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Selected AbstractsResettlement, Rights to Development and the Ilisu Dam, TurkeyDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2004Behrooz Morvaridi A cursory attempt to measure the extent of displacement over the past two decades indicates significant increases in conflict-induced displacement and displacement resulting from development projects. At the same time a growing opposition to the latter form of displacement has raised questions over its legitimacy through a variety of media, including public campaigns and protests. This article focuses on some of the challenges that this presents to the displacement and resettlement discourse. In particular it considers the influences of the rights to development agenda on the spatial context of displacement and its associated economic and political changes. There appears to be a disjuncture between the practices of mainstream development, which tend to interpret development policy as it is defined and applied by a nation state and to assess inequalities within clear geographical definitions, and the universality of a rights based approach to development. This article examines these tensions in the context of displacement and resettlement management, drawing on evidence from a case study of the Ilisu dam in South East Anatolia, Turkey. [source] On cognitive conservation biology: why chickadees leave a patch of woodlandJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Thomas C. Grubb Although not previously emphasized, colonization of habitat patches by cognitive animals involves both decisions bringing an animal to a particular patch and decisions causing the animal to remain in the patch. We focus on the latter form of decision by examining the habitat and landscape correlates of persistence in chickadees (Poecile spp.) that we introduced into small woodlots previously cleared of conspecifics. The birds' decisions to remain were associated importantly with the presence of a canopy layer of large trees, and less so with area of the woodland patch and distance they had been transported from the capture site. The decision to persist was little related to landscape features near the focal habitat patch. The future holds promise for application of principles of cognition to landscape biology. [source] Knowledge and Skills for PISA,Assessing the AssessmentJOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION, Issue 1 2007NINA BONDERUP DOHN This article gives a critique of the methodology of OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). It is argued that PISA is invalidated by the fact that the methodology chosen does not constitute an adequate operationalisation of the question of inquiry. Therefore, contrary to the claims of PISA, PISA is not an assessment of the ,knowledge and skills for life' of students, but only of ,knowledge and skills in assessment situations'. Even this latter form of assessment is not fully reliable, however, because of problems at the level of concrete test items and because of an inherent confusion of relative and absolute evaluation. [source] Homology of fin lepidotrichia in osteichthyan fishesLETHAIA, Issue 1 2005ZERINA JOHANSON Lepidotrichia are dermal elements located at the distal margin of osteichthyan fins. In sarcopterygians and actinopterygians, the term has been used to denote the most distal bony hemisegments and also the more proximal, scale-covered segments which overlie endochondral bones of the fin. In certain sarcopterygian fishes, including the Rhizodontida, these more proximal, basal segments are very long, extending at least half the length of the fin. The basal segments have a subcircular cross section, rather than the crescentic cross section of the distal lepidotrichial hemisegments, which lack a scale cover and comprise short, generally regular, elements. In rhizodonts and other sarcopterygians, e.g. Eusthenopteron, the basal elements are the first to appear during fin development, followed by the endochondral bones and then the distal lepidotrichia. This sequence contradicts the ,clock-face model' of fin development proposed by Thorogood in which the formation of endochondral bones is followed by development of lepidotrichia. However, if elongate basal ,lepidotrichia' are not homologous with more distal, jointed lepidotrichia and if the latter form within a distal fin-fold and the former outside this fold, then Thorogood's ,clock-face' model remains valid. This interpretation might indicate that the fin-fold has been lost in early digited stem-tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega and elongate basal elements, but not true lepidotrichia, occur in the caudal fins of these taxa. [source] Dihydrotestosterone activates the MAPK pathway and modulates maximum isometric force through the EGF receptor in isolated intact mouse skeletal muscle fibresTHE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010M. M. Hamdi It is generally believed that steroid hormones have both genomic and non-genomic (rapid) actions. Although the latter form an important component of the physiological response of these hormones, little is known about the cellular signalling pathway(s) mediating these effects and their physiological functions in adult mammalian skeletal muscle fibres. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the non-genomic actions of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and their physiological role in isolated intact mammalian skeletal muscle fibre bundles. Our results show that treating the fibre bundles with physiological concentrations of DHT increases both twitch and tetanic contractions in fast twitch fibres. However, it decreases them in slow twitch fibres. These changes in force are accompanied by an increase in the phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK1/2 in both fibre types and that of regulatory myosin light chains in fast twitch fibres. Both effects were insensitive to inhibitors of Src kinase, androgen receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor. However, they were abolished by the MAPK/ERK1/2 kinase inhibitor PD98059 and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor inhibitor tyrphostin AG 1478. In contrast, testosterone had no effect on force and increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in slow twitch fibres only. From these results we conclude that sex steroids have non-genomic actions in isolated intact mammalian skeletal muscle fibres. These are mediated through the EGF receptor and one of their main physiological functions is the enhancement of force production in fast twitch skeletal muscle fibres. [source] Purification, crystallization and preliminary characterization of an Eph-B2/ephrin-B2 complexACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D, Issue 3 2002Juha-P. Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands are involved in various aspects of cell,cell communication during development, including those of the axon pathfinding processes in the nervous system and cell,cell interactions of the vascular endothelial cells. The recognition and binding properties of the ligand-binding domain of EphB2 receptor and the extracellular domain of ephrin-B2 have been studied and two different cocrystals of their complex have been generated. One crystal form has space group C2, diffracts to 3.5,Å and has unit-cell parameters a = 128, b = 88, c = 79,Å, , = 112°. The other crystal form grows in space group P1, has unit-cell parameters a = 78, b = 78, c = 78,Å, , = 69, , = 75, , = 69° and diffracts to 2.7,Å. Structure-determination experiments using the latter form are in progress. The structure of the complex will elucidate the chemical nature of the interactions between Eph receptors and ephrins, which would create the possibility of using them as targets for structure-based anticancer-drug development. [source] The prevalence and treatment needs of symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders among young adult malesJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 9 2003N. J. Nassif Summary, A temporomandibular disorder (TMD) screening history and screening examination was performed on 523 young adult males. The screening forms were similar to those TMD forms developed and formulated under the auspices of the American College of Prosthodontists. In turn, the substance of the latter forms was initially derived from the recommendations of the President's TMD Conference of the American Dental Association, with 62 eminent researchers, educators and clinicians as participants. Each subject was given a TMD self-administered screening history form to complete, formatted in a check , the block format. It included all items considered to be classic TMD symptoms. The screening examination was performed extraorally and included (i) range of jaw movement, (ii) digital palpation of selected masticatory muscles and palpation over the pre-auricular temporomandibula joint (TMJ) area and (iii) digital palpation for TMJ sounds during jaw movement. The subjects were categorized into the following four categories: 0 = no symptoms/signs, 1 = insignificant moderate symptoms and/or signs, 2 = significant moderate symptoms and/or signs, and 3 = severe symptoms and/or signs. The overall results showed that 75% of the subjects had TMD symptoms and/or signs. There were 6·9% in category 1, 51·4% in category 2, and 16·7% in category 3. It was recommended that subjects in category 2 and 3 should have a comprehensive TMD evaluation, in order to further identify the recommended need for TMD Therapy. [source] Prenatal diagnosis of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 deficiency in chorionic villi: a novel approachPRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, Issue 11 2003Bernadette Chadefaux Vekemans Abstract Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) deficiency, the most common autosomal recessive inherited disease of the mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) ,-oxidation, may result in three distinct clinical phenotypes, namely, a mild adult muscular form, a severe infantile hepatocardiomuscular disease, and a neonatal form, which includes dysmorphic features in addition to hepatocardiomuscular symptoms. Both the latter forms are life-threatening diseases, and prenatal diagnosis (PND) can be offered to couples at a one-fourth risk of having an affected child. PND of CPT2 deficiency hitherto relied mostly on mutation detection from fresh chorionic villi (10 weeks' gestation), since CPT2 activity could be assayed on cultured amniocytes only (16,17 weeks' gestation). We devised a CPT2 activity assay from 10 mg of chorionic villi sampling (CVS). Combining this enzymatic assay to haplotype study using polymorphic markers linked to the CPT2 gene, we were able to carry out within 2 days, CPT2 deficiency PND, in two unrelated families, using a CVS performed at the 11th week of gestation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||