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Labour
Kinds of Labour Terms modified by Labour Selected AbstractsTAX AND THE DIVISION OF LABOURECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2003Terry Arthur All taxes drive a wedge between the prices consumers pay and prices producers receive, thus promoting inefficient ,do-it-yourself'(DIY) work - not just at home but also in the workplace. [source] LABOUR AND LANDSCAPES: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF LANDESQUE CAPITAL IN NINETEENTH CENTURY TANGANYIKAGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2007N. Thomas Håkansson ABSTRACT. In a long-term and global perspective irrigated and terraced landscapes, landesque capital, have often been assumed to be closely associated with hierarchical political systems. However, research is accumulating that shows how kinship-based societies (including small chiefdoms) have also been responsible for constructing landesque capital without population pressure. We examine the political economy of landesque capital through the intersections of decentralized politics and regional economies. A crucial question guiding our research is why some kinship-based societies chose to invest their labour in landesque capital while others did not. Our analysis is based on a detailed examination of four relatively densely populated communities in late pre-colonial and early colonial Tanzania. By analysing labour processes as contingent and separate from political types of generalized economic systems over time we can identify the causal factors that direct labour and thus landscape formation as a process. The general conclusion of our investigation is that landesque investments occurred in cases where agriculture was the main source of long-term wealth flow irrespective of whether or not hierarchical political systems were present. However, while this factor may be a necessary condition it is not a sufficient cause. In the cases we examined, the configurations of world-systems connections and local social and economic circumstances combined to either produce investments in landesque capital or to pursue short-term strategies of extraction. [source] LONG RUN DEMAND FOR LABOUR IN THE CONSUMER GOOD INDUSTRYMETROECONOMICA, Issue 2 2006Article first published online: 24 APR 200, Ian Steedman ABSTRACT We consider, for alternative models of production, the comparative statics of constant-returns economies in long run competitive equilibrium, for which reswitching, capital-reversing and consumption-reversal are all completely absent. Notwithstanding the ,well-behaved' nature of these economies, the use of labour per unit of output in the consumer good industry is always positively related to the real wage rate. [source] DIVISIONS OF LABOUR, SPECIALIZATION AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF A SYSTEM OF PROPERTY RIGHTS: A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSISPACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 4 2004Li Ke The model suggests that fiscal competition between states facilitates important circular effects, which propel improvements in economic welfare and promote economic growth. In particular, improvements in institutional efficiency expand the demand for transactions, which in turn increases the need for further third-party protection of property rights. We illustrate our results using the growth of the state system in Western Europe. [source] THE EFFECTS OF TAXES ON LABOUR IN A DYNAMIC EFFICIENCY WAGE MODEL,THE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2004JOÃO RICARDO FARIA This paper studies the impact of wage and employment taxes in an intertemporal efficiency wage model. Cases with fixed, linear and quadratic adjustment costs associated with job creation are considered. In general, the model shows that an increase in the employment tax leads to an increase in unemployment, reducing job creation, and has ambiguous effect on wages; whereas an increase in the wage tax reduces wages and has ambiguous impact on unemployment and job creation. [source] THE WAR CONVENTION AND THE MORAL DIVISION OF LABOURTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 237 2009Yitzhak Benbaji My claim is that despite powerful arguments to the contrary, a coherent moral distinction between the jus in bello code and the jus ad bellum code can be sustained. In particular, I defend the traditional just war doctrine according to which the independence between the in bello and ad bellum codes reflects the moral equality between just and unjust combatants and between just and unjust non-combatants. In order to establish this, I construe an in bello proportionality condition which can be satisfied by just and unjust combatants alike. [source] HERCULES IN ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ART: MASCULINE LABOUR AND HOMOEROTIC LIBIDOART HISTORY, Issue 5 2008PATRICIA SIMONS Hercules was an exemplar of moral and civic virtue when represented in Italian Renaissance art. How he embodied masculinity, however, has not been explored. A popular but complicated figure, he visualized the burdens and tensions of idealized masculinity. By examining his battle against desire, as represented in his struggle with Antaeus, this article points to multivalence and varying receptions, from moralizing allegory to erotic fantasy. It concentrates on imagery from the ,Florentine Picture Chronicle', Pollaiuolo, Mantegna and his circle, and Michelangelo. [source] FREE TRADE, ,PAUPER LABOUR' AND PROSPERITY: A REPLY TO PROFESSOR MISHANECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2006John Meadowcroft In an Economic Viewpoint published in the September 2005 edition of Economic Affairs, ,Can Globalisation Depress Living Standards in the West?', Professor E. J. Mishan argued that globalisation may reduce living standards in the West by decreasing the labour,capital ratio in developed countries as firms move production to countries where labour is cheaper and/or migrants to the West from the developing world bid down wage rates. In a reply to Professor Mishan's article, Dr John Meadowcroft argues that this view of globalisation is far too pessimistic and explains why free trade, not protection, will secure the prosperity of developed and developing economies. In a final comment, Professor Mishan responds to this critique of his analysis. [source] Endocrine disruptor issues in JapanCONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 2 2002Taisen Iguchi ABSTRACT, Monitoring of environmental chemicals in Japan has revealed that several endocrine active chemicals are in river water, sediments, and wildlife as well as in the human umbilical cord. In 2001, risk assessments of tributyltin and nonylphenol have been conducted by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. Risk assessments of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and di-isononyl phthalate have also been performed by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare using a toxicological point of view in 2001. In this review, an overview of recent progress in endocrine disruptor research in Japan will be provided. [source] When business associations and a federal ministry jointly consult civil society: a CSR policy case study on the development of the CSR Austria Guiding VisionCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 5 2008Astrid Konrad Abstract In 2002, Austrian business organizations and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour decided to raise the awareness of CSR in Austria by formulating a CSR guiding vision for Austrian businesses after consulting a broad variety of stakeholders. This paper describes the development of the ,CSR Austria Guiding Vision' from 2003, and it gives a brief overview of other public CSR initiatives launched in Austria since then. Since the authors were involved drafting the CSR Austria Guiding Vision as consultants, the paper describes success factors, lessons learned and recommendations relevant for other large-scale stakeholder dialogues on CSR from an insider perspective. Overall, we conclude that a clear idea about the structure, the type and the rules of the stakeholder involvement (conceptual issues), in combination with a timely, honest and empathic approach towards stakeholders (procedural issues), are important success factors for any stakeholder dialogue. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Child Labour in African Artisanal Mining Communities: Experiences from Northern GhanaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2010Gavin Hilson ABSTRACT The issue of child labour in the artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) economy is attracting significant attention worldwide. This article critically examines this ,problem' in the context of sub-Saharan Africa, where a lack of formal sector employment opportunities and/or the need to provide financial support to their impoverished families has led tens of thousands of children to take up work in this industry. The article begins by engaging with the main debates on child labour in an attempt to explain why young boys and girls elect to pursue arduous work in ASM camps across the region. The remainder of the article uses the Ghana experience to further articulate the challenges associated with eradicating child labour at ASM camps, drawing upon recent fieldwork undertaken in Talensi-Nabdam District, Upper East Region. Overall, the issue of child labour in African ASM communities has been diagnosed far too superficially, and until donor agencies and host governments fully come to grips with the underlying causes of the poverty responsible for its existence, it will continue to burgeon. [source] Reducing Child Labour Through Conditional Cash Transfers: Evidence from Nicaragua's Red de Protección SocialDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 6 2010Kevin A. Gee Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programmes, providing eligible households with periodic cash payments, contingent on their children's adherence to school enrolment and attendance requirements, hold considerable promise for reducing levels of child labour across the developing world. This article presents the results of an analysis of a CCT programme in Nicaragua, Red de Protección Social, and compares them with those of other CCT programmes, discussing how the structure of each programme's incentives, including differences in targeting, subsidy amounts and educational requirements, contributes to the variation in their effectiveness at reducing child labour. [source] A decade of fiscal policy under New LabourECONOMIC OUTLOOK, Issue 2 2007Article first published online: 17 APR 200 First page of article [source] Child Labour and Resistance to ChangeECONOMICA, Issue 287 2005Giorgio Bellettini We study the interaction between technological innovation, investment in human capital and child labour. In a two-stage game, first firms decide on innovation, then households decide on education. In equilibrium the presence of inefficient child labour depends on parameters related to technology, parents' altruism and the diffusion of firms' property. Child labour is due either to firms' reluctance to innovate or to households' unwillingness to educate, or both. In some cases, compulsory schooling laws or a ban on child labour are welfare-reducing, whereas a subsidy for innovation is the right tool to eliminate child labour and increase welfare. [source] Were volatile organic compounds the inducing factors for subjective symptoms of employees working in newly constructed hospitals?ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Tomoko Takigawa Abstract This study demonstrated possible relationships between environmental, personal, and occupational factors and changes in the subjective health symptoms of 214 employees after the relocation of a hospital in a region of Japan. Eight indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in at least one of the 19 rooms investigated, and total VOC (TVOC) concentrations in 8 rooms exceeded the advisable value (400 ,g/m3) established by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. Formaldehyde was detected in all the investigated rooms, but none of the results exceeded the guideline value (100 ,g/m3). Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to select variables significantly associated with the subjective symptoms that can be induced by sick building syndrome. The results showed that subjective symptoms of deterioration in the skin, eye, ear, throat, chest, central nervous system, autonomic system, musculoskeletal system, and digestive system among employees were associated mainly with gender difference and high TVOC concentrations (>1200 ,g/m3). Long work hours (>50 h per week) in females and smoking in males were to be blamed for the deterioration of their symptoms. The present findings suggest that to protect employees from indoor environment-related adverse health effects, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of indoor chemicals in new buildings, to decrease work hours, and to forbid smoking. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 280,290, 2004. [source] The Institutionalised Participation of Management and Labour in the Legislative Activities of the European Community: A Challenge to the Principle of Democracy under Community LawEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 1 2000Gabriele Britz The legislative procedure established by Articles 138-139 of the Amsterdam Treaty is sensitive with regard to democratic prerequisites, but does not, in the final analysis, breach the formal principle of democracy established under Community law. Although the establishment of a parliamentary right of consultation is desirable, sufficient democratic legitimation is nonetheless supplied by virtue of Council and Commission participation within the legislative procedure and by their unlimited right to examine and reject substantive provisions designed by management and labour. By the same measure, the participation of management and labour in the Articles 138-139 legislative process is not of itself sufficient to create democratic legitimation. However, although management and labour organisations might never claim to represent the public of Europe as a whole, they can contribute to the ,substantive' legitimacy of European social law-making where they are adequately representative of persons and groups affected by EC legislative acts and take positive steps to ensure that the interests of such persons are reflected in secondary EC law. Accordingly, the Commission and the Council should review the representative nature of organisations engaged in European social law-making, paying particular attention to under-represented interests and, if necessary, should also make use of their right of rejection where privately negotiated agreements neglect these interests. [source] Regulation of Human Myometrial Contractility During Pregnancy and Labour: Are Calcium Homeostatic Pathways Important?EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Rachel M. Tribe If we are to develop new strategies for the treatment and management of preterm and dysfunctional term labour, it is imperative that we improve current understanding of the control of human uterine activity. Despite many studies of animal pregnancy, there is a paucity of knowledge relating to the complex control of human myometrium during pregnancy. It is hypothesized that human myometrium is relatively quiescent during the majority of pregnancy and that as term approaches there is cascade of molecular events that prepare the uterus for labour. This review will consider the cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of human myometrial activity and the modulation of these by hormonal and mechanical signals. In particular, the contribution of calcium homeostatic pathways to the control of human myometrial contractility during gestation will be discussed. [source] New Labour and the Modernisation of British Local Government: A CritiqueFINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2001Arthur Midwinter The modernisation agenda for local government is based on questionable political assumptions. It has the attributes of a theological concept. This paper examines the concept of modernisation of local government by focusing on three dimensions (1) governance, (2) management and (3) finance. This analysis suggests the modernisation agenda is limited in scope and vision. [source] ,I Can't Put a Smiley Face On': Working-Class Masculinity, Emotional Labour and Service Work in the ,New Economy'GENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 3 2009Darren Nixon The growth of the ,service economy' has coincided with the large-scale detachment from the labour market of low-skilled men. Yet little research has explored exactly what it is about service work that is leading such men to drop out of the labour market during periods of sustained service sector employment growth. Based on interviews with 35 unemployed low-skilled men, this article explores the men's attitudes to entry-level service work and suggests that such work requires skills, dispositions and demeanours that are antithetical to the masculine working-class habitus. This antipathy is manifest in a reluctance to engage in emotional labour and appear deferential in the service encounter and in the rejection of many forms of low-skilled service work as a future source of employment. [source] The Care,tech Link: An Examination of Gender, Care and Technical Work in Healthcare LabourGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 4 2008Sally Lindsay Despite the dramatic increase of technology in the healthcare field, little is known of how care work and technical work are related. Examining substitute healthcare providers offers a useful illustration of the care,tech link because nursing (care) and medical (technical) models often merge. Forty-two interviews with men and women (nurse practitioners, nurse anaesthetists and physician assistants) were conducted in the USA. The results showed that the gendered nature of care,tech boundaries has shifted in small but important ways and that the gendering of work influenced the shape of these boundaries. Men often encountered barriers when moving too far into the care realm and attempted to overcome this by ,caring cautiously' and emphasizing problem-solving care. Women faced similar barriers from the ,old boys network' when they entered highly technical areas. There is also evidence that men and women challenged existing care,tech boundaries and moved beyond their traditional roles. [source] Women Working in a Greedy Institution: Commitment and Emotional Labour in the Union MovementGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 4 2000Suzanne Franzway This paper seeks to move beyond the restrictions of limited representations of women's participation in the union movement. Through a focus on the union movement as a ,greedy institution', it is argued that women's union involvement requires complex and dynamic negotiations with its gendered discourses and practices. As a greedy institution, the union movement demands considerable depth of commitment and loyalty, as well as high levels of work and emotional labour. Based on a study of a network of women union officials, this paper discusses the ways women interpret three main aspects of trade union work: commitment, workload and emotional labour. I argue that the strategies the women officials employ do not remain static within a limited frame of gender difference from men. Rather, they must engage with the effects of male dominance of the union movement as well as the difficulties associated with union activism, family, service to members, leadership, and care in order to take up the political opportunities available in this greedy institution. [source] Gender, Politics and Policy Change: The Case of Welfare Reform Under New LabourGOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 1 2010Claire Annesley Politics and gender scholarship is increasingly seeking to understand the relationship between the presence of women in politics and gendered policy outcomes , the substantive representation of women (SRW). Yet its focus remains squarely on the activities of ,critical actors' in parliaments and women's policy agencies and on ,feminist' rather than ,mainstream' policy areas. In contrast, this article investigates the impact of feminist actors in a range of institutional settings on recent processes of welfare reform in the UK. It finds that the gendered welfare reform introduced by New Labour was initiated and pushed through by a coalition of committed feminist actors across a range of institutions. Crucially, the reforms relied on the existence of ,strategic actors' and ,gate openers', defined as feminist actors in positions of significant institutional power. It makes a contribution to the actor-centred SRW scholarship, develops an institutionalist approach to this research and identifies the need for a political economy perspective to understanding how women can shape policy outcomes. [source] New Labour and the enabling stateHEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, Issue 6 2000Ian Taylor BA (Leics) Msc, PhD (Econ) Abstract The notion of the ,enabling state' gained currency in the UK during the 1990s as an alternative to the ,providing' or the welfare state. It reflected the process of contracting out in the NHS and compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) in local government during the 1980s, but was also associated with developments during the 1990s in health, social care and education in particular. The creation of an internal market in the NHS and the associated purchaser,provider split appeared to transfer ,ownership' of services increasingly to the providers , hospitals, General Practitioners (GPs) and schools. The mixed economy of care that was stimulated by the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act appeared to offer local authorities the opportunity to enable non state providers to offer care services in the community. The new service charters were part of the enablement process because they offered users more opportunity to influence provision. This article examines how far service providers were enabled and assesses the extent to which new Labour's policies enhance or reject the ,enabling state' in favour of more direct provision. [source] The role of the staff MFF in distributing NHS funding: taking account of differences in local labour market conditionsHEALTH ECONOMICS, Issue 5 2010Robert Elliott Abstract The National Health Service (NHS) in England distributes substantial funds to health-care providers in different geographical areas to pay for the health care required by the populations they serve. The formulae that determine this distribution reflect populations' health needs and local differences in the prices of inputs. Labour is the most important input and area differences in the price of labour are measured by the Staff Market Forces Factor (MFF). This Staff MFF has been the subject of much debate. Though the Staff MFF has operated for almost 30 years this is the first academic paper to evaluate and test the theory and method that underpin the MFF. The theory underpinning the Staff MFF is the General Labour Market method. The analysis reported here reveals empirical support for this theory in the case of nursing staff employed by NHS hospitals, but fails to identify similar support for its application to medical staff. The paper demonstrates the extent of spatial variation in private sector and NHS wages, considers the choice of comparators and spatial geography, incorporates vacancy modelling and illustrates the effect of spatial smoothing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] New Labour and Higher Education: Dilemmas and ParadoxesHIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2003Roger Brown David Blunkett's Greenwich speech (2000) set out what have become the main themes of New Labour's engagement with higher education, themes which were elaborated in the recent White Paper (DfES, 2003a). This paper draws attention to the dilemmas and paradoxes which arise from the difficulties of simultaneously satisfying the objectives which were set out in the aftermath of the 2001 general election, and from the trade off solutions and policies actually identified. The most fundamental conflict is between the desire to expand the system and the costs of that expansion. The author also identifies a conflict between institutional diversity and hierarchy and between exclusionism and accessibility. The paper concludes by suggesting that exclusionism is still alive and well under the government of a party that still has ,Labour' in its title. [source] Labour and the Countryside: The Politics of Rural Britain 1918,1939 By Clare V. J. GriffithsHISTORY, Issue 312 2008JIM TOMLINSON No abstract is available for this article. [source] The regulation of health and safety in Britain: from old Labour to new LabourINDUSTRIAL RELATIONS JOURNAL, Issue 1 2000Matthias Beck The Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA 1974), passed twenty-five years ago, has been hailed as a significant advance for organised labour and a model for modern work-place regulation. This article argues that, contrary to conventional interpretations, the making of the Act was dominated by business interests. We suggest that the Act's emphasis on self-regulation and goal-setting made it vulnerable to deregu-latory initiatives, which are unlikely to be reversed by new Labour in the foreseeable future. [source] Utility of regular medical examinations of occupational diversINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 11 2009C. Sames Abstract The utility of regular medical fitness-for-diving examinations of occupational divers is unknown. The aim of this audit was to investigate the impact on the employment of occupational divers of a 5-yearly medical examination and an annual health surveillance questionnaire administered in intervening years. The medical records of all New Zealand occupational divers registered with the Department of Labour for at least 5 years were audited (n= 336). Each record included at least two full medical examinations (mean spacing of 5.6 years). An impact on career was defined as the diver being issued with either a conditional certificate of fitness or being graded as temporarily or permanently unfit for diving. The means by which the relevant medical issue was identified was recorded. Ten (3%) of 336 divers had an assessment outcome, which had a career impact. One was considered permanently unfit, four were temporarily unfit, and five were issued with conditional certification. Two were identified by respiratory function testing and eight by way of their responses to the questionnaire; none was found by the medical interview and examination process. The questionnaire system did not ,miss' any divers who developed a critically important health problem, and detected most of those with less important problems. Five yearly medical examinations have a low detection rate for important health problems, but remain useful for discussion of risk understanding, acceptance and mitigation. [source] Spaces of Work: Global Capitalism and Geographies of Labour , By Noel Castree, Neil Coe, Kevin Ward and Michael SamerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2009Tod D. RutherfordArticle first published online: 6 OCT 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Precarious Work and Economic Migration: Emerging Immigrant Divisions of Labour in Greater London's Service SectorINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009LINDA MCDOWELL The aim of this article is to assess the connections between the continued expansion of forms of insecure work and the impact of rising numbers of economic migrants employed in UK labour markets. It shows how competition between foreign-born workers for jobs in the UK is currently being recast by changes in the jobs available, in forms of precarious labour market attachment and by new patterns of migration into the UK since EU expansion in 2004. The article documents the ways in which migrants with different sets of social characteristics (nationality, gender and skin colour) and different sets of legal entitlements (legal citizenship, EU membership and entitlement to residence) are differentially placed in their competition for some of the poorest jobs in the British economy, drawing on an empirical study of the migrant divisions of labour emerging in two significant sectors in the service industries. It concludes by arguing that new and deeper divisions are emerging between foreign-born workers in the UK. Résumé Cet article vise àévaluer les rapports entre l'essor constant de formes de travail précaire et l'impact des migrants économiques en nombre croissant employés sur les marchés du travail britanniques. La concurrence entre les travailleurs d'origine étrangère pour des emplois au Royaume-Uni subit actuellement une mutation du fait de l'évolution des postes disponibles, sous des formes d'intégration précaire au marché du travail et selon de nouveaux modèles d'immigration depuis l'élargissement de l'UE en 2004. À partir d'une étude empirique sur les divisions du travail qui se dessinent chez les migrants dans deux importants secteurs de l'industrie des services, l'article met en évidence les manières dont les migrants réunissant différentes caractéristiques sociales (nationalité, genre et couleur de peau) et différentes habilitations légales (citoyenneté, ressortissant de l'UE et droit de séjour) se placent différemment dans la compétition pour certains des postes les plus médiocres de l'économie britannique. Il apparaît en conclusion que des divisions nouvelles et plus profondes apparaissent entre les travailleurs d'origine étrangère au Royaume-Uni. 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