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Lifetime Exposure (lifetime + exposure)
Selected AbstractsPrevious experience of spontaneous or elective abortion and risk for posttraumatic stress and depression during subsequent pregnancyDEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 8 2010Lydia Hamama Abstract Background: Few studies have considered whether elective and/or spontaneous abortion (EAB/SAB) may be risk factors for mental health sequelae in subsequent pregnancy. This paper examines the impact of EAB/SAB on mental health during subsequent pregnancy in a sample of women involved in a larger prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) across the childbearing year (n=1,581). Methods: Women expecting their first baby completed standardized telephone assessments including demographics, trauma history, PTSD, depression, and pregnancy wantedness, and religiosity. Results: Fourteen percent (n=221) experienced a prior elective abortion (EAB), 13.1% (n=206) experienced a prior spontaneous abortion (SAB), and 1.4% (n=22) experienced both. Of those women who experienced either an EAB or SAB, 13.9% (n=220) appraised the EAB or SAB experience as having been "a hard time" (i.e., potentially traumatic) and 32.6% (n=132) rated it as their index trauma (i.e., their worst or second worst lifetime exposure). Among the subset of 405 women with prior EAB or SAB, the rate of PTSD during the subsequent pregnancy was 12.6% (n,51), the rate of depression was 16.8% (n=68), and 5.4% (n,22) met criteria for both disorders. Conclusions: History of sexual trauma predicted appraising the experience of EAB or SAB as "a hard time." Wanting to be pregnant sooner was predictive of appraising the experience of EAB or SAB as the worst or second worst (index) trauma. EAB or SAB was appraised as less traumatic than sexual or medical trauma exposures and conveyed relatively lower risk for PTSD. The patterns of predictors for depression were similar. Depression and Anxiety, 2010.© 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Lifetime and baseline alcohol intake and risk of cancer of the upper aero-digestive tract in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 2 2009Cornelia Weikert Abstract Recent alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the upper aero-digestive tract. In contrast, the role of lifetime exposure to alcohol with regard to risk of SCC is not well established. Historical data on alcohol use are available in 271,253 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). During 2,330,381 person years, 392 incident SCC cases (279 men and 113 women) were identified. Cox regression was applied to model sex-specific associations between lifetime alcohol intake and SCC risk adjusting for potential confounders including smoking. Compared to men who drank 0.1,6.0 g/day alcohol at lifetime, the relative risks (RR) for developing SCC were significantly increased for men who drank 30.1,60.0 g/day (RR 1.65, 95% confidence interval:1.00,2.71), 60.1,96.0 g/day (RR 2.20, 95%CI 1.23,3.95), and >96.0 g/day, (RR 4.63, 95% CI 2.52,8.48), and for former drinkers (RR 4.14, 95%CI 2.38,7.19). These risk estimates did not considerably change when baseline alcohol intake was analyzed. Compared to women who drank 0.1,6.0 g/day alcohol intake at lifetime, the RR were significantly increased for women who drank >30 g/d (RR 6.05, 95%CI 2.98,12.3). Applying similar categories, the relative risk for baseline alcohol intake was 3.26 (95%CI 1.82,5.87). We observed a stronger association between alcohol intake at lifetime and risk of SCC in women compared to men (p for interaction = 0.045). The strong dose-response relation for lifetime alcohol use underscores that alcohol is an important risk factor of SCC of the upper aero-digestive tract throughout life. © 2009 UICC [source] Glutathione S -transferase M3 (A/A) genotype as a risk factor for oral cancer and leukoplakia among Indian tobacco smokersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2004Nilabja Sikdar Abstract Polymorphism in glutathione S -transferase (GST) genes, causing variations in enzyme activities, may influence susceptibility to oral cancer and leukoplakia in smokers and/or smokeless tobacco users. In this case-control study consisting of 109 leukoplakia and 256 oral cancer patients and 259 controls, genotype frequencies at GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTM3 and GSTP1 loci were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods and analyzed by multiple logistic regression to determine the risks of the diseases. There were no significant differences in the distributions of GSTM1, GSTM3 and GSTT1 genotypes in patients and controls when all individuals were compared. In contrast, frequencies of ile/ile genotype at codon 105 and variant val-ala haplotype of GSTP1 was significantly higher (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.0,2.0) and lower (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.0,1.9) in oral cancer patients compare to controls, respectively. The impacts of all genotypes on risks of oral cancer and leukoplakia were also analyzed in patients with different tobacco habits and doses. Increased risks of cancer and leukoplakia were observed in tobacco smokers with GSTM3 (A/A) genotype (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0,4.0; OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0,4.4, respectively). So, GSTM3 (A/A) genotype could become one of the markers to know which of the leukoplakia would be transformed into cancer. Heavy tobacco chewing (> 124 chewing-year) increased the risk of cancer in individuals with GSTT1 homozygous null genotype (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.0,9.8). Furthermore, increased lifetime exposure to tobacco smoking (> 11.5 pack-year) increased the risk of leukoplakia in individuals with GSTM1 homozygous null genotype (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.0,5.7). It may be suggested that polymorphisms in GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTM3 and GSTT1 genes regulate risk of cancer and leukoplakia differentially among different tobacco habituals. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Underarm cosmetics and breast cancerJOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, Issue 2 2003P. D. Darbre Abstract Although risk factors are known to include the loss of function of the susceptibility genes BRCA1/BRCA2 and lifetime exposure to oestrogen, the main causative agents in breast cancer remain unaccounted for. It has been suggested recently that underarm cosmetics might be a cause of breast cancer, because these cosmetics contain a variety of chemicals that are applied frequently to an area directly adjacent to the breast. The strongest supporting evidence comes from unexplained clinical observations showing a disproportionately high incidence of breast cancer in the upper outer quadrant of the breast, just the local area to which these cosmetics are applied. A biological basis for breast carcinogenesis could result from the ability of the various constituent chemicals to bind to DNA and to promote growth of the damaged cells. Multidisciplinary research is now needed to study the effect of long-term use of the constituent chemicals of underarm cosmetics, because if there proves to be any link between these cosmetics and breast cancer then there might be options for the prevention of breast cancer. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Population differences in the testosterone levels of young men are associated with prostate cancer disparities in older menAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Louis Calistro Alvarado Although there is evidence that greater exposure to testosterone is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, a recent analysis of 18 prospective studies found no relationship between levels of endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer development. However, the reviewed studies were subject to methodological constraints that would obscure any potential relationship between prostate cancer and androgenic hormones. If prostate cancer risk is mediated by lifetime exposure to testosterone, then case-control studies that concentrate on endogenous sex hormones near the ages that prostate cancer is diagnosed would provide limited information on cumulative testosterone exposure across the lifespan. Alternately, early adulthood has been suggested as the most salient period to evaluate the influence of steroid physiology on prostate carcinogenesis. As such, an exhaustive literature search was completed to obtain testosterone values reported for study samples of younger men, along with prostate cancer incidences for the larger populations from which the study populations were sampled. A novel analytical method was developed to standardize, organize, and examine 12 studies reporting testosterone levels for 28 population samples. Study populations were generally apportioned according to ethnicity and geographic residence: Americans of African, Asian, Caucasian, and Hispanic ancestry from several different regions within the United States as well as men from China, Germany, Japan, Kuwait, New Zealand, South Korea, and Sweden. Population differences in the testosterone levels of young men were significantly associated with population disparities in the prostate cancer incidence of older men (Spearman's rho = 0.634, p = 0.002). Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Exposure to respirable dust and crystalline silica in bricklaying education at Dutch vocational training centersAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2010Daan Huizer MSc Abstract Background Construction workers are educated at vocational training centers before they begin their working lives. Future bricklayers and their instructors are exposed to respirable dust and possibly to hazardous respirable crystalline silica from trial mortar. Methods Thirty-six personal air samples were collected at six training centers to estimate exposure to respirable dust for both students and teachers. A selection of 22 samples was analyzed for crystalline silica. Results Average respirable dust exposures ranged from 0.59,mg/m3 for teachers to 1.45,mg/m3 for students performing recycling and cleaning tasks. In 45% of the analyzed samples, respirable crystalline silica was detected. Exposure to silica remained below the Dutch OEL (75,µg/m3). Exposure was significantly less for teachers than for students. This effect was found in both types of vocational training centers present in the Netherlands. Dry sweeping, as performed at all locations in this study, contributed considerably to the exposure to respirable dust. A first step in reducing exposure to dust and silica at training centers would therefore be to avoid dry sweeping. The presence of a dust extraction system, although not optimally designed, also significantly lowered exposure. Conclusions To assess a construction worker's lifetime exposure to respirable dust and crystalline silica, the vocational training period should also be taken into account. Several epidemiological studies have shown that time since first exposure can be an important risk factor for chronic health effects. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53: 628,634, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Isoprenoid emission in trees of Quercus pubescens and Quercus ilex with lifetime exposure to naturally high CO2 environment,PLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 4 2004F. RAPPARINI ABSTRACT The long-term effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on isoprenoid emissions from adult trees of two Mediterranean oak species (the monoterpene-emitting Quercus ilex L. and the isoprene-emitting Quercus pubescens Willd.) native to a high-CO2 environment was investigated. During two consecutive years, isoprenoid emission was monitored both at branch level, measuring the actual emissions under natural conditions, and at leaf level, measuring the basal emissions under the standard conditions of 30 °C and at light intensity of 1000 µmol m,2 s,1. Long-term exposure to high atmospheric levels of CO2 did not significantly affect the actual isoprenoid emissions. However, when leaves of plants grown in the control site were exposed for a short period to an elevated CO2 level by rapidly switching the CO2 concentration in the gas-exchange cuvette, both isoprene and monoterpene basal emissions were clearly inhibited. These results generally confirm the inhibitory effect of elevated CO2 on isoprenoid emission. The absence of a CO2 effect on actual emissions might indicate higher leaf temperature at elevated CO2, or an interaction with multiple stresses some of which (e.g. recurrent droughts) may compensate for the CO2 effect in Mediterranean ecosystems. Under elevated CO2, isoprene emission by Q. pubescens was also uncoupled from the previous day's air temperature. In addition, pronounced daily and seasonal variations of basal emission were observed under elevated CO2 underlining that correction factors may be necessary to improve the realistic estimation of isoprene emissions with empirical algorithms in the future. A positive linear correlation of isoprenoid emission with the photosynthetic electron transport and in particular with its calculated fraction used for isoprenoid synthesis was found. The slope of this relationship was different for isoprene and monoterpenes, but did not change when plants were grown in either ambient or elevated CO2. This suggests that physiological algorithms may usefully predict isoprenoid emission also under rising CO2 levels. [source] Predictors of hearing loss in New York farmersAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2001Syni-An Hwang PhD Abstract Background Data from the telephone interview portion of the New York Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance were used to study self-reported hearing loss in New York farmers. Methods One thousand six hundred and twenty-two persons completed the hearing loss and noise exposure interview. Hearing loss was defined as at least some trouble hearing in one or both ears. Predictors of hearing loss were determined using logistic regression. Results Twenty-two percent of participants reported hearing loss. From the logistic regression, significant confounders are age (P,=,0.0001), gender (P,=,0.0001), being from a livestock farm (P,=,0.012), and loss of consciousness due to head trauma (P,=,0.04). Significant noise exposures are more hours of lifetime exposure to noisy farm equipment (P,=,0.001) and having had a noisy non-farm job (with some hearing protection P,=,0.002, without any hearing protection P,=,0.0001). Conclusions Farm noise exposure is a serious risk to the hearing of this population. Although use of hearing protection should be encouraged, replacing and modifying farm equipment to decrease noise at the source should be the first priority. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:23,31, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Dental caries experience in young Australian Army recruits 2008AUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009MS Hopcraft Abstract Background:, Recent studies have shown a substantial decline in caries experience in Australian Army recruits between 1996 and 2002,2003, and in Australian adults between 1987,1988 and 2004,2006. However, studies in children have reported an increasing trend in caries experience between 1998 and 2002. The aim of this study was to investigate caries experience in Australian Army recruits in 2008. Methods:, A cross-sectional study involving 1084 Australian Army recruits was conducted from January to May 2008. Data were obtained from a clinical dental examination with bitewing radiographs, and a questionnaire elicited socio-demographic data and history on lifetime exposure to fluoridated drinking water. Results:, Mean DMFT scores were 3.16, 4.08, 5.16 and 7.11 for recruits aged 17,20, 21,25, 26,30 and 31,35 years, respectively. Recruits with a lifetime exposure to fluoridated drinking water had a mean DMFT of 3.02, while recruits with no exposure had a mean DMFT of 3.87. Conclusions:, Caries experience in Australian Army recruits aged 17,25 years increased between 2002,2003 and 2008. Recruits with lifetime exposure to fluoridated drinking water had 25 per cent less caries experience compared with recruits who had no exposure to fluoridated drinking water after adjusting for the effects of age, gender, education and socio-economic status. [source] Lifetime fluoridation exposure and dental caries experience in a military populationCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Gregory Mahoney Abstract,,, While there is good evidence of caries-preventive benefits of fluoride in drinking water among children and adolescents, there is little information about effectiveness of water fluoridation among adults. Objectives:, To determine whether exposure to fluoride in drinking water is associated with caries experience in Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel. Methods:, Cross-sectional study of 876 deployable ADF personnel aged 17,56 years. At each person's mandatory annual dental examination, military dentists recorded the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) using visual, tactile and radiographic criteria. Participants also completed a questionnaire, listing residential locations in each year from 1964 to 2003. People were classified into four categories according to the percentage of their lifetime living in places with fluoridated water: <10%, 10% to <50%, 50% to <90% and ,90%. Mean DMFT was compared among those categories of fluoridation exposure and the association was evaluated statistically using analysis of variance to adjust for age, sex, years of service and rank. Results:, Without adjustment for confounders, the mean DMFT (±95% confidence interval) was 6.3 ± 0.8 for <10% fluoridation exposure, 7.8 ± 0.8 for 10% to <50% exposure, 7.5 ± 0.7 for 50% to <90% exposure and 4.6 ± 0.6 for ,90% exposure (P < 0.01). However, age was inversely associated with mean DMFT and in the <10% exposure group, 91% of people were aged <35 years. Service rank was also significantly associated with both fluoridation exposure and DMFT. After adjustment for all covariates, mean DMFT was 24% lower among people in the two groups with ,50% exposure compared with the <10% exposure group. Conclusions:, Degree of lifetime exposure to fluoridated drinking water was inversely associated with DMFT in a dose,response manner among this adult military population. [source] Pattern of dental caries experience on tooth surfaces in an adult populationCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Matthew Scott Hopcraft Abstract , Objectives:, To determine the pattern of caries experience across teeth and surfaces in an adult population depending on age and exposure to water fluoridation. Methods:, Between November 2002 and March 2003 a total of 973 subjects aged 17,51 years had a clinical examination using visual and tactile criteria. Subsequent to this examination, bitewing radiographs were taken and viewed separately. Approximal and occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars were examined on the radiographs. Results:, Caries experience was relatively low, with mean DMFS scores of 3.21, 5.12, 9.61, 13.04 and 24.35 for subjects aged 17,20, 21,25, 26,30, 31,35 and 36,51 years respectively. The first molar teeth had the greatest caries experience, and occlusal surfaces had more caries experience than approximal surfaces. Subjects with a lifetime exposure to fluoridated drinking water had significantly lower caries experience than those who had no exposure to fluoridated drinking water. Conclusion:, This study showed that caries prevalence, although relatively low in the study population, was found predominantly in occlusal surfaces, with an increasing prevalence in approximal surfaces of posterior teeth in older subjects. Subjects with a lifetime exposure to fluoridated drinking water had a lower level of caries experience than those with no exposure to fluoridated drinking water, and this was more noticeable in approximal surfaces than occlusal surfaces. [source] | |||||||||||||