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Line Length (line + length)
Selected AbstractsGlobal and systematic demonstration for the practical usage of a direct in vivo measurement system to evaluate wrinklesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 6 2007T. Fujimura Synopsis The global and systematic demonstration for the practical usage of a direct three-dimensional in vivo measurement system (PRIMOS) to evaluate wrinkles was investigated. Ten repetitive measurements of the corner of the eye of a subject showed that the coefficient of variation (CV)% value was 7.0% in a typical line-length roughness parameter Ra (the arithmetic mean of roughness), and that the CV% value in a typical surface area roughness parameter Sa was 2.4%. The relationships between the roughness values obtained from the corners of the eye and the age or wrinkle scores of Japanese women aged 10,70 years was examined. The values of several roughness parameters within the evaluation line length or surface area increased with age and showed a good correlation coefficient (r > 0.743). Similar relationships between the wrinkle scores and the values of roughness parameters were observed (r > 0.699). The roughness values were widely distributed even in the same wrinkle score because the measurement areas were limited and the values of skin roughness, including the microreliefs and/or small warts, were included in the calculation. However, changes in roughness values are considerable following treatment with potent active ingredients such as retinoic acid, so that this in vivo evaluation method is sufficient to objectively evaluate wrinkles. We conclude that the direct three-dimensional analysis of wrinkles in vivo should become a popular method to objectively evaluate wrinkles in clinical tests of wrinkle-smoothing ingredients or following cosmetic surgery to provide evidence of quantitative results. Résumé Une démonstration globale et systématique pour l'utilisation pratique d'un système de mesurage in vivo tridimensionnel direct (PRIMOS) pour évaluer les rides àétéétudiée. Dix mesurages répétitifs de la cornée de l',il d'un sujet ont montrées que la valeur du % du coefficient de variation était de 7,0% pour un paramètre de rugosité de mesure typique Ra (moyen arithmétique de rugosité), et que la valeur du % du coefficient de dérivation pour un paramètre de rugosité d'une surface typique Saétait de 2,4%. Les relations entre les valeurs de rugosité obtenues des cornées de l',il et l'âge ou les indices de rides de femmes japonaises âgées de 10 à 70 ans furent examinées. Les valeurs de plusieurs paramètres de rugosité en-deçà de la mesure d'évaluation ou de la surface ont augmenté avec l'âge et ont présenté un bon coefficient de corrélation (r > 0,743). Des relations similaires entre des indices de rides et les valeurs de paramètres de rugosité furent observées (r > 0,699). Les valeurs de rugosité furent largement réparties même avec un indice de rugosité semblable, du fait que les zones de mesurages furent limitées et que les valeurs de rugosité de la peau, comprenant des microreliefs et/ou de petites verrues, furent inclues dans les calculs. Cependant, des changements dans les valeurs de rugosité ont été considérables selon le traitement avec des ingrédients actifs potentiels, tel que l'acide rétinoïque, de telle sorte que cette méthode d'évaluation in vivo est suffisante pour une évaluation objective des rides. Nous en concluons qu'une analyse tridimensionnelle directe des rides in vivo est une méthode pratique pour évaluer objectivement des rides dans des essais cliniques d'ingrédients d'adoucissage des rides ou en suivant une chirurgie esthétique pour mettre en évidence des résultats quantitatifs. [source] Transposition of line-length discrimination in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus),JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2009KAZUCHIKA MANABE Abstract Four penguins (Spheniscus demersus) were trained to discriminate line length in a simultaneous discrimination task. After the birds' performances reached a discrimination criterion, the reinforcement ratio was decreased to .33. After the ratio of correct trials reached .90 in three successive sessions with a partial reinforcement procedure, probe-test sessions were introduced. In the probe-test trials, untrained lines were presented paired with the trained lines. The four probe-test trials were mixed into 45 discrimination trials. In the probe-test trials, the penguins that had been trained to peck shorter lines pecked the untrained shorter line rather than the longer line that was reinforced in the discrimination trials. In contrast, those birds that had been trained to peck the longer line pecked the untrained longer line, rather than the shorter line which was reinforced in the discrimination trials. All four birds demonstrated transposition in the line-length discrimination task. [source] Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Remote Myocardial Infarction:JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 7 2003Substrate Description Guiding Placement of Individual Linear Lesions Targeting Noninducibility Introduction: The aim of this study was to describe the arrhythmogenic substrate in postinfarction patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) guiding the placement of individual strategic linear lesions transecting all potential isthmuses using target area maps with limited mapping points to allow short procedure times. Methods and Results: In 28 patients with pleomorphic, unstable, and/or incessant VT, electroanatomic voltage mapping was performed in conjunction with limited sinus rhythm mapping, pace mapping, and activation mapping. Radiofrequency (RF) energy was applied directly within the low-voltage areas of the chronically infarcted areas or in the border zone. Ablation lines typically were perpendicular to the course of the presumed central common pathways. The maps consisted of 63 ± 30 mapping points. An average lesion line length of 46 ± 21 mm was placed with 17 ± 7 RF pulses. Twenty-two (79%) of the 28 patients were rendered completely noninducible at the end of the procedure. Procedure time measured 134 ± 41 minutes. No major complications were observed. Six (27%) of 22 patients who were rendered completely noninducible experienced VT recurrence during follow-up versus 4 (67%) of 6 patients who were still inducible after ablation (P = 0.06). Conclusion: Individually tailored substrate description guiding the placement of linear lesion lines transecting potential isthmuses rendered 80% of the patients completely noninducible. The construction of regional target area maps allowed short procedure times, with a resulting low incidence of complications in these critically ill patients. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 675-681, July 2003) [source] High speed laser processing for monolithical series connection of silicon thin-film modulesPROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 3 2008Stefan Haas Abstract A detailed analysis of the monolithical series connection of silicon thin-film modules with metal back contact fabricated by high-speed laser ablation will be presented. In this study, optically pumped solid-state lasers with wavelengths of 1064,nm and 532,nm were used for the patterning process. The influence of various laser parameters on the performance of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon modules will be discussed. In particular, the line-scribing parameters for a TCO and Ag back contact system was analyzed in detail, since it is the most critical patterning step. A detailed description of the back contact ablation process will be presented and a criterion for flakeless patterning was defined. Finally the influence of the back contact patterning on the electrical behavior of silicon single junction cells was studied. The dark current density versus back-contact patterning line length was analyzed by means of a developed SPICE (simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis) simulation model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||