			Home About us Contact

Literature Examples (literature + example)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Polymers and Materials Science	50%

Selected Abstracts

One-Dimensional Conducting Polymer Nanostructures: Bulk Synthesis and Applications

ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 14-15 2009
Henry D. Tran
Abstract This Progress Report provides a brief overview of current research activities in the field of one-dimensional (1D) conducting polymer nanostructures. The synthesis, properties, and applications of these materials are outlined with a strong emphasis on recent literature examples. Chemical methods that can produce 1D nanostructures in bulk quantities are discussed in the context of two different strategies: 1) procedures that rely on a nanoscale template or additive not inherent to the polymer and 2) those that do not. The different sub-classifications of these two strategies are delineated and the virtues and vices of each area are discussed. Following this discussion is an outline of the properties and applications of 1D conducting polymer nanostructures. This section focuses on applications in which nanostructured conducting polymers are clearly advantageous over their conventional counterparts. We conclude with our perspective on the main challenges and future research directions for this new class of nanomaterials. This Progress Report is not intended as a comprehensive review of the field, but rather a summary of select contributions that we feel will provide the reader with a strong basis for further investigation into this fast emerging field. [source]

A novel approach to scheduling multipurpose batch plants using unit-slots

AICHE JOURNAL, Issue 7 2010
Naresh Susarla
Abstract Several models for scheduling multipurpose batch plants exist in the literature. The models using unit-specific event points have shown better solution efficiency on various literature examples. This article presents a novel approach to scheduling multipurpose batch plants, which uses unit-slots instead of process-slots to manage shared resources such as material storage. We develop two slightly different models that are even more compact and simpler than that of Sundaramoorthy and Karimi, Chem Eng Sci. 2005;60:2679,2702. Although we focus on material as a shared resource, our multi-grid approach rationalizes, generalizes, and improves the current multi-grid approaches for scheduling with shared resources. Our models allow nonsimultaneous transfers of materials into and out of a batch. We show by an example that this flexibility can give better schedules than those from existing models in some cases. Furthermore, our approach uses fewer slots (event-points) on some examples than even those required by the most recent unit-specific event-based model. Numerical evaluation using literature examples shows significant gains in solution efficiency from the use of unit-slots except where the number of unit-slots required for the optimal solution equals that of process slots. We also highlight the importance of constraint sequencing in GAMS implementation for evaluating mixed-integer linear programming based scheduling models fairly. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010 [source]

A heuristic design procedure for water-using networks with multiple contaminants

AICHE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009
Zhi-Yong Liu
Abstract On the analogy of the water-using networks with single contaminant, we will introduce new methodology concepts: the concentration potentials of the demand streams and those of the source streams in the water-using systems with multiple contaminants, based on the overall allocation possibility of the source streams to the demand streams. In the design procedure, the performing order of the processes is determined by the inlet concentration potentials of the processes. The processes with the lowest inlet concentration potential will be performed first. When satisfying the inlet stream of the process being performed, the source with the largest quasi-allocation amount, which is defined in this article, will be used first. A few literature examples are investigated to show the method proposed. The results show that the method proposed in this work is very simple and the freshwater consumptions of the designs obtained are very close to the minimum freshwater targets. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009 [source]

Flame retarded polymer layered silicate nanocomposites: a review of commercial and open literature systems,

POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 4 2006
Alexander B. Morgan
Abstract This paper is a review of polymer nanocomposites used for flame retardancy applications, including commercial materials and open literature examples. Where possible, details on how the nanocomposite and flame retardant work together will be discussed. The key lesson from this review is that while the polymer nanocomposite can be considered to be flame retarded (or a flame retardant) by definition, these materials by themselves are unable to pass regulatory fire safety tests such as UL-94,V. Therefore, additional flame retardants are needed in combination with the polymer nanocomposite to pass these tests. In multiple examples, the nanocomposite works with other flame retardants in a synergistic or cooperative manner to lower the polymer flammability (heat release rate). Finally, a discussion on research needs and outlook for polymer nanocomposite flammability research is included. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]