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Kinds of Lines Terms modified by Lines Selected AbstractsEffect of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) on Oral Ethanol Intake in Wistar, Alcohol-Preferring (P), and -Nonpreferring (NP) RatsALCOHOLISM, Issue 3 2001N.E. Badia-Elder Background: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) deficient mice consume more ethanol than controls, whereas NPY over-expressing mice consume less ethanol than controls. Thus, ethanol drinking may be inversely associated with NPY activity. To determine whether exogenously administered NPY would alter ethanol intake, two experiments were conducted. Methods: A within-subject design was used with intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of NPY or artificial cerebral spinal fluid (aCSF) into the lateral ventricles. Infusions were separated by 2 to 7 days. In experiment 1, male Wistar rats (n= 10) were tested for the effects of NPY on an intake of 5% sucrose or 8% (w/v) ethanol during daily 2-hr testing periods with food and water available at all other times. In experiment 2, male alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats (n= 8/line) were tested for the effects of NPY on 8% (w/v) ethanol intake. Results: In experiment 1, NPY (5, 10, 20 ,g) significantly increased sucrose intake relative to aCSF baseline in Wistar rats, a finding consistent with previous observations of the orexigenic effects of the peptide. However, NPY (10 ,g) did not alter ethanol intake in Wistar rats. In experiment 2, NPY (5 and 10 ,g) significantly decreased ethanol intake in P rats, but not in NP rats. Conclusion: The reduction in ethanol intake seen with the P rats is consistent with the postulated negative relationship between NPY activity and ethanol intake. The lack of effect of NPY on ethanol intake in Wistar and NP rats may be related to the lower baseline levels of ethanol intake in these rats or to differential central nervous system basal NPY activity or sensitivity to the peptide. [source] THIRD-PARTY ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE: THE CASE OF THE MT NEWMAN RAIL LINE IN THE PILBARAECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 4 2007PAUL KOSHY Australia is continuing to develop a legal and administrative framework for facilitating third party access to important infrastructure. This paper examines the workings of the organisation charged with assessing requests for access,the National Competition Council,in the context of the Council's Final Recommendation on an application by the Fortescue Metals Group for access to the Mt Newman Rail Line, owned and operated by BHP Billiton Iron Ore. The discussion draws on submissions to the Council and the recent literature on rail access in order to critique this decision. It concludes by observing that further research is needed to develop a methodology for a more formal approach to determining certain key questions. [source] [Commentary] THE BOTTOM LINE ON CASH INCENTIVES WITH DRUG USERSADDICTION, Issue 5 2009DAVID VLAHOV No abstract is available for this article. [source] Molecular characterization of the spectrum of genomic deletions in the mismatch repair genes MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, and PMS2 responsible for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)GENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 2 2005Heleen van der Klift A systematic search by Southern blot analysis in a cohort of 439 hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) families for genomic rearrangements in the main mismatch repair (MMR) genes, namely, MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, and PMS2, identified 48 genomic rearrangements causative of this inherited predisposition to colorectal cancer in 68 unrelated kindreds. Twenty-nine of the 48 rearrangements were found in MSH2, 13 in MLH1, 2 in MSH6, and 4 in PMS2. The vast majority were deletions, although one previously described large inversion, an intronic insertion, and a more complex rearrangement also were found. Twenty-four deletion breakpoints have been identified and sequenced in order to determine the underlying recombination mechanisms. Most fall within repetitive sequences, mainly Alu repeats, in agreement with the differential distribution of deletions between the MSH2 and MLH1 genes: the higher number and density of Alu repeats in MSH2 corresponded with a higher incidence of genomic rearrangement at this disease locus when compared with other MMR genes. Long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) repeats, relatively abundant in, for example, MLH1, did not seem to contribute to the genesis of the deletions, presumably because of their older evolutionary age and divergence among individual repeat units when compared with short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) repeats, including Alu repeats. Moreover, Southern blot analysis of the introns and the genomic regions flanking the MMR genes allowed us to detect 6 novel genomic rearrangements that left the coding region of the disease-causing gene intact. These rearrangements comprised 4 deletions upstream of the coding region of MSH2 (3 cases) and MSH6 (1 case), a 2-kb insertion in intron 7 of PMS2, and a small (459-bp) deletion in intron 13 of MLH1. The characterization of these genomic rearrangements underlines the importance of genomic deletions in the etiology of HNPCC and will facilitate the development of PCR-based tests for their detection in diagnostic laboratories. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] THE FALL LINE: A PHYSIOGRAPHIC-FOREST VEGETATION BOUNDARY,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 4 2007David Shankman ABSTRACT. The range boundaries for many tree species in the southeastern United States correspond to the Fall Line that separates the Coastal Plain from the Appalachian Highlands. Trees in the Coastal Plain with northern range boundaries corresponding to the Fall Line occur exclusively in alluvial valleys created by lateral channel migration. These species grow mostly on lower bottomland sites characterized by a high water table, soils that are often saturated, and low annual water fluctuation. In contrast to the Coastal Plain, the southern Appalachian Highlands are occupied mostly by bedrock streams that have few sites suitable for the regeneration of these species. The Fall Line is also an approximate southern boundary for trees common in the southern Appalachians that typically occur on either dry, rocky ridgetops or in narrow stream valleys, habitats that are uncommon on the relatively flat Coastal Plain. The ranges for many trees in eastern North America are controlled by large-scale climatic patterns. Tree species with range boundaries corresponding to the Fall Line, however, are not approaching their physiological limits caused by progressively harsher climatic conditions or by competition. Instead, the Fall Line represents the approximate boundary of habitats suitable for regeneration. [source] Progress in understanding the biology of the human mutagen LINE-1,,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 6 2007Daria V. Babushok Abstract Long interspersed nucleotide element (LINE)-1 retrotransposon (L1) has emerged as the largest contributor to mammalian genome mass, responsible for over 35% of the human genome. Differences in the number and activity levels of L1s contribute to interindividual variation in humans, both by affecting an individual's likelihood of acquiring new L1-mediated mutations, as well as by differentially modifying gene expression. Here, we report on recent progress in understanding L1 biology, with a focus on mechanisms of L1-mediated disease. We discuss known details of L1 lifecycle, including L1 structure, transcriptional regulation, and the mechanisms of translation and retrotransposition. Current views on cell type specificity, timing, and control of retrotransposition are put forth. Finally, we discuss the role of L1 as a mutagen, using the latest findings in L1 biology to illuminate molecular mechanisms of L1-mediated gene disruption. Hum Mutat 28(6), 527,539, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FERMENTED BERRY JUICES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON NITRIC OXIDE AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA PRODUCTION IN MACROPHAGES 264.7 GAMMA NO(,) CELL LINEJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2006TRI VUONG ABSTRACT Serratia vaccinii, a novel bacterium isolated from blueberry microflora, increased the phenolic content of berry juices, and thus increased antioxidant activities. The fermentation capacity of Serratia was investigated with Saskatoon berries, cranberries, strawberries and grapes in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It was shown to be compatible with wine yeast in anaerobic fermentations, producing wine with high antioxidant activity. The effects of fermented berry juices were tested on lipopolysaccharide/inferon-gamma-activated macrophages 264.7 NO(,). Data indicated that fermented berry juices strongly inhibited activated-macrophage NO production but induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. [source] MANAGING A FLOW LINE WITH SINGLE-KANBAN, DUAL-KANBAN OR CONWIPPRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2000KUM KHIONG YANG To control the production of different parts on a single flow line, managers can choose between the Single-kanban, Dual-kanban, and Conwip. This paper therefore compares the three different systems. The results show that Conwip consistently produces the shortest mean customer wait time and lowest total work-in-process. Our results also contradict the finding of a previous study, which showed that Dual-kanban performed better than Single-kanban. The different findings can, however, be attributed to the use of a material transfer policy, which favors the Dual-kanban modeled in the previous study. Our study shows that transferring replenished containers immediately to downstream stations, increasing the number of cards, and reducing the withdrawal cycle reduce the mean customer wait time significantly. [source] CRIMINALIZATION OF MEDICAL ERROR: WHO DRAWS THE LINE?ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 10 2007Sidney W. A. Dekker As stakeholders struggle to reconcile calls for accountability and pressures for increased patient safety, criminal prosecution of surgeons and other health-care workers for medical error seems to be on the rise. This paper examines whether legal systems can meaningfully draw a line between acceptable performance and negligence. By questioning essentialist assumptions behind ,crime' or ,negligence', this paper suggests that multiple overlapping and partially contradictory descriptions of the same act are always possible, and even necessary, to approximate the complexity of reality. Although none of these descriptions is inherently right or wrong, each description of the act (as negligence, or system failure, or pedagogical issue) has a fixed repertoire of responses and countermeasures appended to it, which enables certain courses of action while excluding others. Simply holding practitioners accountable (e.g. by putting them on trial) excludes any beneficial effects as it produces defensive posturing, obfuscation and excessive stress and leads to defensive medicine, silent reporting systems and interference with professional oversight. Calls for accountability are important, but accountability should be seen as bringing information about needed improvements to levels or groups that can do something about it, rather than deflecting resources into legal protection and limiting liability. We must avoid a future in which we have to turn increasingly to legal systems to wring accountability out of practitioners because legal systems themselves have increasingly created a climate in which telling each other accounts openly is less and less possible. [source] CLYTAIMESTRA'S NEGATIVES AND THE FINAL LINE OF AGAMEMNONBULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES, Issue 1 2004Article first published online: 12 MAR 2010, JOHN LAVERY Various supplements have been proposed. The paper restates the problems with the solutions available to date, and on the basis of the dramatic context, the structure of Clytaimestra's speeches in this section of the play and external evidence for Greek political vocabulary relevant to the political situation in Argos after the murder of Agamemnon offers new readings. [source] RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF ADDITIVE, DOMINANCE, AND IMPRINTING EFFECTS TO PHENOTYPIC VARIATION IN BODY SIZE AND GROWTH BETWEEN DIVERGENT SELECTION LINES OF MICEEVOLUTION, Issue 5 2009Reinmar Hager Epigenetic effects attributed to genomic imprinting are increasingly recognized as an important source of variation in quantitative traits. However, little is known about their relative contribution to phenotypic variation compared to those of additive and dominance effects, and almost nothing about their role in phenotypic evolution. Here we address these questions by investigating the relative contribution of additive, dominance, and imprinting effects of quantitative trait loci (QTL) to variation in "early" and "late" body weight in an intercross of mice selected for divergent adult body weight. We identified 18 loci on 13 chromosomes; additive effects accounted for most of the phenotypic variation throughout development, and imprinting effects were always small. Genetic effects on early weight showed more dominance, less additive, and, surprisingly, less imprinting variation than that of late weight. The predominance of additivity of QTL effects on body weight follows the expectation that additive effects account for the evolutionary divergence between selection lines. We hypothesize that the appearance of more imprinting effects on late body weight may be a consequence of divergent selection on adult body weight, which may have indirectly selected for alleles showing partial imprinting effects due to their associated additive effects, highlighting a potential role of genomic imprinting in the response to selection. [source] MYELIN PROTEIN P-0-SPECIFIC IGM PRODUCING MONOCLONAL B CELL LINES WERE ESTABLISHED FROM POLYNEUROPATHY PATIENTS WITH MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE (MGUS)JOURNAL OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, Issue 4 2002M Kvarnstrom Monoclonal expansion of B cells and plasma cells, producing antibodies against ,self' molecules, can be found not only in different autoimmune diseases, such as peripheral neuropathy (PN), but also in malignancies, such as Waldenstroms'macroglobulinaemia and B-type of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL), as well as in precancerous conditions including monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). About 50% of patients with PN-MGUS have serum antibodies against peripheral nerve myelin, but the specific role of these antibodies remains uncertain. The aims of the study were to establish, and characterize, myelin-specific B cell clones from peripheral blood of patients with PN-MGUS, by selection of cells bearing specific membrane Ig-receptors for myelin protein P-0, using beads coated with P-0. P-0-coated magnetic beads were used for selection of cells, which subsequently were transformed by Epstein-Barr virus. The specificity of secreted antibodies was tested by ELISA. Two of the clones producing anti-P-0 antibodies were selected and expanded. The magnetic selection procedure was repeated and new clones established. The cells were CD5(+) positive, although the expression declined in vitro over time. The anti-P-0 antibodies were of IgM-lambda type. The antibodies belonged to the V(H)3 gene family with presence of somatic mutations. The IgM reacted with P-0 and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and showed no evidence for polyreactivity, in contrast to other IgM CD5(+) clones included in the study as controls. The expanded clones expressed CD80 and HLA-DR, which is compatible with properties of antigen-presenting cells. The immunomagnetic selection technique was successfully used for isolation of antimyelin protein P-0-specific clones. The cell lines may provide useful tools in studies of monoclonal gammopathies, leukaemia, and autoimmune diseases, including aspects of antigen-presentation by these cells followed by T cell activation. [source] CRUISE LINES AND CONSUMERS: TROUBLED WATERSAMERICAN BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL, Issue 4 2000DEBRA D. BURKE First page of article [source] LET THERE BE IRONY: CULTURAL HISTORY AND MEDIA ARCHAEOLOGY IN PARALLEL LINESART HISTORY, Issue 5 2005WOLFGANG ERNST Stephen Bann is well known as an art critic, art historian, cultural historian and museologist, but his writings have yet to be discovered from the point of view of media theory. This article applies Bann's proposal of an ,ironical museum' to a self-reflective media culture, while at the same time establishing the difference between a media-archaeological and an art-historical approach, particularly in accounts of new media in the first half of the nineteenth century and in the present. To what extent was the historical imagination developed in the romantic period an effect of new media and new media technologies? It is argued that although the discourse of history has always depended on the media of its representation (verbal and visual), its character changed dramatically with the arrival of mechanical means for recording historical evidence. The ,antiquarian' method of archival investigation of the past, with its almost haptic taste for the mouldy, decaying fragment, is considered and compared to narrative aesthetics. A key question is considered from different disciplinary perspectives: can we speak of a cultural transition or a radical break with the emergence of photography? The essay concludes that what we learn from Stephen Bann's analyses is the significance of an ever-alert awareness of the intricate relations between cultural and technological phenomena, a kind of media self-irony which, apparently, was present in the past to antiquaries and historiographers, to painters, engravers and to creators of historical museums. [source] BNR , a LINE family from Beta vulgaris, contains a RRM domain in open reading frame 1 and defines a L1 sub-clade present in diverse plant genomesTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009Tony Heitkam Summary We characterized a novel type of plant non-LTR retrotransposons, identified as the BNR family, in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) genomes. Although their ORF2 sequences were similar to those of previously analysed LINEs (long interspersed nuclear elements) of the L1 clade, their ORF1 sequences differ strongly from those of most plant LINEs. Two novel domains were identified, containing a conserved secondary motif, known as the RNA recognition motif (RRM). ORF1 lacks the zinc finger motif that is typical of plant LINEs, but has an RRM that is likely to have a RNA-binding function. BNR LINEs are highly diverse, and were characterized by gel-blot and fluorescent in situ hybridization, showing a widespread occurrence and clustering along chromosome arms. Insertion of BNR1 into a well-described satellite repeat was detected in two cultivars only, indicating recent activity. Database searches revealed the existence of LINE families possessing an ORF1 sequence similar to that of BNR in the genomes of higher plants such as poplar, lotus and soybean. Comparing their reverse transcriptase regions with those of other retrotransposons, these LINEs were assigned to the L1 clade, but form a distinct group, providing evidence of a major separation of L1 elements in plants. This indicates a common origin of BNR-like LINEs, suggesting that these elements form a sub-clade designated as the BNR sub-clade. [source] Time-Adaptive Lines for the Interactive Visualization of Unsteady Flow Data SetsCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 8 2009N. Cuntz I.3.3 [Computer Graphics]: Line and Curve Generation; I.3.1 [Computer Graphics]: Parallel Processing Abstract The quest for the ideal flow visualization reveals two major challenges: interactivity and accuracy. Interactivity stands for explorative capabilities and real-time control. Accuracy is a prerequisite for every professional visualization in order to provide a reliable base for analysis of a data set. Geometric flow visualization has a long tradition and comes in very different flavors. Among these, stream, path and streak lines are known to be very useful for both 2D and 3D flows. Despite their importance in practice, appropriate algorithms suited for contemporary hardware are rare. In particular, the adaptive construction of the different line types is not sufficiently studied. This study provides a profound representation and discussion of stream, path and streak lines. Two algorithms are proposed for efficiently and accurately generating these lines using modern graphics hardware. Each includes a scheme for adaptive time-stepping. The adaptivity for stream and path lines is achieved through a new processing idea we call ,selective transform feedback'. The adaptivity for streak lines combines adaptive time-stepping and a geometric refinement of the curve itself. Our visualization is applied, among others, to a data set representing a simulated typhoon. The storage as a set of 3D textures requires special attention. Both algorithms explicitly support this storage, as well as the use of precomputed adaptivity information. [source] Tour Into the Picture using a Vanishing Line and its Extension to Panoramic ImagesCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2001Hyung Woo Kang Tour into the picture (TIP) proposed by Horry et al.13 is a method for generating a sequence of walk-through images from a single reference picture (or image). By navigating a 3D scene model constructed from the picture, TIP produces convincing 3D effects. Assuming that the picture has one vanishing point, they proposed the scene modeling scheme called spidery mesh. However, this scheme has to go through major modification when the picture contains multiple vanishing points or does not have any well-defined vanishing point. Moreover, the spidery mesh is hard to generalize for other types of images such as panoramic images. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for TIP which is based on a single vanishing line instead of a vanishing point. Based on projective geometry, our scheme is simple and yet general enough to address the problems faced with the previous method. We also show that our scheme can be naturally extended to a panoramic image. [source] Corporations on the Front LineCORPORATE GOVERNANCE, Issue 2 2004Noreena Hertz Over the past few years multinational corporations have been coming increasingly under attack from a number of forces, including non governmental organisations, "political shoppers" and grass root activists. While these civil or market based forms of regulation have had some effect in moderating corporate behaviour, this paper argues that the effect is necessarily limited. What is proving to be more effective is instead the threat of litigation. Yet despite the evidence, the trend amongst government policy makers has been to encourage corporations to voluntarily self regulate. This paper warns that policy makers pursue this end at the peril not only of external stakeholders, but also of multinational corporations, and lays out steps that governments could take both to improve civil and market regulation, and also to strengthen the law. This paper will argue that such a course of action is in our collective interest. [source] Corporate Governance and the Bottom LineCORPORATE GOVERNANCE, Issue 2 2001Christine Mallin [source] Curricular Planning along the Fault Line between Instrumental and Academic Agendas: A Response to the Report of the Modern Language Association on Foreign Languages and Higher Education: New Structures for a Changed World,DIE UNTERRICHTSPRAXIS/TEACHING GERMAN, Issue 2 2009Ingeborg Walther In calling for new governance structures and unified curricula, the MLA Report distinguishes between instrumental and constitutive views of language that characterize our often schizophrenic agendas of language acquisition on the one hand, and disciplinary knowledge on the other. This paper explores some common theoretical insights from the fields of language acquisition and cultural studies that interrogate these views, providing a basis for sustained collaboration around curricula among faculty on both sides of the divide. While these have already yielded the kinds of curricular innovations recommended by the Report, a case is made for more radical changes in hiring practices, distribution of teaching and service, reward structures, and graduate education , changes which have the capacity to transform the institutional values upon which they will also depend. [source] Crossing the Color Line in Little Rock: The Eisenhower Administration and the Dilemma of Race for U.S. Foreign PolicyDIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 2 2000Cary Fraser First page of article [source] THIRD-PARTY ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE: THE CASE OF THE MT NEWMAN RAIL LINE IN THE PILBARAECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 4 2007PAUL KOSHY Australia is continuing to develop a legal and administrative framework for facilitating third party access to important infrastructure. This paper examines the workings of the organisation charged with assessing requests for access,the National Competition Council,in the context of the Council's Final Recommendation on an application by the Fortescue Metals Group for access to the Mt Newman Rail Line, owned and operated by BHP Billiton Iron Ore. The discussion draws on submissions to the Council and the recent literature on rail access in order to critique this decision. It concludes by observing that further research is needed to develop a methodology for a more formal approach to determining certain key questions. [source] Effect of magnitude and direction of force on laryngeal abduction: Implications for the nerve-muscle pedicle graft techniqueEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009P. CRAMP Summary Reasons for performing study: The nerve-muscle pedicle graft technique is a treatment for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN), but the optimal placement of the pedicles within the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) muscle is unknown. Hypothesis: The magnitude and direction of force placed on the muscular process of the left arytenoid cartilage affects the magnitude of laryngeal abduction. Methods: Five larynges were harvested from cadavers. Using increments of 0.98 N, a dead-weight force generator applied a force of 0,14.7 N for 1 min each to the left muscular process at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70° angles. The rima glottis was photographed digitally 1 min after each force had been applied. Distances between biomarkers (Lines 1,4) and right to left angle quotient (RLQ) were used to assess the degree of left arytenoid abduction. Results: Increasing force from 0,14.7 N progressively and significantly increased the length of all lines and RLQ, indicating abduction. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between force and angles. Applying forces of 7.84 N or greater (Lines 2,4 and RLQ) or 11.76 N or greater (Line 1) at angles 0, 10, 20 and 30° resulted in significantly greater abduction than applying the same forces at 40, 50, 60 and 70°. Angles of 0,30° correspond with the direction of pull exerted by the lateral compartment of the CAD muscle. Conclusion: In RLN, nerve-muscle pedicle grafts should be placed preferentially in the lateral rather than in the medial compartment of the CAD muscle. Potential relevance: The information presented can be used to assist surgeons in the planning and application of the nerve-muscle pedicle graft procedure. [source] The Anticipated Capitalisation Effect of a New Metro Line on Housing Prices,FISCAL STUDIES, Issue 2 2008Claudio A. Agostini H54; R21; R53 Abstract Housing units with closer access to public transportation enjoy a higher market value than those with similar characteristics but poorer access. This difference can be explained by the lower cost of transport to the main workplaces and shopping areas in town. For this reason, investments in public transport infrastructure, such as building a new metro line, are capitalised totally or partially into land and housing prices. This work empirically analyses the degree of capitalisation into housing prices of the benefits of the new Line 4 of the Santiago metro system, which began operating in December 2005. We focus on anticipated capitalisation into housing prices at the moment construction of Line 4 was announced and at the moment information on the basic engineering project was unveiled, identifying the location of the future stations. We use a unique database containing all home buying and selling transactions in the Greater Santiago area between December 2000 and March 2004. The results show that the average apartment price rose by between 4.2 per cent and 7.9 per cent after construction was announced and by between 3.1 per cent and 5.5 per cent after the location of the stations was identified. These increases were not distributed evenly, but depended on the distance from the apartment to the nearest station. An indirect effect of this kind of capitalization is that property tax collections will increase if property is reappraised following the price rise. This effect is not negligible in magnitude and could represent 11 to 17 per cent of investment in the new metro line. This raises and interesting discussion on how the metro network extension is financed. [source] Characterization of a dorsal-eye Gal4 Line in DrosophilaGENESIS: THE JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2010Clayton M. Morrison A transgenic fly that expresses Gal4 specifically in the dorsal (upper) half of the eye. This transgene also expresses the white gene as a marker. This white gene construct is normally expressed in all eye cells, however, in this transgenic fly its expression is silenced in the ventral (lower) half of the eye resulting in the observed adult eye pigmentation pattern. The dorsal eye expression of Gal4 is a useful tool to overexpress UAS-driven transgenes specifically in half the eye. See the paper by Morrison and Halder in this issue. [source] THE FALL LINE: A PHYSIOGRAPHIC-FOREST VEGETATION BOUNDARY,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 4 2007David Shankman ABSTRACT. The range boundaries for many tree species in the southeastern United States correspond to the Fall Line that separates the Coastal Plain from the Appalachian Highlands. Trees in the Coastal Plain with northern range boundaries corresponding to the Fall Line occur exclusively in alluvial valleys created by lateral channel migration. These species grow mostly on lower bottomland sites characterized by a high water table, soils that are often saturated, and low annual water fluctuation. In contrast to the Coastal Plain, the southern Appalachian Highlands are occupied mostly by bedrock streams that have few sites suitable for the regeneration of these species. The Fall Line is also an approximate southern boundary for trees common in the southern Appalachians that typically occur on either dry, rocky ridgetops or in narrow stream valleys, habitats that are uncommon on the relatively flat Coastal Plain. The ranges for many trees in eastern North America are controlled by large-scale climatic patterns. Tree species with range boundaries corresponding to the Fall Line, however, are not approaching their physiological limits caused by progressively harsher climatic conditions or by competition. Instead, the Fall Line represents the approximate boundary of habitats suitable for regeneration. [source] Handling of Excavated Material from the Koralm Tunnel in StyriaGEOMECHANICS AND TUNNELLING, Issue 4 2008Peter Pichler The Koralm Railway Line represents an essential section of the Pontebbana corridor between Graz and Klagenfurt. It creates new capacities and significantly improved conditions for the freight transportation. Furthermore, the travel time of the passenger traffic will be considerably reduced. The heart of the Koralm railway Line is the Koralm tunnel with a length of approximately 32.8 km. Right from the first steps of planning it became clear that there would be a demand for an economical and ecological handling of the excavated materials. So a specific programme was performed, which is presented in this paper. The experiences made will strongly influence the programme of construction and the detailed design of the future main tunnel structure. Umgang mit dem Ausbruchsmaterial des Koralmtunnels in der Steiermark Die Koralmbahn, welche zwischen Graz und Klagenfurt ein maßgebliches Teilstück im Rahmen des Pontebbana-Korridors darstellt, schafft neue Kapazitäten und deutlich verbesserte Voraussetzungen für den Bahngüterverkehr und wird die derzeitige Fahrzeit im Personenverkehr erheblich reduzieren. Der Koralmtunnel stellt mit einer Länge von rund 32,8 km das Kernstück der neuen Koralmbahn dar. Bereits seit den frühesten Planungsphasen wurde konsequent an einem Programm für den wirtschaftlichen und umweltfreundlichen Umgang mit den Tunnelausbruchsmaterialien gearbeitet. Die Erkenntnisse aus den bisherigen Untersuchungen sind im vorliegenden Artikel zusammengefasst. Diese Erkenntnisse fließen maßgeblich in die Bauablauf- und Detailplanungen des zukünftigen Haupttunnels ein. [source] Comparing state-of the art near-surface models of a seismic test line from Saudi ArabiaGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 6 2006Ralph Bridle ABSTRACT We present a seismic Test Line, provided by Saudi Aramco for various research teams, to highlight a few major challenges in land data processing due to near-surface anomalies. We discuss state-of-the-art methods used to compensate for shallow distortions, including single-layer, multilayer, plus/minus, refraction and tomostatics methods. They are a starting point for the new technologies presented in other papers, all dealing with the same challenging data described here. The difficulties on the Test Line are mostly due to the assumption of vertical raypaths, inherent in classical applications of near-surface correction statics. Even the most detailed velocity/depth model presents difficulties, due to the compleX-raypath. There is a need for methods which are based on more complex models andtheories. [source] Improved In vitro Model Systems for Gastrointestinal Infection by Choice of Cell Line, pH, Microaerobic Conditions, and Optimization of Culture ConditionsHELICOBACTER, Issue 4 2007Sara K. Lindén Abstract Background:, Commonly used in vitro infection cultures do not mimic the human gastrointestinal tract with regard to pH and microaerobic conditions. Furthermore, despite the importance of mucin,Helicobacter interactions, the cell lines used have not been selected for appropriate mucin expression. To make in vitro studies more applicable to human disease, we have developed coculture methods taking these factors into account. Materials and methods:, Nine human gastrointestinal epithelial cell lines (MKN1, MKN7, MKN28, MKN45, KATO3, HFE145, PCAA/C11 Caco-2, and LS513) were investigated. Expression and glycosylation of mucins (MUC1, 2, 3, 4, 5AC, 5B, 6, 12, 13, and 16) were determined by immunohistochemistry. We analyzed the effect of microaerobic conditions and acidic pH on cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis. Results:, Microaerobic culture, which is more physiological for the bacteria, did not adversely affect mammalian cell viability, proliferation, or induce apoptosis The cell lines varied in mucin expression, with MKN7 and MKN45 being most similar to gastric mucosa and Caco-2 and LS513 to intestinal mucosa, although none exactly matched normal mucosa. However, changes in culture conditions did not cause major changes in the mucin expression within cell lines. Conclusions:, Culture conditions mimicking the natural environment and allowing the bacterial cells to thrive had no effect on cell viability or apoptosis, and very little influence on mucin expression of human gastrointestinal cells. Thus, it is feasible, using the simple methods we present here, to substantially improve bacterial,mammalian cell in vitro coculture studies to make them more reflective of human infection. [source] The antidepressant effects of running and escitalopram are associated with levels of hippocampal NPY and Y1 receptor but not cell proliferation in a rat model of depressionHIPPOCAMPUS, Issue 7 2010Astrid Bjørnebekk Abstract One hypothesis of depression is that it is caused by reduced neuronal plasticity including hippocampal neurogenesis. In this study, we compared the effects of three long-term antidepressant treatments: escitalopram, voluntary running, and their combination on hippocampal cell proliferation, NPY and the NPY-Y1 receptor mRNAs, targets assumed to be important for hippocampal plasticity and mood disorders. An animal model of depression, the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat, was used and female rats were chosen because the majority of the depressed population is females. We investigated if these treatments were correlated to immobility, swimming, and climbing behaviors, which are associated with an overall, serotonergic-like and noradrenergic-like antidepressant response, in the Porsolt swim test (PST). Interestingly, while escitalopram, running and their combination increased the number of hippocampal BrdU immunoreactive cells, the antidepressant-like effect was only detected in the running group and the group with access both to running wheel and escitalopram. Hippocampal NPY mRNA and the NPY-Y1 receptor mRNA were elevated by running and the combined treatment. Moreover, correlations were detected between NPY mRNA levels and climbing and cell proliferation and NPY-Y1 receptor mRNA levels and swimming. Our results suggest that increased cell proliferation is not necessarily associated with an antidepressant effect. However, treatments that were associated with an antidepressant-like effect did regulate hippocampal levels of mRNAs encoding NPY and/or the NPY-Y1 receptor and support the notion that NPY can stimulate cell proliferation and induce an antidepressant-like response. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||