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Layout
Kinds of Layout Terms modified by Layout Selected AbstractsScalable, Versatile and Simple Constrained Graph LayoutCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2009Tim Dwyer Abstract We describe a new technique for graph layout subject to constraints. Compared to previous techniques the proposed method is much faster and scalable to much larger graphs. For a graph with n nodes, m edges and c constraints it computes incremental layout in time O(n log n+m+c) per iteration. Also, it supports a much more powerful class of constraint: inequalities or equalities over the Euclidean distance between nodes. We demonstrate the power of this technique by application to a number of diagramming conventions which previous constrained graph layout methods could not support. Further, the constraint-satisfaction method,inspired by recent work in position-based dynamics,is far simpler to implement than previous methods. [source] Artistic Surface Rendering Using Layout of TextCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 2 2002Tatiana Surazhsky An artistic rendering method of free-form surfaces with the aid of half-toned text that is laid-out on the given surface is presented. The layout of the text is computed using symbolic composition of the free-form parametric surface S(u, v) with cubic or linear Bézier curve segments C(t) = {cu (t), cv (t)}, comprising the outline of the text symbols. Once the layout is constructed on the surface, a shading process is applied to the text, affecting the width of the symbols as well as their color, according to some shader function. The shader function depends on the surface orientation and the view direction as well as the color and the direction or position of the light source. [source] New Layout of the Journal and Recent Advances in CE and CEC ApplicationsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 1 2006Ziad El Rassi No abstracts. [source] Virtual Shop Clusters: A New Layout Concept for a Ship Repair and Maintenance FacilityNAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL, Issue 2 2008BRIAN MAYER Organic ship maintenance facilities and depots of the Navy are mostly organized as trade-specific shops rather than by product (or process) families. For example, welders are in the weld shop, machinists are in the machine shop, pipe-fitters are in the pipe shop, etc. There is a belief that this guild-type organizational structure is what enables a repair facility to do almost anything, albeit at the cost of moving product all over the "factory." This skill-based organizational structure is identical to the functional (or department) layout that is preferred by most jobshops in the commercial manufacturing sectors. But, any company that has successfully implemented Lean Thinking has almost always replaced a Functional (or Process Village) Layout by a Cellular Layout. At the Navy's Southeast Regional Maintenance Center (SERMC), a typical repair job must visit multiple shops that pass work back and forth between them. For example, a pipe job may be sent by the pipe shop to the machine shop for re-threading, then routed to the weld shop where it is welded to a frame, after which the welded sub-assembly returns to the pipe shop for inspection and final assembly. Thereby, significant delays and operational wastes occur because people have to walk between the shops, discuss matters at daily production meetings, and e-mail/phone each other to make sure that their schedules match. If activities are not completed as per schedule, the jobs get further delayed because they queue at the shops, waiting to be served. This lack of detailed (and accurate) planning and scheduling, combined with poor schedule visibility and shop floor control, is the curse of the Functional Layout that currently exists at SERMC. This paper will describe a pilot project to assess the feasibility of cellular manufacturing at SERMC. The fundamental hypothesis that was tested is that even in a repair and maintenance facility there could exist several families of repair jobs where jobs grouped into a family require similar combinations of processes, equipment, materials, etc. that can be provided by a small group of shops. In fact, several potential families of repair jobs, and the appropriate cluster of shops for each family of repair jobs, were identified using the Production Flow Analysis and Simplification Toolkit (PFAST) software. Based on these results, it was decided to implement a shop cluster (or focused factory, or repair cell) to complete any repair jobs done by the dive shop. It was recommended that the dive shop be merged with a few other shops, and be provided the necessary tools, cross-trained personnel, equipment, and other support systems to become an autonomous multi-function shop. Simulation using the SimCAD software from CreateAsoft Inc. (http://www.createasof.com) was used to verify the results expected from making the proposed changes. The primary analysis was intended to evaluate the benefits of implementing a focused factory in the dive shop. The secondary analysis was intended to evaluate the advantages of implementing a virtual shop cluster (or focused factory, or repair cell) in any ship repair facility like SERMC. The simulation results showed that implementing either physical cells or virtual cells based on the different families of repair jobs identified by PFAST could improve job turnaround times at any Navy ship repair facility like SERMC. Both the types of delays as well as the time values of these delays differed significantly across the existing and alternative shop configurations that were proposed. [source] Flexible Electronics: Ultrathin Silicon Circuits With Strain-Isolation Layers and Mesh Layouts for High-Performance Electronics on Fabric, Vinyl, Leather, and Paper (Adv. Mater.ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 36 200936/2009) The cover shows a silicon integrated circuit on a paper substrate. The system consists of ultrathin devices electrically and mechanically interconnected with stretchable, serpentine ribbons. A low modulus elastomeric adhesive isolates the circuit from strains associated with bending and folding the paper. This strategy provides a route to high quality electronics on paper, vinyl, leather and other unusual substrates, as reported by John Rogers and co-workers on p. 3703. [source] Ultrathin Silicon Circuits With Strain-Isolation Layers and Mesh Layouts for High-Performance Electronics on Fabric, Vinyl, Leather, and PaperADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 36 2009Dae-Hyeong Kim We present various stretchable high-performance CMOS circuit demonstrations on unconventional substrates, such as fabric, vinyl, leather, and paper. Electronics on such substrates, especially paper, open up new and important application possibilities for electronics. Theoretical analysis reveals the underlying mechanics of these systems; electrical tests under mechanical cycling demonstrate the robustness of the designs. [source] Scalable, Versatile and Simple Constrained Graph LayoutCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2009Tim Dwyer Abstract We describe a new technique for graph layout subject to constraints. Compared to previous techniques the proposed method is much faster and scalable to much larger graphs. For a graph with n nodes, m edges and c constraints it computes incremental layout in time O(n log n+m+c) per iteration. Also, it supports a much more powerful class of constraint: inequalities or equalities over the Euclidean distance between nodes. We demonstrate the power of this technique by application to a number of diagramming conventions which previous constrained graph layout methods could not support. Further, the constraint-satisfaction method,inspired by recent work in position-based dynamics,is far simpler to implement than previous methods. [source] Artistic Surface Rendering Using Layout of TextCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 2 2002Tatiana Surazhsky An artistic rendering method of free-form surfaces with the aid of half-toned text that is laid-out on the given surface is presented. The layout of the text is computed using symbolic composition of the free-form parametric surface S(u, v) with cubic or linear Bézier curve segments C(t) = {cu (t), cv (t)}, comprising the outline of the text symbols. Once the layout is constructed on the surface, a shading process is applied to the text, affecting the width of the symbols as well as their color, according to some shader function. The shader function depends on the surface orientation and the view direction as well as the color and the direction or position of the light source. [source] Scalable Algorithm for Resolving Incorrect Occlusion in Dynamic Augmented Reality Engineering EnvironmentsCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2010Amir H. Behzadan As a result of introducing real-world objects into the visualization, less virtual models have to be deployed to create a realistic visual output that directly translates into less time and effort required to create, render, manipulate, manage, and update three-dimensional (3D) virtual contents (CAD model engineering) of the animated scene. At the same time, using the existing layout of land or plant as the background of visualization significantly alleviates the need to collect data about the surrounding environment prior to creating the final visualization while providing visually convincing representations of the processes being studied. In an AR animation, virtual and real objects must be simultaneously managed and accurately displayed to a user to create a visually convincing illusion of their coexistence and interaction. A critical challenge impeding this objective is the problem of incorrect occlusion that manifests itself when real objects in an AR scene partially or wholly block the view of virtual objects. In the presented research, a new AR occlusion handling system based on depth-sensing algorithms and frame buffer manipulation techniques was designed and implemented. This algorithm is capable of resolving incorrect occlusion occurring in dynamic AR environments in real time using depth-sensing equipment such as laser detection and ranging (LADAR) devices, and can be integrated into any mobile AR platform that allows a user to navigate freely and observe a dynamic AR scene from any vantage position. [source] Automatic Palletizing of Concrete Pavement Blocks: An Algorithm for Near-Optimal AssemblyCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2001Shraga Shoval Palletizing concrete pavement blocks is a labor-intensive task that requires high levels of workmanship, skill, and concentration. This article proposes an automatic system in which palettes with required design patterns are assembled automatically off-site and then shipped to the construction site. The efficiency of the assembly process can be improved by incorporating automatic equipment consisting of assembly heads and feeders. An algorithm was developed to determine the optimal layout of the feeders (of different blocks) around the palette and the exact assembly sequence of each layer of blocks. Experimental results show that the algorithm is near optimal and that the solutions provided by it reduce palletizing cycle time for various patterns and sizes of concrete block by 20 to 30 percent. [source] Three-Dimensional Optimization of Urban Drainage SystemsCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 6 2000A. Freire Diogo A global mathematical model for simultaneously obtaining the optimal layout and design of urban drainage systems for foul sewage and stormwater is presented. The model can handle every kind of network, including parallel storm and foul sewers. It selects the optimal location for pumping systems and outfalls or wastewater treatment plants (defining the natural and artificial drainage basins), and it allows the presence of special structures and existing subsystems for optimal remodeling or expansion. It is possible to identify two basic optimization levels: in the first level, the generation and transformation of general layouts (consisting of forests of trees) until a convergence criterion is reached, and in the second level, the design and evaluation of each forest. The global strategy adopted combines and develops a sequence of optimal design and plan layout subproblems. Dynamic programming is used as a very powerful technique, alongside simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, in this discrete combinatorial optimization problem of huge dimension. [source] Physical foundations, models, and methods of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging of the brain: A reviewCONCEPTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE, Issue 5 2007Ludovico Minati Abstract The foundations and characteristics of models and methods used in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, with particular reference to in vivo brain imaging, are reviewed. The first section introduces Fick's laws, propagators, and the relationship between tissue microstructure and the statistical properties of diffusion of water molecules. The second section introduces the diffusion-weighted signal in terms of diffusion of magnetization (Bloch,Torrey equation) and of spin-bearing particles (cumulant expansion). The third section is dedicated to the rank-2 tensor model, the bb -matrix, and the derivation of indexes of anisotropy and shape. The fourth section introduces diffusion in multiple compartments: Gaussian mixture models, relationship between fiber layout, displacement probability and diffusivity, and effect of the b -value. The fifth section is devoted to higher-order generalizations of the tensor model: singular value decompositions (SVD), representation of angular diffusivity patterns and derivation of generalized anisotropy (GA) and scaled entropy (SE), and modeling of non-Gaussian diffusion by means of series expansion of Fick's laws. The sixth section covers spherical harmonic decomposition (SHD) and determination of fiber orientation by means of spherical deconvolution. The seventh section presents the Fourier relationship between signal and displacement probability (Q -space imaging, QSI, or diffusion-spectrum imaging, DSI), and reconstruction of orientation-distribution functions (ODF) by means of the Funk,Radon transform (Q -ball imaging, QBI). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 30A: 278,307, 2007. [source] Extrapolation of the W7-X Magnet System to Reactor SizeCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 8 2010F. Schauer Abstract The fusion experiment Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), presently under construction at the Greifswald branch institute of IPP, shall demonstrate the reactor potential of a HELIAS stellarator. HELIAS reactors with three, four and five periods have been studied at IPP since many years. With a plasma axis induction of 5 T, corresponding to about 10 T maximal induction at the coil, it was shown that such reactors are feasible. Now the possibility is being investigated to increase the conductor induction up to the 12 T , range, corresponding to > 5.5 T at the plasma axis. This improves the stellarator confinement properties but does not change the basic physics with respect to the previously analyzed machines. In particular the 5periodic HELIAS type, HSR5, is considered which evolves from W7-X by linear scaling of the main dimensions by a factor of four. Recent progress in superconductor technology and the extensive development work performed for ITER are taken into account. The latter is particularly relevant since by coincidence the circumferences of the HSR5 and the ITER toroidal field coils are practically the same. For the presented 12 T reactor version, the HSR50a, also the conductor and structural requirements are comparable to the corresponding ITER specifications. Therefore, advantage can be taken of these similarities for the stellarator reactor magnet design. The input was provided by the new code "MODUCO" which was developed for interactive coil layout. It is based on Bézier curve approximations and includes the computation of magnetic surfaces and forces (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Shaking table model test on Shanghai World Financial Center TowerEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2007Xilin Lu Abstract The height of 101-storey Shanghai World Financial Center Tower is 492m above ground making it possible the tallest building in the world when completed. Three parallel structural systems including mega-frame structure, reinforced concrete and braced steel services core and outrigger trusses, are combined to resist vertical and lateral loads. The building could be classified as a vertically irregular structure due to a number of stiffened and transfer stories in the building. Complexities related to structural system layout are mainly exhibited in the design of services core, mega-diagonals and outrigger trusses. According to Chinese Code, the height 190 m of the building clearly exceeds the stipulated maximum height of for a composite frame/reinforced concrete core building. The aspect ratio of height to width also exceeds the stipulated limit of 7 for seismic design intensity 7. A 1/50 scaled model is made and tested on shaking table under a series of one and two-dimensional base excitations with gradually increasing acceleration amplitudes. This paper presents the dynamic characteristics, the seismic responses and the failure mechanism of the structure. The test results demonstrate that the structural system is a good solution to withstand earthquakes. The inter-storey drift and the overall behaviour meet the requirements of Chinese Design Code. Furthermore, weak positions under seldom-occurred earthquakes of seismic design intensity 8 are found based on the visible damages on the testing model, and some corresponding suggestions are proposed for the engineering design of the structure under extremely strong earthquake. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] System identification of instrumented bridge systemsEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 7 2003Yalin Arici Abstract Several recorded motions for seven bridge systems in California during recent earthquakes were analysed using parametric and non-parametric system identification (SI) methods. The bridges were selected considering the availability of an adequate array of accelerometers and accounting for different structural systems, materials, geometry and soil types. The results of the application of SI methods included identification of modal frequencies and damping ratios. Excellent fits of the recorded motion in the time domain were obtained using parametric methods. The multi-input/single-output SI method was a suitable approach considering the instrumentation layout for these bridges. Use of the constructed linear filters for prediction purposes was also demonstrated for three bridge systems. Reasonable prediction results were obtained considering the various limitations of the procedure. Finally, the study was concluded by identifying the change of the modal frequencies and damping of a particular bridge system in time using recursive filters. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Spatial variability of soil and nutrient characteristics of semi-arid grasslands and shrublands, Jornada Basin, New MexicoECOHYDROLOGY, Issue 1 2008Eva Nora Mueller Abstract Heterogeneity of vegetation and soil properties is characteristic of semi-arid and arid environments. The potential underlying causes of the dynamics that create this spatial variability, with consequent impacts on landscape connectivity and thus ecological and ecohydrological processes, are not clearly understood. An investigation was carried out into the spatial variability of ponded infiltration rate, soil moisture, soil-aggregate stability, vegetation cover, random roughness and nutrient content in the soil (ammonium, nitrate and phosphorus) at grassland and shrubland sites for two spatial scales in the Jornada Basin, in the northern part of the Chihuahua desert. At the plant-interplant scale, statistically significant differences exist between vegetated and non-vegetated sites for soil moisture and infiltration rate within both shrublands and grasslands. The spatial distributions of all other parameters follow a more complex scheme at this scale. At the landscape scale, distinct differences exist for most parameters between the grasslands and the shrubland sites. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the autocorrelation lengths are not simply a function of average shrub sizes, but may be caused by a more complex pattern probably related to the spatial layout of rill and inter-rill areas and other localized transfers of soil resources through the redistribution of water and wind. These results demonstrate the importance of understanding spatial linkages of processes within the landscape in understanding dryland ecosystem dynamics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Emergency Department Orientation Utilizing Web-based Streaming VideoACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 8 2004Swaminatha V. Mahadevan MD Abstract To assure a smooth transition to their new work environment, rotating students and housestaff require detailed orientations to the physical layout and operations of the emergency department. Although such orientations are useful for new staff members, they represent a significant time commitment for the faculty members charged with this task. To address this issue, the authors developed a series of short instructional videos that provide a comprehensive and consistent method of emergency department orientation. The videos are viewed through Web-based streaming technology that allows learners to complete the orientation process from any computer with Internet access before their first shift. This report describes the stepwise process used to produce these videos and discusses the potential benefits of converting to an Internet-based orientation system. [source] A parylene-based dual channel micro-electrophoresis system for rapid mutation detection via heteroduplex analysis,ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 18 2008Sertan Sukas Abstract A new dual channel micro-electrophoresis system for rapid mutation detection based on heteroduplex analysis was designed and implemented. Mutation detection was successfully achieved in a total separation length of 250,,m in less than 3,min for a 590,bp DNA sample harboring a 3,bp mutation causing an amino acid change. Parylene-C was used as the structural material for fabricating the micro-channels as it provides conformal deposition, transparency, biocompatibility, and low background fluorescence without any surface treatment. A new dual channel architecture was derived from the traditional cross-channel layout by forming two identical channels with independent sample loading and waste reservoirs. The control of injected sample volume was accomplished by a new u-turn injection technique with pull-back method. The use of heteroduplex analysis as a mutation detection method on a cross-linked polyacrylamide medium provided accurate mutation detection in an extremely short length and time. The presence of two channels on the microchip offers the opportunity of comparing the sample to be tested with a desired control sample rapidly, which is very critical for the accuracy and reliability of the mutation analyses, especially for clinical and research purposes. [source] Considering safety issues in minimum losses reconfiguration for MV distribution networksEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 5 2009Angelo Campoccia Abstract This paper offers a new perspective over the traditional problem of the multiobjective optimal reconfiguration of electrical distribution systems in regular working state. The issue is indeed here formulated including also safety issues. Indeed, dimensioning the earth electrodes of their own secondary substations, distribution companies take into account the probable future configurations of the network due to transformations of overhead lines into cable lines or realization of new lines. On the contrary, they do not consider that, during normal working conditions, the structure of the network can be modified for long periods as a consequence of reconfiguration manoeuvres, with differences between the design current of the earthing systems and the fault current in certain substations significant. As a consequence, often distribution companies limit the implementation of the optimal reconfiguration layouts because they are unable to suitably evaluate the safety issue. In the paper, the problem is formulated including a further objective in order to account for the safety. A suitable constrained multiobjective formulation of the reconfiguration problem is therefore used aiming at: the minimal power losses operation, the verification of safety at distribution substations, the load balancing among the HV/MV transformers while keeping the voltage profile regular. The application carried out uses an NSGA-II algorithm whose performance is compared to that of a fuzzy logic-based multiobjective evolutionary algorithm. In the considered automated network, the remote control of tie-switches is possible and their layout is the optimization variable. After a brief description of the optimal reconfiguration problem for automated distribution networks, the most recent papers on the topic are reported and commented. Then the problem formulation and the solution algorithm are described in detail. Finally, test results on a large MV distribution network are reported and discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Assessment of the access selection gain in multi-radio access networksEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS, Issue 3 2009Joachim Sachs In this paper, we investigate the capacity gain of access selection in a multi-radio access network with heterogeneous radio access technologies (RATs). We classify the kinds of gain that can be achieved by access selection: statistical multiplexing in the multi-access system leads to a trunking gain, spatial transmission diversity results from the geographic capacity distribution of the cell layout, stochastic transmission diversity exploits the multi-path fading characteristics. We show how these different properties are affected by the cell layout of the different RATs, the characteristics of each RAT and the traffic load distribution in the network. In a simulation environment the system capacity for the combination of two wide-area access technologies, as well as, for the combination of a wide-area and a local-area access technology is investigated. For this, we compare two different access selection algorithms. One uses the radio link quality as an input parameter, while the other also considers the cell load. We derive quantitative figures for the capacity gain in a large number of scenarios and show that load-based access selection can significantly increase the capacity. We show that the gain of an overlay of local-area access cells provides little capacity gain for uniform geographic load distribution, whereas significant gain can be achieved when most users are located at hotspots. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Measurement of the Electric Resistivity of Metals up to and Above the Melting Temperature,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 1-2 2003R. Brandt A device for high-accuracy measurements of electric resistivity is introduced by the authors. Also, a layout for its use in high-temperature experiments presented to record resistivity changes around the melting temperature. A demonstration of the apparatus' precision (performed on steel samples at low temperature, with a deviation of merely 0.5 % from reference date) is given and first high-temperature results are discussed. [source] Genetic differences among the LPS biosynthetic loci of serovars of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira borgpeterseniiFEMS IMMUNOLOGY & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Alejandro de la Peña-Moctezuma Abstract The gene organization in the lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic (rfb) locus was analyzed in seven Leptospira interrogans serovars within serogroup Icterohemorrhagiae, seven non-Icterohemorrhagiae serovars and one Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar. Two groups of loci were delineated based on DNA hybridization and sequence analysis. Group 1 contained the two Hardjo subtypes, Hardjoprajitno and Hardjobovis. Group 2 (containing Copenhageni, Pomona, Naam, Mwogolo, Smithi, Lai, Canicola, Autumnalis, Pyrogenes, Australis and Icterohemorrhagiae) differed from Group 1 in its organization upstream of orf11, where five ORFs (32, 33, 34, 35, 37) were identified that were not contained in the Group 1 loci. These ORFs encoded a putative epimerase (orf32), a glycosyltransferase (orf33), two integral membrane proteins (orfs 34 and 35), and a galactosyltransferase (orf37). Serovars Australis, Pomona and Autumnalis did not contain orf37. Serovar Bataviae was excluded from the grouping because of its unique genetic organization upstream of orf13. In the Group 2 loci, comparison of the genetic layout at the 5, end revealed differences which included mutations disrupting reading frames in either or both orf34 and orf35 and apparent allelic differences between orf33 homologs that may be sufficient to account for the genetic basis of serovar identity. [source] Geostatistical and multi-elemental analysis of soils to interpret land-use history in the Hebrides, ScotlandGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2007J.A. Entwistle In the absence of documentary evidence about settlement form and agricultural practice in northwest Scotland before the mid-18th century, a geoarchaeological approach to reconstructing medieval land use and settlement form is presented here. This study applies multielemental analysis to soils previously collected from a settlement site in the Hebrides and highlights the importance of a detailed knowledge of the local soil environment and the cultural context. Geostatistical methods were used to analyze the spatial variability and distribution of a range of soil properties typically associated with geoarchaeological investigations. Semivariograms were produced to determine the spatial dependence of soil properties, and ordinary kriging was undertaken to produce prediction maps of the spatial distribution of these soil properties and enable interpolation over nonsampled locations in an attempt to more fully elucidate former land-use activity and settlement patterns. The importance of identifying the spatial covariance of elements and the need for several lines of physical and chemical evidence is highlighted. For many townships in the Hebrides, whose precise location and layout prior to extensive land reorganization in the late 18th,early 19th century is not recoverable through plans, multi-elemental analysis of soils can offer a valuable prospective and diagnostic tool. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] PARADES, PUBLIC SPACE, AND PROPAGANDA: THE NAZI CULTURE PARADES IN MUNICHGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2008Joshua Hagen ABSTRACT. As the birthplace of the Nazi Party and the official Capital of the Movement, Munich assumed a high profile within the party's propaganda apparatus. While Berlin became the political and foreign policy centre of Hitler's Reich and Nuremberg the site of massive displays of national power during the annual party rallies, national and local party leaders launched a series of cultural initiatives to showcase Munich as the Capital of German Art. Munich hosted numerous festivals proclaiming a rebirth of German art and culture, as well as the regime's supposedly peaceful intentions for domestic and international audiences. To help achieve these goals, Nazi leaders staged a series of extravagant parades in Munich celebrating German cultural achievements. The parades provided an opportunity for the regime to monopolize Munich's public spaces through performances of its particular vision of German history, culture and national belonging. While such mass public spectacles had obvious propaganda potential, several constraints, most prominently Munich's existing spatial layout, limited the parades' effectiveness. [source] EXPANSION OF GOLF COURSES IN THE UNITED STATES,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 1 2008DARRELL E. NAPTON ABSTRACT. Twenty-five million Americans play golf on the nation's 16,000 courses each year. These golf courses constitute a significant national landscape feature. Since 1878, when the game arrived in the United States, golf has filtered down the urban, economic, and social hierarchies to become accepted by and accessible to most Americans. During the ensuing thirteen decades the number, location, and layout of the nation's golf courses have responded to many of the same driving forces that impacted the nation, including decentralization, growth of the middle class, war, economic depression, suburbanization, and the increasing role of the federal government. Four epochs of golf-course growth and diffusion show the growing acceptance of the sport and depict where courses were most likely to be constructed as a result of the prevailing forces of each epoch. [source] Accounting for velocity anisotropy in seismic traveltime tomography: a case study from the investigation of the foundations of a Byzantine monumental buildingGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 1 2006L. Polymenakos ABSTRACT We estimate velocity anisotropy factors from seismic traveltime tomographic data and apply a correction for anisotropy in the inversion procedure to test possible improvements on the traveltime fit and the quality of the resulting tomographic images. We applied the anisotropy correction on a traveltime data set obtained from the investigation of the foundation structure of a monumental building: a Byzantine church from the 11th century AD, in Athens, Greece. Vertical transverse isotropy is represented by one axis of symmetry and one anisotropy magnitude for the entire tomographic inversion grid. We choose the vertical direction for the symmetry axis by analysing the available data set and taking into account information on the character of the foundations of the church from the literature and past excavations. The anisotropy magnitude is determined by testing a series of values of anisotropy and examining their effect on the tomographic inversion results. The best traveltime fit and image quality are obtained with an anisotropy value (Vmax/Vmin) of 1.6, restricted to the high velocity structures in the subsurface. We believe that this anisotropy value, which is significantly higher than the usual values reported for near-surface geological material, is related to the fabric of the church foundations, due to the shape of the individual stone blocks and the layout of the stonework. Inversion results obtained with the correction for anisotropy indicate that both the traveltime fit and the image quality are improved, providing an enhanced reconstruction of the velocity field, especially for the high-velocity features. Based on this enhanced and more reliable reconstruction of velocity distribution, an improved image of the subsurface material character was made possible. In particular, the pattern and state of the church foundations and possible weak ground material areas were revealed more clearly. This improved subsurface knowledge may assist in a better design of restoration measures for monumental buildings such as Byzantine churches. [source] A numerical comparison of 2D resistivity imaging with 10 electrode arraysGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 5 2004Torleif Dahlin ABSTRACT Numerical simulations are used to compare the resolution and efficiency of 2D resistivity imaging surveys for 10 electrode arrays. The arrays analysed include pole-pole (PP), pole-dipole (PD), half-Wenner (HW), Wenner-, (WN), Schlumberger (SC), dipole-dipole (DD), Wenner-, (WB), ,-array (GM), multiple or moving gradient array (GD) and midpoint-potential-referred measurement (MPR) arrays. Five synthetic geological models, simulating a buried channel, a narrow conductive dike, a narrow resistive dike, dipping blocks and covered waste ponds, were used to examine the surveying efficiency (anomaly effects, signal-to-noise ratios) and the imaging capabilities of these arrays. The responses to variations in the data density and noise sensitivities of these electrode configurations were also investigated using robust (L1 -norm) inversion and smoothness-constrained least-squares (L2 -norm) inversion for the five synthetic models. The results show the following. (i) GM and WN are less contaminated by noise than the other electrode arrays. (ii) The relative anomaly effects for the different arrays vary with the geological models. However, the relatively high anomaly effects of PP, GM and WB surveys do not always give a high-resolution image. PD, DD and GD can yield better resolution images than GM, PP, WN and WB, although they are more susceptible to noise contamination. SC is also a strong candidate but is expected to give more edge effects. (iii) The imaging quality of these arrays is relatively robust with respect to reductions in the data density of a multi-electrode layout within the tested ranges. (iv) The robust inversion generally gives better imaging results than the L2 -norm inversion, especially with noisy data, except for the dipping block structure presented here. (v) GD and MPR are well suited to multichannel surveying and GD may produce images that are comparable to those obtained with DD and PD. Accordingly, the GD, PD, DD and SC arrays are strongly recommended for 2D resistivity imaging, where the final choice will be determined by the expected geology, the purpose of the survey and logistical considerations. [source] Selective Memory: Contesting Architecture and Urbanism at Potsdam's Stadtschloss and Alter MarktGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 4 2010Adam Sharr ABSTRACT This paper is about the curious phenomenon whereby GDR-era modernist buildings in Germany are being demolished and substituted with new buildings which appear older than those they replace. The most famous example is the ,reconstruction' of Berlin's Stadtschloss on the site of the GDR's Palast der Republik. This discussion concerns a lesser-known project: the ,reconstruction' of Potsdam's Stadtschloss. The project involves re-housing the Brandenburg ,Landtag' in a new structure with classical façades which replicate the Prussian palace that formerly stood on the site, and densifying the surrounding district in order to return it to an approximation of the pre-war layout. The Stadtschloss building will be a concrete-framed structure , like the modernist buildings to be demolished , but this time faced with classical decoration in brick and stone. The paper argues that this project displays a strange insecurity about the present and a desire to return to some nostalgic image of the ,olden days', replacing the recent past with a looser image of an older past. It concludes by discussing a polemical counter-proposal which seeks to make current values apparent architecturally as another historical layer in the city fabric. It argues against the selective removal of previous architecture, recommending instead that multiple interpretations and the images of multiple pasts might co-exist simultaneously. Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit einem interessanten Phänomen in Deutschland, nämlich mit dem Abriss moderner Bauten aus DDR-Zeiten und ihrer Ersetzung durch neue Gebäude, die allerdings älter aussehen als die, die sie ersetzen. Das berühmteste Beispiel dafür ist die ,Rekonstruktion' des Berliner Stadtschlosses genau an der Stelle, an der voher der Palast der Republik gestanden hat. Allerdings geht es hier um ein weniger bekanntes Beispiel: um die ,Rekonstruktion' des Potsdamer Stadtschlosses. Zum Projekt gehört sowohl der Umzug des Brandenburger Landtags in ein neues Gebäude, dessen klassische Fassaden dem ehemals an dieser Stelle stehenden preußischen Palast gleichen, als auch die entsprechende architektonische Verdichtung und Angleichung des gesamten umliegenden Bezirks an die Zeit vor den Weltkriegen. Wie die modernen DDR-Gebäude, die es ersetzt, wird das Stadtschloss im Grunde aus einem Betongerüst bestehen, dessen Fassade nun allerdings mit Backsteinen und Stein eingefasst sein wird. Meine These ist, dass dieses Projekt auf eine seltsame Unsicherheit gegenüber der Gegenwart und auf ein nostalgisches Verlangen nach der ,guten alten Zeit' schließen lässt, wobei die jüngste Vergangenheit mit Fassaden aus einer weiter zurückliegenden Geschichte zugedeckt werden soll. Als Schlussfolgerung biete ich einen Gegenentwurf an, der auf den Werten der Gegenwartsgeschichte als einer von vielen Schichten im Gewebe der Stadt besteht. Statt ältere architektonische Merkmale selektiv zu entfernen, befürworte ich eine Stadtplanung, die viele verschiedene Interpretationen und Bilder aus einer komplexen Vergangenheit nebeneinander stehen und zulassen kann. [source] Enhancement of heat transfer in hydrogen storage tank with hydrogen absorbing alloy (optimum fin layout)HEAT TRANSFER - ASIAN RESEARCH (FORMERLY HEAT TRANSFER-JAPANESE RESEARCH), Issue 3 2008Yuichi Mitsutake Abstract Optimization of the fin layout in a metal hydride (MH) bed has been sought to enhance poor heat transmission in a hydrogen storage tank, and to obtain a maximum hydrogen absorption rate with a smaller volume of fins. Two different fin configurations, radial and circular fins, in a vertical cylindrical reactor vessel were tested with a La-Ni-based AB5 type hydrogen storage alloy. A two-dimensional transient heat conduction analysis, coupled with predicted temperature and concentration of absorbed hydrogen in the bed for the exothermic hydride reaction, was used to evaluate enhancement of the hydrogen absorption time. The estimated temperature and concentration agreed within 6 K and 8.5%, respectively, with our experimental results. The effect of thickness and the spacing and shape of fins on the hydrogen absorption time were analytically evaluated, so that the optimum range of the each fin layout was obtained by the trade off between absorption time and reduction in the MH volume due to the volume occupied by fins. The hydrogen absorption time for the recommended layout of circular fins was reduced to approximately one-third of that without fins. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 37(3): 165,183, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20195 [source] Method of calculation of heat transfer coefficient of the heater in a circulating fluidized bed furnaceHEAT TRANSFER - ASIAN RESEARCH (FORMERLY HEAT TRANSFER-JAPANESE RESEARCH), Issue 7 2002J.F. Lu Abstract Knowledge of heat transfer coefficients is important in the design and operation of CFB boilers. It is the key to determining the area and the layout of the heat transfer surfaces in a CFB furnace. Local bulk density has a close relationship to the local heat transfer coefficient. Using a heat flux probe and bulk density sampling probe, the local bed to wall heat transfer coefficient in the furnace of a 75 t/h CFB boiler was measured. According to the experimental results and theoretical analysis of the facts that influence the heat transfer, the heat transfer coefficient calculation method for the CFB furnace was developed. The heat transfer surface configuration, heating condition, and the material density are considered in this method. The calculation method has been used in the design of CFB boilers with a capacity from 130 t/h to 420 t/h. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(7): 540,550, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10056 [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||