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Large Clutches (large + clutch)
Selected AbstractsClutch size in frugivorous insects as a function of host firmness: the case of the tephritid fly Anastrepha ludensECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2003Francisco Díaz-Fleischer Abstract. 1.,Optimal clutch size theory predicts that individuals will oviposit the number of eggs that increases their fitness. In Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), females oviposit larger clutches in unripe (firm) fruits than in ripe (soft) fruits. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) Using fruit firmness as an indicator of fruit quality, A. ludens females vary the number of eggs per clutch every time they reach an oviposition decision. (2) Maximising offspring survival with respect to either unripe or ripe fruit requires placing large clutches in firm fruit and smaller clutches in soft fruit. 2.,Agar spheres were used as artificial hosts. Three agar concentrations resulted in three degrees of firmness. Mango fruits Mangifera indica L. served as natural hosts. Ripe and unripe fruits were used to test soft and firm host conditions respectively. Females laid significantly larger clutches in the firmer artificial hosts than in the softer hosts. They also laid significantly more eggs in artificial hosts without sugar than in hosts with sugar. Firm (unripe) mangoes also received significantly larger clutches than soft (ripe) mangoes. 3.,When an individual female was first presented with a firm artificial host, it laid a large clutch. If subsequently offered a soft host, the female laid a significantly smaller clutch. Finally, if again offered a firm host, clutch size was increased significantly. 4.,Possible trade-offs in offspring fitness were explored in ripe and unripe mangoes by measuring offspring egg-to-adult survival, pupal weight, mean adult longevity, and fecundity. Despite the fact that larval survival was greater in soft fruit than in firm fruit, parameters such as pupal weight, mean longevity, and fecundity of adults stemming from both fruit types did not differ significantly. 5.,A probable trade-off between high offspring mortality caused by host unsuitability and low offspring and adult mortality caused by parasitism and predation is discussed as the reason for the exploitation of sub-optimal hosts. [source] No experimental evidence for local competition in the nestling phase as a driving force for density-dependent avian clutch sizeJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Marion Nicolaus Summary 1In birds, local competition for food between pairs during the nestling phase may affect nestling growth and survival. A decrease in clutch size with an increase in breeding density could be an adaptive response to this competition. To investigate whether breeding density causally affected the clutch size of great tits (Parus major), we manipulated breeding density in three out of eight study plots by increasing nest-box densities. We expected clutch size in these plots to be reduced compared to that in control plots. 2We analysed both the effects of variation in annual mean density (between-year comparisons) and experimental density (within-year comparison between plots) on clutch size variation, the occurrence of second broods and nestling growth. We examined within-female variation in clutch size to determine whether individual responses explain the variation over years. 3Over the 11 years, population breeding density increased (from 0·33 to 0·50 pairs ha,1) while clutch size and the occurrence of second broods decreased (respectively from 10·0 to 8·5 eggs and from 0·39 to 0·05), consistent with a negative density-dependent effect for the whole population. Nestling growth showed a declining but nonsignificant trend over years. 4The decline in population clutch size over years was primarily explained by changes occurring within individuals rather than selective disappearance of individuals laying large clutches. 5Within years, breeding density differed significantly between manipulated plots (0·16 pairs ha,1 vs. 0·77 pairs ha,1) but clutch size, occurrence of second broods and nestling growth were not affected by the experimental treatment, resulting in a discrepancy between the effects of experimental and annual variation in density on reproduction. 6We discuss two hypotheses that could explain this discrepancy: (i) the decline in breeding performance over time was not due to density, but resulted from other, unknown factors. (ii) Density did cause the decline in breeding performance, but this was not due to local competition in the nestling phase. Instead, we suggest that competition acting in a different phase (e.g. before egg laying or after fledgling) was responsible for the density effect on clutch size among years. [source] Using net sacks to examine the relationship between egg size and young size in Common PochardsJOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY, Issue 3 2007David Ho ABSTRACT Investigators studying the relationship between egg size and young size often face difficulties in assigning particular young to particular eggs. We present a new method based on the use of separate net sacks for each egg that allowed us to study this phenomenon in Common Pochards (Aythya ferina) without excessive disturbance of breeding birds. We found a positive isometric relationship between duckling body mass and estimated fresh egg mass (P < 0.001). However, we found no relationship between estimated fresh egg mass and structural measurements of ducklings (tarsus and bill length, both P > 0.29). In addition, we found a weak positive relationship between estimated egg mass and the size of ducklings (P= 0.049). Greater hatchling mass typically means a larger yolk supply, and more yolk may provide energy crucial for survival during the first few days after hatching. In addition, ducklings with longer tarsi may be better swimmers and better at finding food and escaping from predators. Although our method has certain limitations and investigators should consider risks when applying it in over-water nests or in nests with large clutches, we believe it is a reliable way to assign young to particular eggs in waterfowl and possibly other bird species. SINOPSIS Los investigadores que estudian la relación entre el tamaño del huevo y el tamaño de los pichones se han encontrado con la dificultad de asignar un pichón a un huevo en particular. Presentamos un nuevo método basado en el uso individual de sacos de redes (para cada huevo), que nos ha permitido estudiar el fenómeno en Aythya ferina, sin causar gran disturbio a la reproducción de las aves. Encontramos una relación isométrica positiva entre la masa del patito y el estimado de la masa del huevo fresco (P < 0.001). Sin embargo, no encontramos una relación apropiada, entre la masa fresca del huevo y medidas estructurales en los patitos (ej. longitud del tarso y el pico, ambos con P > 0.29). Además, encontramos una relación positiva, pero débil, entre el estimado de la masa del huevo y el tamaño del patito (P= 0.049). Al eclosionar, una mayor masa del patito, significa una mayor cantidad de yema. Una mayor cantidad de esta pudiera proveer de mayor cantidad de energía la que a su vez pudiera ser crucial para la sobrevicencia durante los primeros dias. En adición, patitos con tarsos de mayor tamaño pudieran ser mejores nadadores, y más capaces de encontrar alimento y escapar de depredadores. Aunque nuestro método tiene limitaciones (y los investigadores debieran considerar el riesgo de aplicar el método en nidos sobre agua o en nidos con grandes camadas), creemos que es una forma confiable de asignar un neonato a un huevo particular, tanto a aves acuática como posiblemente a otras especies. [source] A test for negative frequency-dependent mating success as a function of male colour pattern in the bluefin killifishBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 3 2009REBECCA C. FULLER Rare male mating advantage (a form of negative frequency dependence) is frequently proposed as a mechanism for the maintenance of genetic variation within populations. This hypothesis is attractive for systems with pronounced male colour polymorphism because it can maintain particularly high levels of variation. We tested for negative frequency-dependent mating success between yellow and red male colour patterns in bluefin killifish, Lucania goodei. Lucania goodei populations harbour substantial colour pattern polymorphism, and a large proportion of this variation has a genetic basis. We established outdoor mesocosms with red and yellow males in three different ratios: yellow rare (one yellow , : five red ,), even (three yellow , : three red ,), and red rare (five yellow , : one red ,). We obtained eggs and used microsatellites to determine paternity. By contrast to expectations, we found no support for a rare male mating advantage. Red males had slightly higher spawning success than yellow males, particularly in replicates with large clutches and when red males were rare. However, yellow males did not have higher mating success when rare. We discuss alternative mechanisms for the maintenance of the polymorphism as well as the potential reasons for the lack of a rare male mating advantage. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 489,500. [source] |