expressing the nondesensitizing ,9 L9,T point mutant nAChR subunit, we show that increased nAChR activity drives synaptic hyperinnervation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2009 [source]

    The L1-CAM, Neuroglian, functions in glial cells for Drosophila antennal lobe development

    DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 8 2008
    Weitao Chen
    Abstract Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the roles of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and projection neurons (PNs) in Drosophila antennal lobe (AL) development, the roles of glia have remained largely mysterious. Here, we show that during Drosophila metamorphosis, a population of midline glial cells in the brain undergoes extensive cellular remodeling and is closely associated with the collateral branches of ORN axons. These glial cells are required for ORN axons to project across the midline and establish the contralateral wiring in the ALs. We find that Neuroglian (Nrg), the Drosophila homolog of the vertebrate cell adhesion molecule, L1, is expressed and functions in the midline glial cells to regulate their proper development. Loss of Nrg causes the disruption in glial morphology and the agenesis of the antennal commissural tract. Our genetic analysis further demonstrates that the functions of Nrg in the midline glia require its ankyrin-binding motif. We propose that Nrg is an important regulator of glial morphogenesis and axon guidance in AL development. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008. [source]