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Limonene
Selected AbstractsEssential oil composition of Pimpinella affinis Ledeb. from two localities in IranFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2006F. Askari Abstract Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation from the stems plus leaves, inflorescences and seeds of Pimpinella affinis Ledeb. individually. The plants were collected from Khojir and Chaloos (north-east and north of Tehran province, respectively). The yields of stem plus leaf, inflorescence and seed oils for the Khojir samples were 0.04%, 1.98% and 5.33% w/w and for the Chalous samples were 0.37%, 1.74% and 4.05% w/w, respectively. Limonene is a major constituent in the inflorescence and seed oils of the Khojir (47.9% and 90.5%, respectively) and Chalous samples (37.8% and 70.8%, respectively), whereas it was found in the stem plus leaf oil of the Khojir and the Chalous samples in low amounts (1.4% and 0.8%, respectively). , -Terpinen-7-al is the major constituent in the stem plus leaf and inflorescence oils of the Khojir (69.9% and 37.6%) and Chalous samples (72.8% and 49.1%), but was not found at all in the seed oils. Caryophyllene oxide (9.1%) was found in the stem plus leaf oil of the Khojir sample, and methyl eugenol (9.7%) and (E)-nerolidol acetate (9.1%) in the seed oil of the Chalous sample. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chemical composition variability of the essential oil of Conyza canadensis Cronq.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2003Anna Lis Abstract The essential oils from different botanical parts (herb, leaves, ,owers, stems, roots) of Conyza canadensis Cronq. were analysed at various ontogenesis phases. R -(+)-limonene and trans - , -bergamotene were the main constituents of the herb, leaf and ,ower oil at all phases of vegetation. The early ,owering phases are the best time for harvesting C. canadensis herb, because the oil yield is the highest (0.7,0.8%) and its chemical composition is constant (limonene 80,81%, trans - , -bergamotene 6,8%). Limonene was the dominating compound of the oils of European origin (French, Italian, Spanish, Belgian, Bulgarian and Lithuanian). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Perspective: Protein prenylation in glucose-induced insulin secretion from the pancreatic islet , cell: a perspectiveJOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Issue 1 2008Anjaneyulu Kowluru ,,Insulin secretion , a simplified view ,,Endogenous GTP and its binding proteins are important for GSIS ,,G-proteins undergo post-translational modifications ,,Data accrued from studies involving generic inhibitors of protein prenylation ,,Data accrued from studies involving site-specific inhibitors of protein prenylation -,Lovastatin (LOVA) -,Limonene -,Perillic acid (PA) -,Manumycin A ,,Data accrued from studies involving over-expression of inactive mutants of PPTases -,3-Allyl and-vinyl farnesols and geranylgeraniols ,,What are the functional consequences of prenylation in the islet , cell? ,,How are PPTases regulated by glucose in the islet? ,,Conclusions and future directions Abstract Insulin secretion from the pancreatic , cell is regulated principally by the ambient concentration of glucose. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the stimulus , secretion coupling of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) remain only partially understood. Emerging evidence from multiple laboratories suggests key regulatory roles for GTP-binding proteins in the cascade of events leading to GSIS. This class of signalling proteins undergoes a series of requisite post-translational modifications (e.g. prenylation) at their C-terminal cysteines, which appear to be necessary for their targeting to respective membranous sites for optimal interaction with their respective effector proteins. This communication represents a perspective on potential regulatory roles for protein prenylation steps (i.e. protein farnesylation and protein geranylgeranylation) in GSIS from the islet , cell.Possible consequences of protein prenylation and potential mechanisms underlying glucose-induced regulation of prenylation, specifically in the context of GSIS, are also discussed. [source] INVOLVEMENT OF PEROXIDASE AND POLYPHENOL OXIDASE IN MANGO SAP-INJURYJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2002K. SABY JOHN ABSTRACT Sap (latex) that oozes out from mango during harvest, upon contact with the fruit, causes dark spots (sap-injury) on the peel and reduces consumer acceptance and shelf-life of fruit. In this investigation different components responsible for sap-injury were identified. Mango saps from four Indian varieties were collected and separated into aqueous and nonaqueous phases. Whole sap, aqueous phase and nonaqueous phase were tested for their ability to cause sap-injury (browning) on mangoes. The nonaqueous phase caused maximum injury and the extent of injury caused by nonaqueous phases from different varieties was varied. Limonene, ocimene and ,-myrcene, the major terpenoids identified in saps of Indian varieties, caused injury. Similar type of injury on mangoes was also caused by organic solvents. Damage on Totapuri mango fruit was significantly lower compared to other varieties, whereas Totapuri nonaqueous phase caused injury on all other varieties. The peel of Totapuri variety had very low level of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and polyphenols compared to other varieties. Thus, a clear relation was found between the peel polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase activities, the polyphenol content in the peel and the extent of injury. Further, nonaqueous phase applied on peels previously heat-treated at 95C for 5 min, neither caused injury nor showed any enzyme activity. Thus, the results indicated that the terpenoid components of sap and polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, polyphenols of peel are involved in sap-injury. [source] Toxicity of citrus essential oils against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvaeANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009D.P. Papachristos Abstract Citrus peel essential oils are considered to constitute the most important resistance factor of citrus fruits against fruit flies. Essential oils were obtained from three sweet orange varieties, one bitter orange and one lemon variety. Yield, chemical composition and toxicity against neonates of the Mediterranean fruit fly were determined. Based on chemical analysis, the toxicity of commercially purchased major and minor components (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) of essential oils was determined. In addition, fractions were prepared to evaluate the role of minor components in the toxicity of crude essential oils. Limonene was by far the most abundant ingredient (96.2,97.4%) in all sweet orange varieties and in bitter orange, while the concentration of limonene was much lower in lemon essential oils (74.3%). Orange and bitter orange essential oils were more toxic than lemon essential oils. The toxicity of orange and bitter orange essential oils was similar to that of their major component limonene. In tests of commercially purchased chemicals, the oxygenated components of essential oils were more toxic than hydrocarbons but their low concentration in citrus essential oils could not affect the toxic activity of essential oils. The presence of ,-pinene and ,-pinene seems to account for the lower toxicity of lemon essential oils in relation to other citrus essential oils. The importance of understanding the toxicity of essential oils in relation to their composition and their role regarding the resistance of citrus fruits to Ceratitis capitata infestation is discussed. [source] Sensitization to 26 fragrances to be labelled according to current European regulationCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 1 2007Results of the IVDK, review of the literature To study the frequency of sensitization to 26 fragrances to be labelled according to current European regulation. During 4 periods of 6 months, from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2004, 26 fragrances were patch tested additionally to the standard series in a total of 21 325 patients; the number of patients tested with each of the fragrances ranged from 1658 to 4238. Hydroxymethylpentylcyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HMPCC) was tested throughout all periods. The following frequencies of sensitization (rates in %, standardized for sex and age) were observed: tree moss (2.4%), HMPCC (2.3), oak moss (2.0), hydroxycitronellal (1.3), isoeugenol (1.1), cinnamic aldehyde (1.0), farnesol (0.9), cinnamic alcohol (0.6), citral (0.6), citronellol (0.5), geraniol (0.4), eugenol (0.4), coumarin (0.4), lilial (0.3), amyl-cinnamic alcohol (0.3), benzyl cinnamate (0.3), benzyl alcohol (0.3), linalool (0.2), methylheptin carbonate (0.2), amyl-cinnamic aldehyde (0.1), hexyl-cinnamic aldehyde (0.1), limonene (0.1), benzyl salicylate (0.1), ,-methylionon (0.1), benzyl benzoate (0.0), anisyl alcohol (0.0). 1) Substances with higher sensitization frequencies were characterized by a considerable number of ,++/+++' reactions. 2) Substances with low sensitization frequencies were characterized by a high number of doubtful/irritant and a low number of stronger (++/+++) reactions. 3) There are obviously fragrances among the 26 which are, with regard to contact allergy, of great, others of minor, and some of no importance at all. [source] Contact allergy caused by air oxidation of common materials , diagnosis and preventionCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2004Ann-Therese Karlberg When considering the allergenic activity of a compound not only the possibility of bioactivation by skin metabolism but also air activation by autoxidation must be taken into account. Natural compounds (terpenes) easily oxidize at air exposure. They are found in products that are common causes of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) i.e. colophony and fragrances. The introduction of oxygen enables the molecules to form antigens with skin proteins via a nucleophilic- electrophilic interaction or via a radical reaction. The latter mechanism seems to be important since the primary oxidation products, the hydroperoxides, are the most potent sensitizers formed. Oxidative decomposition at air exposure resulting in allergenic oxidation products is observed also for other common compounds e.g. ethoxylated fatty alcohols used as surfactants. It is important to test the patient with the offending compounds for diagnosis of ACD. A negative diagnosis can be due to failure in testing with the correct substances. In the case of air activated compounds, testing should not be performed with the pure substances but rather with the oxidation mixture or the most sensitizing oxidation products (the hydroperoxides). We have in multicenter-studies shown that the common fragrance terpenes, limonene and linalool, are frequent sensitizers when oxidized. This is a challenge in clinical practice since such patch test materials are not easily standardized. Compounds, easily activated at air exposure, should be prevented from oxidative decomposition by addition of antioxidants and proper handling and storage. More research is needed in this area. [source] Density-mediated responses of bark beetles to host allelochemicals: a link between individual behaviour and population dynamicsECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Kimberly F. Wallin Abstract ,1. Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) accept or reject host conifers based partly on concentrations of phloem monoterpenes. They colonise trees in aggregations, in response to pheromones that attract flying beetles to trees undergoing colonisation. A series of entry and gallery construction assays was conducted to determine whether responses by individual beetles to monoterpenes are altered by pheromones and/or the presence of other beetles. 2. Entry into the amended media by Ips pini and the length of time until entry were not influenced by the presence of aggregation pheromones. 3. Entry into amended media was influenced by the presence of other beetles on the surface of, or constructing galleries in, the substrate. The effects of alpha-pinene and limonene on host entry behaviour were mediated by the density of beetles on the surface of the assay arena, and by the density of beetles constructing galleries within the medium. 4. The percentage of beetles entering medium amended with higher concentrations of monoterpenes increased with increased density of beetles on the surface of the assay arena, until a threshold density of three or four beetles per assay arena, after which entrance rate declined. 5. The presence of other beetles constructing galleries elicited more rapid entry by the test beetles. 6. Gallery lengths were generally higher in the presence of aggregation pheromones. 7. Gallery lengths increased with increased density of beetles within the assay arena. 8. These results suggest a link between the density of bark beetles and responses of individuals. This linkage may partially explain behavioural changes observed during population eruptions. [source] Thermal Behaviour of Selected C10H16 MonoterpenesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 15 2006Achim Stolle Abstract The presented work investigates the thermal behaviour of selected monoterpenes under various reactor temperatures and residence times (carrier gas, reactor inserts). In addition to the analysis of the liquid products by capillary GC and GC-MS, chemical derivatisation techniques (Diels,Alder reaction, hydrogenation) were used to identify the liquid-phase products. A thermal conversion of ,-pinene (1), myrcene (2) and limonene (4) in a reaction network is presented and the experimental evidence for the formation of pyrolysis products by a biradical pathway is discussed. The reaction network was modified based on the identification of additional C10H16 terpene isomers. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] Monoterpene biosynthesis in lemon (Citrus limon)FEBS JOURNAL, Issue 13 2002cDNA isolation, functional analysis of four monoterpene synthases Citrus limon possesses a high content and large variety of monoterpenoids, especially in the glands of the fruit flavedo. The genes responsible for the production of these monoterpenes have never been isolated. By applying a random sequencing approach to a cDNA library from mRNA isolated from the peel of young developing fruit, four monoterpene synthase cDNAs were isolated that appear to be new members of the previously reported tpsb family. Based on sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis, these sequences cluster in two separate groups. All four cDNAs could be functionally expressed in Escherichia coli after removal of their plastid targeting signals. The main products of the enzymes in assays with geranyl diphosphate as substrate were (+)-limonene (two cDNAs) (,)-,-pinene and ,-terpinene. All enzymes exhibited a pH optimum around 7; addition of Mn2+ as bivalent metal ion cofactor resulted in higher activity than Mg2+, with an optimum concentration of 0.6 mm. Km values ranged from 0.7 to 3.1 µm. The four enzymes account for the production of 10 out of the 17 monoterpene skeletons commonly observed in lemon peel oil, corresponding to more than 90% of the main components present. [source] Rhodotorula cycloclastica sp. nov., Rhodotorula retinophila sp. nov., and Rhodotorula terpenoidalis sp. nov., three limonene-utilizing yeasts isolated from soilFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 8 2004Vu Nguyen Thanh Abstract During a search for yeasts that hydroxylate monoterpenes, four yeast strains were isolated from soil and plant residue in monoterpene-rich environments using enrichment techniques with cyclohexanedioic acid or cyclohexanedimethanol as sole carbon source. These strains were able to utilize (+)-limonene supplied as a vapor as only carbon source. The yeasts have a CoQ-10 system. Morphology and physiological properties of the strains did not fit any known yeast species. Recent analysis of the 26S D1/D2 and ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences of basidiomycetous yeasts showed that these strains represented three hitherto unknown species of Rhodotorula and fell in a cluster consisting of Rhodotorula philyla and the mycoparasitic fungus Colacogloea peniophorae. Descriptions of three new species Rhodotorula cycloclastica (type strain TVN 309=UOFS Y 2046=CBS 8448), Rhodotorula retinophila (type strain TVN 295=UOFS Y 2043=CBS 8446), Rhodotorula terpenoidalis (type strain TVN 310=UOFS Y 2042=CBS 8445) are proposed to accommodate these isolates. [source] Novel terpenyl esters from Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica) peel extractFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009Estelle Delort Abstract The volatile constituents of the peel solvent extract of the Australian finger lime Citrus australasica were analysed by GC,MS. Besides limonene, isomenthone was a major component, which is rare in Citrus species. Six new terpenyl esters were also identified and confirmed by chemical synthesis: citronellyl 2-methylbutanoate; 1,8(10)- p -menthadien-9-yl propanoate; 1,8(10)- p -menthadien-9-yl 2-methylbutanoate; 1,8(10)- p -menthadien-9-yl 3-methylbutanoate; 1- p -menthen-9-yl 2-methylbutanoate; and 1- p -menthen-9-yl 3-methylbutanoate. To the best of our knowledge, the last four compounds have never before been identified in a natural product extract. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Analysis of the essential oil of Grammosciadium scabridum Boiss. from IranFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2007Davood Nori-Shargh Abstract The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Grammosciadium scabridum Boiss, growing wild in Iran, have been examined by GC,FID and GC,MS. The oil was found to contain 23 components. Altogether, 16 compounds were identified from the aerial parts of this plant, collected in its flowering stage. The oil was rich in , -pinene (32.4%), bornyl acetate (13.7%) and limonene (11.8%). The other major constituents were endo -fenchyl acetate (9.7%) and camphene (4.6%). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Hydrodistillation of caraway by direct induction heating assisted by a magnetic field processFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2007L. Lagunez Rivera Abstract This paper presents the development of a new method of hydrodistillation of the essential oil of caraway (Carum carvi L.) by direct induction heating assisted by magnetic field (DIHMF) and the development of the required apparatus. Water and food salt (99.8% sodium chloride) were used as electrolyte solutions and at the same time as an extractant solution. The method was tested on caraway fruits as a source of carvone and limonene as the main components. The essential oil of this fruit was also isolated by conventional hydrodistillation as a standard method on both laboratory and pilot scale. The isolated volatile products obtained by the two methods were analysed using gas chromatography (GC). The obtained results were then compared. Even though DIHMF hydrodistillation ensures the isolation of the essential oils as well as conventional hydrodistillation, the time required to obtain the isolated products is remarkably shorter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Volatile composition and olfactory profile of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) plantsFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007M. Consuelo Díaz-Maroto Abstract The composition of volatile oil extracts of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) plants was investigated by gas chromatography,mass spectrometry. Those volatiles responsible for the characteristic minty and pungent aroma of this plant were determined by gas chromatography,olfactometry. Volatile oil extracts were found to be rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly pulegone and piperitone oxide, followed by isopulegol, piperitone and piperitenone. Major monoterpenes hydrocarbons were limonene and , -pinene, while sesquiterpenoids were detected in low levels. With respect to the aroma characteristics, pulegone was found to have an intense mint, balsamic and pungent aroma. Other compounds with minty notes were isopulegone, piperitol and 1,8-cineole. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pittosporum undulatum Vent. grown in Portugal: secretory structures, seasonal variation and enantiomeric composition of its essential oilFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007Nicolau J. Ferreira Abstract Aerial parts of Pittosporum undulatum were collected fortnightly for 1 year at the Parque de Saúde de Lisboa. Collective samples of two populations were investigated, i.e. from pruned and non-pruned trees, and in addition samples from one pruned and one non-pruned individual. An SEM study of the aerial parts showed the presence of non-glandular T-shaped trichomes, and capitate trichomes with an elongated stalk and two to four round-shaped cells on the top. Numerous canals were seen at the level of the capsule wall as well as in the leaves and stems. Essential oil samples were isolated from the (deep-frozen) aerial parts by hydrodistillation to estimate the oil yields, and by distillation,extraction to determine their percentage composition, and analysed by GC and GC,MS. Monoterpenes (59,97%) were dominant in all oils, sabinene (5,58%), limonene (2,37%) and terpinen-4-ol (4,27%) being the major components, although in different relative amounts during the year of collection. Benzyl benzoate (8%) and benzyl salicylate (10%) attained high relative amounts in the oils from fully developed flowers, whereas in the oils from the other plant parts their relative amounts did not exceed 1%. The enantiomeric ratio of sabinene, limonene and terpinen-4-ol was investigated in the leaf, flower and capsule oils, showing dominance of the (+)-forms and homogeneity between all the oil samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Essential oil composition of Agastache anethiodora Britton (Lamiaceae) infected by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007Renato Bruni Abstract Giant hyssop, Agastache anethiodora Britton, cultivated at the Herb Garden of Casola Valsenio, Italy, has been found for the first time naturally infected by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Characteristic symptoms on the leaves were chlorotic or yellow mosaic, ring and line patterns and malformation, followed by yellowing and stunting of the entire plant. CMV was mechanically transmitted to species of the families Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae and identified by applying PAS,ELISA and RT,PCR techniques. The essential oil of both healthy and CMV-infected plants has been evaluated by means of GC,FID and GC,MS, with the object of identifying composition differences caused by the disease. The infection of A. anethiodora by CMV was found to induce significant reduction in the yield of essential oil and several changes in the relative composition of the main components: pulegone, menthone, iso -menthone, methyl chavicole and limonene. Methyl chavicole content, in particular, was drastically reduced. The importance of the phytopathological status of essential oil-bearing plants is outlined. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Composition of the essential oil of Abies koreana Wils.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007Szymon Baran Abstract The volatile constituents of Abies koreana Wils. from Poland have been investigated by GC, GC,MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of needles, twigs and cones, as well as twigs with needles, with yields of 1.0%, 0.64%, 0.42% and 0.83%, respectively. Eighty-four compounds were identified in the essential oil, which consisted mainly of monoterpenes, such as , -pinene, camphene, limonene and bornyl acetate, and sesquiterpenes such as intermedeol and the new (+)-(1R,4R,5R,7S)-guaia-10(14),11-diene. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chemical variability of peel and leaf oils of mandarinsFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Anne-Laure Fanciullino Abstract Peel and leaf oils of 35 mandarin cultivars, belonging to five different species, were obtained from fruits and leaves collected on mandarin-trees kept at the same pedoclimatic and cultural conditions. Their chemical composition was investigated by capillary GC, GC,MS and 13C-NMR and the results were submitted to a statistical analysis. Two major chemotypes, limonene and limonene/, -terpinene, were distinguished for peel oils, while five chemotypes, linalool, sabinene/linalool, , -pinene/linalool, , -terpinene and methyl N-methylanthranilate, were observed for leaf oils. The results were compared with those already reported by our groups. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Volatile compositions of two Asteraceae from the north-east of Brazil: Ageratum conyzoides and Acritopappus confertus (Eupatorieae)FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005Mary Anne Sousa Lima Abstract Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves from specimens of Ageratum conyzoides and Acritopappus confertus were investigated by GC,MS. The leaf essential oil of A. conyzoides consisted exclusively of the chromenes precocene I (95.4%) and II (4.5%). The essential oil of A. confertus consisted predominantly of monoterpenes, representing 81.0% of the total. The main component was myrcene (52.0%), with reasonable amounts of , -pinene (16.8%) and limonene (8.2%). The essential oil of A. conyzoides from the north-east of Brazil has been reported as the major source of precocene I to date. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The essential oil of Pectis elongata Kunth occurring in north BrazilFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2005Milton Helio L. da Silva Abstract The oils of Pectis elongata were hydrodistilled and analysed by GC and GC,MS. The major constituents identified in the oils of fresh and dried samples of a specimen collected in Pará state, Brazil, were perilla aldehyde (51.7% and 64.6%) and limonene (43.7% and 33.7%), respectively. The main compound found in the oil of a dried sample of another specimen collected in Amapá state, Brazil, was perilla aldehyde (81.9%), followed by its oxidation derivatives, perilla alcohol (5.6%) and perilla acid (4.0%). The higher percentage of perilla aldehyde in the dried samples is due to the loss of limonene during the drying stage. Probably, the plant oxidation process is initiated in the 1-methyl group of limonene, converting it to perilla alcohol and thence to the other derivatives. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated at different growth stages from three Conyza species growing in GreeceFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2005O. Tzakou Abstract The essential oils isolated at vegetative, flowering and flowering,fruiting stages of three Conyza species growing in Greece were analysed by GC,MS; 54 constituents were identified. The oils of C. albida were rich in limonene (10.0,21.1%), germacrene D (10.5,20.2%) and cis -lachnophyllum ester (8.8,36.5%). The oils of C. bonariensis were rich in limonene (8.3,15.1%), (E)- , -ocimene (11.5,18.9%), cis -lachnophyllum ester (10.8,21.2%) and matricaria ester (9.4,17.5%). The oils of C. canadensis were rich in limonene (50.0,70.3%) and (E)- , -ocimene (4.0,7.5%). The oils showed significant variations among the growth stages. These variations can be used for distinguishing the three species. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Essential oil composition of Pimpinella aurea D.C. from IranFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005F. Askari Abstract Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation from the stems, ,owers and seeds of Pimpinella aurea D.C. They were collected individually from Fasham (north-west of Tehran province). The yields of stem + leaf, ,ower and seed oils were 0.4%, 1.5% and 2.0% w/w, respectively; 32 constituents were identi,ed in the stem + leaf oil, 18 in the ,ower oil and eight in the seed oil. Major constituents of the stem + leaf oil were: 1,8-cineol and limonene (21.4%), viridi,orol (12.8%), , -pinene (11.5%), kessane (10.5%), germacrene D (4.9%), , -bisabolene (4.2%), , -zingiberene (3.3%) and citronellyl acetate (3.1%). Major constituents of the ,ower oil were: viridi,orol (32.5%), , -bisabolene (29.5%), caryophyllene oxide (6.6%), 1,8-cineol + limonene (8.9%) and estragol (5.1%). Major constituents of the seed oil were: , -bisabolene (50.8%), and viridi,orol (37.0%). Three compounds (, -bisabolene, viridi,orol and caryophyllene oxide) were common to all three oils. 1,8-Cineol and limonene, kessane and , -pinene were the major compounds in the stem + leaf and ,ower oils but were not found in the seed oil. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chemical composition and olfactory characterization of essential oils of fruits and seeds of African pear (Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H. J. Lam) from CameroonFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005Leopold Jirovetz Abstract The composition of the essential oil of Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H. J. Lam (Burseraceae) fruits and seeds from Cameroon were investigated by gas chromatographic,spectroscopic (GC,FID and GC,MS) and olfactory methods to identify those volatiles responsible for the characteristic aroma of this commonly known African pear. Monoterpenes, such as , -pinene (fruits/seeds: 22.3/21.5%), , -pinene (13.7/19.7%), limonene (7.2/27.5%) and , -phellandrene (10.8/12.1%) were found to be main compounds of these essential oils. A correlation of the identi,ed constituents of the two essential oils of African pear from Cameroon with their single odour impressions is also given. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Comparison of conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction of carvone and limonene from caraway seedsFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2004Smain Chemat Abstract Extraction experiments with hexane were carried out at atmospheric pressure in Soxhlet, conventional and ultrasound extractions of ,aked caraway seeds, and detailed results are given for two major plant extract components, carvone and limonene. The results indicate that carvone yield and plant extract quality are better in ultrasound extraction compared to those given by conventional methodology. Extraction rates of carvone and limonene reported that ultrasound-assisted extraction was 1.3,2 times more rapid, depending on temperature, than a conventional system, according to the rate constant obtained during the initial 10 minutes of extraction. Moreover, the SEM micrographs provided more evidence for the mechanical effects of ultrasound, mainly appearing on cell walls and shown by the destruction of cells, faulitating the release of their contents, in contrast to conventional maceration or extraction, which involve diffusion of plant extracts across glandular walls and causing cell rupture over longer time periods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils isolated from Hypericum hyssopifolium and Hypericum heterophyllumFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2004A. Cakir Abstract The composition of the hydrodistilled essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Hypericum hyssopifolium subsp. elongatum var. elongatum and H. heterophyllum Vent. were analysed by means of GC and GC,MS, and 66 compounds were determined in total. The oils showed remarkable differences in chemical composition. The oil of H. hyssopifolium, which is rich in monoterpenes, consists primarily of , -pinene (57.3%), , -pinene (9.0%), limonene (6.2%) and , -phellandrene (4.4%). The oil of H. heterophyllum was a complex mixture consisting mainly of sesquiterpenes (72.9% of the total oil). In this oil, isocaryophyllene (17.1%), , -pinene (11.6%), , -cadinene (9.5%), , -muurolene (8.2%), n -decane (5.8%), , -cadinene (5.5%) and , -caryophyllene (4.5%) were found to be major constituents. The two essential oils were tested for antifungal activity using microbial growth inhibition assays in vitro against 10 agricultural pathogenic fungi, which consisted of ,ve Fusarium species (F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. sambucinum, F. solani and F. acuminatum) and ,ve anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani (AG-3, AG-4, AG-5, AG-9 and AG-11). In general, the oils showed moderate activity against several fungal species, viz F. acuminatum, AG-5 and AG-11. The most signi,cant results were obtained against AG-11 for H. heterophyllum oil. However, both oils increased the growth of some fungal species. In addition, the antifungal activity of 13 pure compounds identi,ed as major components in the essential oils of the Hypericum species studied were determined using microbial growth inhibition assays against the 10 fungal species mentioned above. Among these compounds, both , -caryophyllene oxide and , -terpineol were inhibitory to the growth of all fungi. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chemical composition of the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Morocco,a seasonal variationFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2003S. Zrira Abstract Air-dried aerial parts of Pistacia lentiscus L. collected from different regions of Morocco (Mehdia, Oulmes and Chaouen) were water-distilled to produce oil in 0.2% yields. The chemical composition of P. lentiscus oils changes from a region to another. The variations in chemical composition are important between plant populations. A total of 45 constituents were identi,ed. The major oil components of P. lentiscus from Oulmes were , -pinene (16.5,38.5%), , -myrcene (10.2,11.5%) and limonene (6.8,9.8%), while terpinen-4-ol (32.7,43.8%), , -pinene (7.1,13.5%) and bornyl acetate (6.8,10.3%) were the main constituents of Chaouen oil. For P. lentiscus from Mehdia, terpinen-4-ol (14.5,19.3%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5,10.3%) and limonene (6.7,8.1%) were the major components. The effect of harvesting time on the oil production and chemical composition was also examined at different vegetative stages (December,June). For the three locations, the best oil content was obtained during the ,owering period March,June. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chemical composition variability of the essential oil of Conyza canadensis Cronq.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2003Anna Lis Abstract The essential oils from different botanical parts (herb, leaves, ,owers, stems, roots) of Conyza canadensis Cronq. were analysed at various ontogenesis phases. R -(+)-limonene and trans - , -bergamotene were the main constituents of the herb, leaf and ,ower oil at all phases of vegetation. The early ,owering phases are the best time for harvesting C. canadensis herb, because the oil yield is the highest (0.7,0.8%) and its chemical composition is constant (limonene 80,81%, trans - , -bergamotene 6,8%). Limonene was the dominating compound of the oils of European origin (French, Italian, Spanish, Belgian, Bulgarian and Lithuanian). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Volatile needle and wood extracts of oriental spruce Picea orientalis (L.) LinkFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2003Günes Uçar Abstract Volatile needle and wood extracts of oriental spruce obtained from trees grown naturally in eastern Black Sea regions and in an cultivated stand near Istanbul were analysed by GC,MS. Despite considerable differences in both tree-to-tree and natural-to-cultivated aspects, the needle and wood extracts exhibit characteristic compounds, which might be of chemotaxonomic interest. The monoterpenes , -3-carene, limonene and bornyl acetate dominate in the needles, whereas the appreciable amounts of labdadienol isomers and high content of diterpenoids characterize the wood extracts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Secretory elements of needles and berries of Juniperus communis L. ssp. communis and its volatile constituentsFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2003F. Shahmir Abstract The structure of the secretory elements and the essential oils of the needles and berries of Juniperus communis L. ssp. communis growing in north Iran were studied. The needles, which contain ducts and transfusion tissue, act as conduction structures, and the berries containing elongate tubercles which act as reservoirs of volatile oils. The essential oils, isolated by hydrodistillation, were analysed by GC,MS. The oil contained 41 and 27 components in the needles and berries, respectively. The needle oil consisted mainly of sabinene (40.7%), , -pinene (12.5%) and terpinen-4-ol (12.3%) and the berry oil included sabinene (36.8%), , -pinene (20%), limonene (10.6%), germacrene D (8.2%) and myrcene (4.8%) as the main components. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 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