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Glucose intolerance and associated factors in Mongolia: results of a national survey

DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 6 2002
J. Suvd
Abstract Aims Prevalence of glucose intolerance,diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT),and of related conditions such as obesity and hypertension, was studied in six population samples in Mongolia in 1999. Methods Diagnosis of glucose intolerance was made on the basis of 2-h blood glucose concentration, according to criteria recommended by the latest report of a WHO Expert Group. Results Crude prevalence of diabetes was 2.9% (2.6% in men and 3.2% in women). Prevalence of IGT was 10.2% (9.3% in men and 10.8% in women). Age standardization to the standard world population of Segi resulted in a total sample prevalence of 3.1% for diabetes and 9.2% for IGT. Prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance differed according to district of residence. Approximately one-third of the subjects with diabetes were diagnosed prior to the survey. Of those who were diagnosed previously, approximately one-half were not under any form of treatment. Subjects with abnormal glucose tolerance were older, more obese and had higher blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension than those with normoglycaemia. One-half of men and almost one-half of women were hypertensive. Three-quarters of the diabetic subjects were hypertensive. One-third of all subjects were centrally obese. Considering the conditions of principal interest,glucose intolerance, hypertension and obesity,one-half of all subjects demonstrated one or more of these conditions. Central obesity was the most common condition, followed by hypertension and then glucose intolerance. Central obesity and hypertension was the most common combination (17% of all subjects) and 4% exhibited all three conditions. Conclusions Non-communicable diseases are already a threat to public health in Mongolia. Although the prevalence of diabetes is not high by international standards, the relatively high prevalence of IGT suggests that the situation may deteriorate in the future in the absence of concerted action to prevent and control diabetes and related conditions. [source]

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PRESCRIBER, Issue 3 2008
Article first published online: 26 FEB 200
Higher risk of CV events in aspirin resistance More than one in four patients may have aspirin resistance, a new metaanalysis shows, and they face a four-to sixfold increased risk of a major cardiovascular event or death compared with aspirin-sensitive patients taking low-dose aspirin (BMJ online: 17 Jan 2008; doi:10. 1136/bmj.39430.529549.BE). The analysis included 20 studies involving a total of 2930 patients with cardiovascular disease. Of these, 28 per cent were defined as having aspirin resistance (according to the various definitions in each study). Compared with aspirin-sensitive patients, the odds ratio of any cardiovascular event or acute coronary syndrome was about 4 and the odds ratio of death was 6. Aspirin-resistant patients did not benefit from other antiplatelet treatment. ADOPT: rosiglitazone fracture risk in women A new analysis of the ADOPT trial (N Engl J Med 2006;355: 2427-43) has found that the risk of fractures during treatment with rosiglitazone (Avandia) is approximately twice as high as with metformin or glibenclamide, but mainly in women (Diabetes Care online: 25 Jan 2008; doi: 10.2337/dc07-2270). The study found a significant difference in risk between the drugs only for women, with a cumulative incidence of 15.1 per cent with rosiglitazone, 7.3 per cent with metformin and 7.7 per cent with glibenclamide after five years. No risk factors were identified although the incidence of fractures was higher among postmenopausal than premenopausal women. New from NICE Infliximab for the treatment of adults with psoriasis. Technology Appraisal Guidance No. 134, Jan 2008 Infliximab (Remicade), a monoclonal antibody against TNF-alpha, should be an option for treating very severe plaque psoriasis in adults, NICE recommends. Using its fast-track single technology appraisal procedure, NICE concluded that infliximab should be considered when standard therapies,methotrexate or ciclosporin (Neoral), or PUVA , have failed or are unsuitable. The criteria for disease severity are defined by the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score (,20) and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) score (>18). Treatment response is also defined by these measures and infliximab should be continued for longer than 10 weeks only when predefined thresholds are met. Infliximab costs an average of £11 750 annually. In 2006, NICE recommended etanercept (Enbrel) and efalizumab (Raptiva) for patients with severe psoriasis (PASI ,10 and DLQI >10). Commons committee wants tougher targets Most GPs get full QOF points for medicines management even though there is inexplicably large variation in good prescribing practice between PCTs, the Public Accounts Select Committee points out in its latest report, Prescribing Costs in Primary Care. The Committee wants to see tougher QOF targets among several initiatives to reduce prescribing costs. Although most publicity centred on its endorsement of the National Audit Office claim that GPs could save £200 million by prescribing lower-cost drugs, the report contains some more far-reaching proposals. GPs should prescribe generic alternatives within a therapeutic category, so when a brand is not available generically, eg Lipitor, a different drug that is, eg simvastatin, should be used when clinically appropriate. Further, this form of substitution should be rewarded via QOF targets. There should be greater uniformity in the appearance, labelling and packaging of generic and branded equivalents. The Department of Health should consider raising awareness of the value of medicines by printing the cost on packaging, and to reduce the £100 million wasted annually in dumped medicines, it should investigate which drugs aren't used and why patients won't take them. Strategic health authorities should work with the National Prescribing Centre to develop more prescribing indicators with which to measure PCT performance and support PCTs to promulgate best practice. They should also collaborate on promoting joint primary-secondary care formularies and increase the consistency of prescribing, not only between hospital specialists and GPs but also between PCTs. To monitor the influence of the pharmaceutical industry, PCTs should keep a record of gifts and hospitality and publish a register. Questions to ask about mental health treatment The Department of Health has published a booklet designed to raise awareness of medicines management issues affecting people using mental health services and their carers, and professionals in the health and social services. Although one aim of Medicines Management: Everybody's Business is to empower people with mental health problems to ask about their medication, its formal style is better suited to staff who need to improve their person-centred approach to care. It covers what information people should expect and what questions to ask when drug treatment is being considered, what to expect at review and issues to consider when contemplating stopping treatment. Copies can be downloaded at www.dh.gov.uk. Consider statins for all patients with diabetes Treatment with a statin should be considered for all patients with diabetes unless their risk is low, say the authors of a new study (Lancet 2008;371:117-25). Their meta-analysis of 14 randomised trials involving 18 686 people with diabetes and an average follow-up of 4.3 years found that statins reduced vascular events and vascular mortality as much as in nondiabetic populations. The overall benefit was 42 fewer major events per 1000 people treated for five years. This was independent of a history of vascular disease or other baseline characteristics. No evidence for OTC cough medicines There is no evidence that over-the-counter cough medicines for adults and children are effective in relieving acute cough, a new Cochrane review has concluded (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1). The review of 17 randomised trials involving 2876 adults and eight involving 616 children reported conflicting findings of uncertain clinical relevance. The trials were heterogeneous and of low quality. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

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PRESCRIBER, Issue 17 2007
Article first published online: 6 NOV 200
Drug information stilllacking for mentally ill Half of people with mental illness still have no say in the medication they are prescribed and one-third are not informed about side-effects, according to the latest report by the Healthcare Commission and the Commission for Social Care Inspection (www.health-carecommission.org.uk). The annual national review of adult mental health services found overall improvement among local intervention teams in 2005/06 compared with the preceding year, though all could improve further and the performance of 46 per cent were rated as only fair or weak. A survey of 7446 people with schizophrenia also showed that only 46 per cent had access to psychological treatments. More incentives for shift of care in Scotland Scotland has made good progress on shifting NHS care into the community but joined-up thinking, better information and incentives are needed to overcome barriers to better management of long-term conditions in adults, says Audit Scotland (www.audit-scotland.gov.uk). Reviewing progress on the 2005 strategy document Delivering for Health, Audit Scotland found good progress on asthma and diabetes services , partly due to the effects of the GMS contract. Better information about clinical activity, costs and effectiveness is needed to help redesign services. Patients with more than one long-term condition do not receive co-ordinated care and many want greater involvement in their care, the report concluded. Acorn, QOF and Guy Rotherham awards Entries are invited for the 2007 annual Acorn, QOF and Guy Rotherham Awards. The awards are run in association with the NHS Alliance, Improvement Foundation, British Cardiac Society, British Cardiac Patients Society and Prescriber. The CHD QOF Award, sponsored by Schering-Plough, recognises the achievement of an individual practice that gains maximum points in the CHD and heart failure QOF domains, and a second award is given to the primary care organisation (PCO) that achieves the best average scores across its practices. The entry form can be found at www.escriber.com. The closing date is 12 October. Entries are also invited for the Guy Rotherham Award from PCOs that can demonstrate they have delivered a high-impact change resulting in better outcomes and services for patients. For online entry go to www.improvementfoundation.org/guy rotherhamaward. Closing date is 5 October. Award winners will receive free entry for three to the NHS Alliance conference and the conference dinner. The winner of the Guy Rotherham Award will also receive £3000. NICE scores five out of six NICE acted unreasonably in relying solely on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to define severity of Alzheimer's disease in its updated technology appraisals, with the effect of discriminating against people with learning or language difficulties, the High Court has ruled. The five other claims by Eisai that NICE acted unreasonably and irrationally were not upheld. This was the first court action against NICE in its eight-year history. It has now promised to publish revised appraisals on its website on 7 September and is consulting with Eisai, Shire Pharmaceuticals and the Alzheimer's Society on the best approach. PPRS reform follows Office of Fair Trading report The Government is to renegotiate the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS) following the critical report by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT). In February, the OFT recommended renegotiation of the PPRS to reward innovation and obtain better value for patients. In particular, it called for a pricing scheme based on value for patients, ie effectiveness, rather than profit controls. The DoH, acknowledging the report's complexity, says it will take four principles into account in its negotiations during the forthcoming months: value for money, promoting innovation, assisting the uptake of new cost-effective medicines and promoting market stability. MHRA launches e-bulletin The MHRA (www.mhra.gov.uk) has next issue can be downloaded. The launched an electronic bulletin to August bulletin includes items on provide health professionals with antidepressants and suicide, updates about the safe use of medi-adverse effects of dopamine ago-cines. Users need to sign up to nists and information about smokreceive an e-mail alert when the ing cessation and isotretinoin. DURG call for abstracts The Drug Utilisation Research Group is calling for abstracts for its 19th annual meeting ,Target-driven medicine , is this the end of prescribing freedom?' to be held on 7 February 2008 at the Royal Society of Medicine, London. Abstracts are requested on any aspects of drug utilisation research. A bursary of £500 will be awarded for the best abstract received. The closing date for receipt of abstracts is 26 November. Further information about abstract submission is available at www.durg.org.uk. GP prescribing up by half Prescription volume and costs in England increased by approximately half over the decade to 2006, according to data published by the Information Centre for Health and Social Care (www.ic.nhs.uk). The number of items dispensed per year increased by 55 per cent and the cost by 60 per cent in real terms. The average number of items per head of population was 10.0 in 1996 and 14.8 in 2006; older people received 21.2 items per head in 1996 but 40.8 in 2006. MR morphines similar Modified-release preparations of morphine are equivalent in the treatment of severe pain, according to a new review by Bandolier (www.jr2.ox.ac.uk). The analysis of 54 randomised trials, which reviewed the release mechanisms and clinical data for four brands, showed these preparations provide effective analgesia for malignant and nonmalignant pain; about 4 per cent of patients were unable to tolerate the adverse effects of morphine. NSAIDs compared in OA Etoricoxib (Arcoxia) and naproxen are equally effective in the long-term treatment of osteoarthritis (Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:945,51). Extension studies for two one-year trials showed that, after a total of 138 weeks, the two drugs had almost identical effects on pain and function assessments. All treatments were generally well tolerated, but serious cardiovascular effects were more common with etoricoxib and serious GI effects more common with naproxen. CPN nystatin allowed Community practitioner nurses (CPNs) may now prescribe oral nystatin (Nystan) to treat oral thrush in neonates, following a special amendment to the regulations limiting their prescribing to licensed indications. CPNs may now prescribe oral nystatin at the dose recommended in the BNF for Children provided they are sure of the diagnosis. In doing so, they accept clinical and medicolegal responsibility for their actions. There are no other exceptions to the prohibition of off-label prescribing. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

Making the most of the Victoria Climbié Inquiry Report

CHILD ABUSE REVIEW, Issue 2 2004
Peter Reder
Abstract The principal findings of the Victoria Climbié Inquiry Report (Lord Laming, 2003) repeat those of most previous fatal child abuse inquiries or reviews, revealing problems with professionals' assessments, communications, skill base and resources. There is a danger that the recommendations of this latest report will be implemented in an overbureaucratic manner, reducing their potential to make a significant difference to practice. Instead, it is essential to build on the core lessons of this and previous inquiries, which is that professionals' capacity to think about their cases and their work must be enhanced. This has considerable implications for the training of professionals and the resources available to them. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Stat1-mediated cytoplasmic attenuation in osteoimmunology

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2005
Hiroshi Takayanagi
Abstract Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) is a critical mediator of gene transcription in type I interferon (IFN-,/,) signaling that is essential for host defense against viruses. In the skeletal system, type I IFNs (IFN-,/,) also play an important physiological role in the inhibition of receptor activator of NF-,B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption: mice deficient in IFN signaling exhibit decreased bone mass accompanied by the activation of osteoclastogenesis. On the other hand, an unexpected increase in bone mass was observed in Stat1-deficient mice, indicating that Stat1 has a hitherto unknown function in the regulation of bone formation. Indeed, Stat1 was found to have a unique, non-canonical function as a cytoplasmic attenuator of Runx2, a key transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation. Thus, the loss of Stat1 results in excessive activation of Runx2 and osteoblast differentiation, thereby tipping the balance in favor of bone formation over bone resorption. This is an interesting example in which a latent transcription factor attenuates the activity of another transcription factor in the cytoplasm, and reveals a novel regulatory mechanism of bone remodeling by immunomodulatory molecules. Here, we summarize recent advances in the study of Stat1 and IFNs in the context of osteoimmunology, including latest reports that question whether the inhibitory function of Stat1 in chondrocytes is responsible for dwarfism in achondroplasia. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]