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Legal Limit (legal + limit)
Selected AbstractsOverall Quality Throughout Shelf Life of Minimally Fresh Processed FennelJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2005Victor H. Escalona ABSTRACT: The keeping quality of minimally fresh processed fennel up to 14 d at 0 °C under modified atmosphere packaging was studied. Samples of 1 cm3 diced fennel washed for 1 min with chlorinated (100 mg/L) water were placed in 35 ,m oriented polypropylene (PP) bags or in PP baskets heat-sealed with unperforated or perforated (control) PP film. Changes in respiratory activity, ethylene emission, color, sugars content, chemical parameters, browning, decay, microbial growth, and sensory attributes were monitored. Respiratory activity in diced fennel was 1.5,fold higher than that for whole bulbs, and slight differences in ethylene emission between both whole and fresh processed fennel were found. A gas composition within both kinds of unperforated packages of about 11 to 13 kPa O2 and 9 to 12 kPa CO2 was reached. At the end of storage of fennel dices under this atmosphere, total plate counts were lower than legal limit for safe consumption. At any moment, neither physiological disorders nor decay developed. Although after 14 d a slight browning on the dices surface appeared, levels of sensorial attributes higher than acceptable for commercial purposes were reached. [source] Eddy-current induction in extended metallic parts as a source of considerable torsional momentJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 4 2006Hansjörg Graf PhD Abstract Purpose To examine eddy-current-provoked torque on conductive parts due to current induction from movement through the fringe field of the MR scanner and from gradient switching. Materials and Methods For both cases, torque was calculated for frames of copper, aluminum, and titanium, inclined to 45° to B0 (maximum torque case). Conditions were analyzed in which torque from gravity (legal limit, ASTM F2213-02) was exceeded. Experiments were carried out on a 1.5 T and a 3 T scanner for copper and titanium frames and plates (,50 × 50 mm2). Movement-induced torque was measured at patient table velocity (20 cm/second). Alternating torque from gradient switching was investigated by holding the specimens in different locations in the scanner while executing sequences that exploited the gradient capabilities (40 mT/m). Results The calculations predicted that movement-induced torque could exceed torque from gravity (depending on the part size, electric resistance, and velocity). Two experiments on moving conductive frames in the fringe fields of the scanners confirmed the calculations. For maximum torque case parameters, gradient-switching-induced torque was calculated to be nearly 100 times greater than the movement-induced torque. Well-conducting metal parts located off center vibrated significantly due to impulse-like fast alternating torque characteristics. Conclusion Torque on metal parts from movement in the fringe field is weak under standard conditions, but for larger parts the acceptable limit can be reached with a high static field and increased velocity. Vibrations due to gradient switching were confirmed and may explain the sensations occasionally reported by patients with implants. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Alcohol is the Main Factor in Excess Traffic Accident Fatalities in FranceALCOHOLISM, Issue 12 2002Michel Reynaud Background The aim of this study was to better evaluate the role of alcohol drinking in fatalities linked to road traffic accidents. Methods The data of accidents were collected by a French official agency from police records, including many variables, among which was a blood alcohol test. They were analyzed in a descriptive way and toward a logistic regression. This exhaustive database comprised all of the 500,961 accidents with casualties that involved less than three vehicles (28,506 fatal accidents) recorded in France during a 52 month period (September 1995 to December 1999). The results of the alcohol tests were known in 78.7 of the drivers. Results The blood alcohol concentration was over the legal limit (0.50 g/L in France) in 9.8% of the accidents with casualties overall. Considering only fatal accidents, the rate of positive alcohol test in drivers was approximately 31.5%. This rate varied depending on the period and the type of accident, raising up to 71.2% in single-vehicle accidents (loss of control) at night during the weekend. The percentage of positive alcohol tests also dramatically increased following the number of fatalities per accident (87.5% in single-vehicle accidents during weekend nights involving three or more killed). The logistic regression in single-vehicle accident shows that the higher odds ratios concern the positive blood alcohol test (OR = 4.19), clearly overwhelming the other precipitating factors of accidents (age of driver, meteorological conditions, time of day, and other factors). Conclusions Drinking alcohol before driving is a well known factor of accidents. We clearly demonstrate here that it is the main factor leading to deaths linked to road traffic accidents in France. The results are strengthened, and some analyses are allowed, by the exceptional features of our database. The authors emphasize the need for prevention measures. [source] Free and bound fumonisins in gluten-free food productsMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 4 2009Chiara Dall'Asta Abstract In this work a multiresidual LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous detection of free and bound fumonisins is described, which allowed for a very low LOD and a very good recovery for all the analytes. The method was applied to the determination of free and bound fumonisins in several gluten-free products from the Italian market. Free fumonisins were found to occur in 90% of the samples: the overall median value was below the EU legal limit for foods for human consumption (800 ,g/kg). Nonetheless, fumonisins occurred in several samples at concentrations above the legal limit, reaching also very strong contamination levels (maximum concentration level: 3310 ,g/kg). Anyway, considering the limited diet of people suffering of the celiac disease or allergic to other wheat proteins, the incidence of fumonisin contamination may be envisaged as problematic. Furthermore, bound fumonisins were found to be present in all the analysed samples at similar or even higher amounts than the free forms. In many cases the sum of free and bound fumonisins exceeded the EU legal limit for total fumonisins also for those samples characterized by a low contamination of free fumonisins, thus opening a new important task to be addressed for the risk assessment in this field. [source] Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products consumed in Adana, TurkeyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2009ISIL VAR A total of 70 dairy products consisting of 20 sterilized milk, 10 butter, 20 white cheese and 20 Kashar cheese samples were analysed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The detection limit was 5 ng/L for milk and 25 ng/kg for butter, white cheese and Kashar cheese. Of the 70 dairy products analysed, AFM1 in 49 samples (70%) was found to range from 10 to 388 ng/kg. Moreover, AFM1 levels in three samples of milk, two samples of butter, one sample of white cheese and one sample of Kashar cheese were found to be higher than the Turkish legal limits. [source] Features of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a culture starter for the production of the distilled sugar cane beverage, cachaça in BrazilJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2010C.R. Campos Abstract Aims:, To evaluate the dominance and persistence of strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the process of sugar cane fermentation for the production of cachaça and to analyse the microbial compounds produced in each fermentative process. Methods and Results:, Three S. cerevisiae strains were evaluated during seven consecutive 24-h fermentation batches using recycled inocula. The UFLA CA 116 strain had the largest population of viable organisms, and the maximum population was achieved in the fourth batch after 96 h of fermentation. The UFLA CA 1162 and UFLA CA 1183 strains grew more slowly, and the maximum population was reached in the seventh batch. Molecular characterization of isolated yeast cells using PFGE (pulse field gel electrophoresis) revealed that more than 86% of the isolates corresponded to the initially inoculated yeast strain. The concentration of aldehydes, esters, methanol, alcohol and volatile acids in the final-aged beverages were within the legal limits. Conclusions:, Cachaça produced by select yeast strains exhibits analytical differences. UFLA CA 1162 and UFLA CA 116 S. cerevisiae isolates can be considered the ideal strains for the artisanal production of cachaça in Brazil. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The use of select yeast strains can improve the quality and productivity of cachaça production. Our findings are important for the appropriate monitoring of yeast during sugar cane fermentation. In addition, we demonstrate that UFLA CA 116 and UFLA CA 1162, the ideal yeast strains for cachaça production, are maintained at a high population density. The persistence of these yeast strains in the fermentation of sugar cane juice promotes environmental conditions that prevent or decrease bacterial contamination. Thus, the use of select yeast strains for the production of cachaça is a viable economic alternative to standardize the production of this beverage. [source] Cadmium and lead in Hungarian porcine products and tissuesJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 6 2005Zoltan Gyõri Abstract Samples of kidney, blood, lungs, hair, heart, liver, spleen, muscle, ear, rib, skin and faeces were obtained from 200 fattened pigs in 10 abattoirs across Hungary. These were analysed in triplicate for cadmium and lead concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The highest concentrations of cadmium were found in the kidney, followed by hair and faeces and then liver, heart and lungs. Lead concentrations were greater in the hair and faeces than other tissues. Both lead and cadmium concentrations in meat and offal were below the legal limits. There was more variation in lead than cadmium concentrations between abattoirs, and across abattoirs there was no correlation between concentrations of the two elements. Blood lead concentration was correlated with the lead concentration in bone, kidney, liver, spleen and lungs, and was a better indicator of lead contamination than hair lead concentration. The cadmium concentrations of the kidney, liver, spleen, lungs and faeces were highly correlated, and it is suggested that faeces is the best on-farm indicator of cadmium contamination. Across animals, blood cadmium correlated less closely with the cadmium concentration of the body tissues than it did with the lead concentration, demonstrating positive interaction between the two elements. By contrast, hair and to a lesser extent bone cadmium concentrations were negatively correlated with the lead concentration of most tissues. It is concluded that lead and cadmium concentrations in pigs are best monitored in blood and faeces concentrations, respectively. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Evaluating the subtle impact of a ban on corporal punishment of children in GermanyCHILD ABUSE REVIEW, Issue 5 2004Kai-D. Abstract In 2000, the German Government passed a law prohibiting physical punishment in the family. A pre,post research design allows for an examination of its effects. The results of nationwide representative surveys on the experiences, perceptions, legal knowledge and attitudes of adolescents and parents are discussed. The recent surveys reveal a signi,cant decrease in the prevalence of corporal punishments and a high acceptance of the legal prohibition. In particular, awareness of the legal limits of parental physical sanctions has increased signi,cantly. For these reasons, the prohibition of corporal punishment can be said to have had an impact on the reduction of family violence against children in Germany. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||