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Anterior Roots (anterior + root)
Kinds of Anterior Roots Selected AbstractsPeriapical status and quality of endodontic treatment in an adult Irish populationINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005J. J. Loftus Abstract Aim, To determine the prevalence of apical periodontitis and the quality of root fillings in an adult Irish population using a retrospective analysis of orthopantomograms (OPGs). Methodology, A systematic sample of clinical records and OPGs of 302 adult patients attending the Dublin Dental Hospital, Ireland, were screened by two examiners to determine the quality of root canal treatment and the prevalence of apical periodontitis. The operators who carried out the treatment were unknown. Two examiners inspected OPGs after inter-examiner correlation. European Society of Endodontology (ESE) guidelines were used to determine adequacy of root treatment. Results, Of the 7427 teeth examined 2% had root fillings. Apical periodontitis was evident in 1.6% of all nonroot filled teeth whilst 33.1% of the subjects had at least one tooth with apical periodontitis. Of the root filled teeth, 25% had apical periodontitis and 52.6% were considered technically inadequate by ESE guidelines. There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) negative correlation between the quality of the root fillings and the prevalence of apical periodontitis. Posterior root filled teeth (premolars and molars) had a greater prevalence of apical periodontitis than anterior root filled teeth. Conclusions, The technical quality of root fillings in an adult Irish population was poor and was consistent with a high prevalence of apical periodontitis. [source] Pathology of lumbar nerve root compression Part 1: Intraradicular inflammatory changes induced by mechanical compressionJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 1 2004Shigeru Kobayashi Study design: This study is to investigate the intraradicular inflammation induced by mechanical compression using in vivo model. Objectives: The relationship between the intraradicular edema and nerve fiber degeneration induced by mechanical compression was determined in the nerve root. Summary of background data: Recently some studies reported that mechanical compression increased microvascular permeability of the endoneurial capillaries and resulted in an intraradicular inflammation. These changes may be an important factor of the pathogenesis of radiculopathy. However, the natural courses of the intraradicular inflammation after mechanical compression are still poorly understood. Methods: In dogs, laminectomy was performed at L7 and the seventh nerve root was exposed to compression at 7.5 gram force (gf) clipping power. The animals were evaluated at 1 and 3 weeks after clipping. After the appropriate period of nerve root compression, Evans blue albumin (EBA) was injected intravenously. The nerve root sections were divided into two groups. The sections were used to investigate the status of the blood,nerve barrier function under the fluorescence microscope. The other sections were used for light and transmission electron microscopic study. Results: After 1 and 3 weeks, intraradicular edema was observed not only at the site of compression but also in the peripheral zone of a compressed anterior root and in the central zone of a compressed posterior root. The evidence of active Wallerian degeneration was also seen in the area of intraradicular edema. In addition, the nerve roots showing Wallerian degeneration were infiltrated by inflammatory cells, such as macrophages and mast cells. Conclusions: Inflammatory reaction, such as Wallerian degeneration, breakdown of blood,nerve barrier and appearance of macrophage, may be deeply involved in radiculitis arising from mechanical compression, and these factors seem to be important in the manifestation of radiculopathy. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [source] Paraplegia associated with brucellosis involving the anterior lumbrosacral nerve rootsJOURNAL OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, Issue 1 2003Umit Hidir Ulas Abstract We report the case of a 21-year-old man with paraplegia due to brucellosis involvement of lumbosacral anterior roots. Lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging showed contrast enhancement of anterior roots and the anterior part of duramater. Conduction block was found at the level of the lumbosacral anterior roots by electrophysiological studies, including magnetic stimulation study. Wright agglutination, Rose Bengal tests and bacterial culture obtained from cerebrospinal fluid confirmed the diagnosis of neurobrucellosis. Oral administration of ceftriaxon with additional rifampin was effective, and after 3 months of treatment, laboratory data resolved and clinical signs partially improved. [source] Selective block of external anal sphincter activation during electrical stimulation of the sacral anterior roots in a canine modelNEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY & MOTILITY, Issue 5 2005N. Bhadra Abstract, Our aim was to electrically activate small diameter parasympathetic fibres in the sacral anterior roots, without activating the larger somatic fibres to the external anal sphincter (EAS). Electrodes were implanted on selected roots in five adult dogs. Pressures were recorded from the rectum and EAS. Quasitrapezoidal (Qzt) pulses for selective activation of smaller axons and narrow rectangular (Rct) pulses to activate all fibres were applied. Sphincter block was defined as [(Pmax , Pmin)/Pmax] × 100%. Roots were also tested with 20 Hz trains. In three animals, evacuation of bowel contents was recorded with artificial fecal material. Stimulation with Qzt pulses showed decrease in sphincter recruitment with increasing pulse amplitudes, indicating propagation arrest in the large fibres. The average sphincter suppression was 94.1% in 16 roots implanted. With Qzt pulse trains, the average evoked sphincter pressure was significantly lower than Rct pulses. Evoked rectal pressures were not significantly different. The mean mass of expelled bowel contents of 51.1 g by Qzt trains was significantly higher than that of 14.8 g expelled by Rct trains. Our results demonstrate that this selective stimuli can activate small diameter fibres innervating the distal bowel and result in significant evacuation of rectal contents. [source] Selective activation of the sacral anterior roots for induction of bladder voidingNEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 2 2006Narendra Bhadra Abstract Aim We investigated the efficacy of selective activation of the smaller diameter axons in the sacral anterior roots for electrically induced bladder voiding. Materials and Methods Acute experiments were conducted in five adult dogs. The anterior sacral roots S2 and S3 were implanted bilaterally with tripolar electrodes. Pressures were recorded from the bladder and from the proximal urethra and the external urethral sphincter. A detector and flow meter monitored fluid flow. A complete sacral dorsal rhizotomy was carried out. The effects of two types of pulse trains at 20 Hz were compared; quasitrapezoidal pulses (500 µsec with 500 µsec exponential decay) and interrupted rectangular (100 µsec, 2 sec on/2 sec off). Before rhizotomy, rectangular pulse trains (100 µsec) to activate all fibers were also applied. The experimental design was block randomized before and after rhizotomy. Results Quasitrapezoidal pulses showed block of sphincter activation with average minimum current for maximum suppression of 1.37 mA. All pulse types evoked average bladder pressures above the basal sphincter closure pressure. The pressure patterns in the proximal urethra closely followed the bladder pressures. Before dorsal rhizotomy, stimulation evoked a superadded increase in sphincter pressures with slow rise time. After rhizotomy, the sphincter pressure patterns followed the bladder pressures during selective activation and voiding occurred during stimulation with quasitrapezoidal trains and in between bursts with interrupted rectangular stimulation. Conclusions Selective activation of sacral ventral roots combined with dorsal rhizotomy may provide a viable means of low-pressure continuous voiding in neurological impairment. Neurourol. Urdynam. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||