Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Lacustrine Sediments (lacustrine + sediment)
Selected AbstractsSedimentation History of Neogene Lacustrine Sediments of Su,eo,ka Bela Stena Based on Geochemical Parameters (Valjevo-Mionica Basin, Serbia)ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 6 2008AJNOVI, Aleksandra Abstract: Sediments of the western part of the Valjevo-Mionica basin (Serbia) were examined both geochemically and mineralogically to explain, on the basis of their sedimentological characteristics, the causes of changes in their qualitative and quantitative composition. A total of 62 samples obtained from the drillhole at depths up to 400 m was investigated. Using correlation of the obtained data, six geochemical zones were defined, two of which being specially distinguished by their mineralogical, geochemical and sedimentological characteristics. The first one, upper zone A, consists of banded marlstones interbedded with clay and oil shales and is characterized by presence of analcite and searlesite. These minerals and very high contents of Na2O indicate sedimentation in alkaline conditions with increased salinity in arid climate. That provided pronounced water stratification, as well as higher bioproductivity in the basin and sedimentary organic matter preservation. Therefore, the zone A sediments are characterized by high organic matter contents of the type which provides good potential for production of liquid hydrocarbons. Another specific zone, zone F, contains sediments with very high MgO, K2O and Li concentrations. Their geochemical correlation, as well as almost complete absence of illite in this zone, indicates the presence of interstratified clay mineral type illite-saponite (lithium-bearing Mg-smectite). [source] A record of Lateglacial and early Holocene environmental and ecological change from southwestern Connecticut, USA,JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE, Issue 6 2009W. Wyatt Oswald Abstract Analyses of a sediment core from Highstead Swamp in southwestern Connecticut, USA, reveal Lateglacial and early Holocene ecological and hydrological changes. Lateglacial pollen assemblages are dominated by Picea and Pinus subg. Pinus, and the onset of the Younger Dryas (YD) cold interval is evidenced by higher abundance of Abies and Alnus viridis subsp. crispa. As climate warmed at the end of the YD, Picea and Abies declined and Pinus strobus became the dominant upland tree species. A shift from lacustrine sediment to organic peat at the YD,Holocene boundary suggests that the lake that existed in the basin during the Lateglacial interval developed into a swamp in response to reduced effective moisture. A change in wetland vegetation from Myrica gale to Alnus incana subsp. rugosa and Sphagnum is consistent with this interpretation of environmental changes at the beginning of the Holocene. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The nature of calcareous deposits along pan margins in eastern central NamibiaEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 7 2002Florias MeesArticle first published online: 13 JUN 200 Abstract In a region along the western margin of the Kalahari in eastern Namibia and western Botswana, many pan basins have mainly calcareous deposits along part of their margins. These are typically lined by low vertical scarps. In Namibia, these pans are mainly located in dry river beds. The petrographical study of these deposits demonstrates that they consist of lacustrine sediments that have to a varying extent been affected by early-diagenetic processes and by the formation of late-diagenetic features. The original composition of the deposits ranges from highly calcareous sediments, typically with ostracod, diatom and charophyte remains, to entirely non-calcareous diatomites. The deposits generally show an upward increase in total carbonate content, which is mainly a synsedimentary feature. The early-diagenetic processes that affected the deposits include the formation of orthic siliceous nodules. At a later stage, secondary calcite enrichment occurred, leaving only the silica-impregnated sections unaffected. This enrichment partly accounts for the upward increase in total carbonate content in some profiles and often resulted in the development of a highly calcareous surface horizon. Sepiolite and amorphous silica that are part of the groundmass of the deposits may also partly have formed at this stage. Late-diagenetic features include various forms of secondary calcite and silica. This study of pan basins in eastern central Namibia indicates that a lacustrine rather than purely pedogenic origin should also be considered for calcareous deposits that commonly occur along pan margins in other parts of southern Africa. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Sources for sedimentary bacteriohopanepolyols as revealed by 16S rDNA stratigraphyENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 7 2008Marco J. L. Coolen Summary Bacteriohopanoids are widespread lipid biomarkers in the sedimentary record. Many aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are potential sources of these lipids which sometimes complicates the use of these biomarkers as proxies for ecological and environmental changes. Therefore, we applied preserved 16S ribosomal RNA genes to identify likely Holocene biological sources of bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) in the sulfidic sediments of the permanently stratified postglacial Ace Lake, Antarctica. A suite of intact BHPs were identified, which revealed a variety of structural forms whose composition differed through the sediment core reflecting changes in bacterial populations induced by large changes in lake salinity. Stable isotopic compositions of the hopanols formed from periodic acid-cleaved BHPs, showed that some were substantially depleted in 13C, indicative of their methanotrophic origin. Using sensitive molecular tools, we found that Type I and II methanotrophic bacteria (respectively Methylomonas and Methylocystis) were unique to the oldest lacustrine sediments (> 9400 years BP), but quantification of fossil DNA revealed that the Type I methanotrophs, including methanotrophs related to methanotrophic gill symbionts of deep-sea cold-seep mussels, were the main precursors of the 35-amino BHPs (i.e. aminopentol, -tetrol and -triols). After isolation of the lake ,3000 years ago, one Type I methanotroph of the ,methanotrophic gill symbionts cluster' remained the most obvious source of aminotetrol and -triol. We, furthermore, identified a Synechococcus phylotype related to pelagic freshwater strains in the oldest lacustrine sediments as a putative source of 2-methylbacteriohopanetetrol (2-Me BHT). This combined application of advanced geochemical and paleogenomical tools further refined our knowledge about Holocene biogeochemical processes in Ace Lake. [source] Fossil fruits of Salsola L. s.l. and Halanthium K.Koch (Chenopodiaceae) from Lower Pleistocene lacustrine sediments in Armenia,FEDDES REPERTORIUM, Issue 3-4 2008Janna Akopian Dr. For the first time imprints of fossil fruits of Salsola L. s.l. and Halanthium K.Koch (Chenopodiaceae, Salsoloideae,) are reported from the territory of Armenia, the latter being the first fossil record of the Southwest Asian genus worldwide. They were collected from fluvio-lacustrine diatomite layers of the Lower Pleistocene (Sisian series) in the upper-middle Vorotan river valley recently dated at 1.4,0.935 my (Early Pleistocene). The fossils are described, figured and compared with recent relatives. Due to poor preservation, the identity of the Salsola fruit cannot be specified but the similar genus Kochia can be excluded. The Halanthium fruit seems to differ from those of extant species. Both are also discussed in the context of the very poor fossil Salsoloideae record and of the actual and lower Pleistocene vegetation and environment. The findings of truly semidesert species underline the presence of open landscapes and extremely semiarid to arid conditions. However, stratigraphically more refined analyses are needed to draw conclusions about the former vegetation and the duration of arid periods because most macrofossils reported from the same strata indicate semiarid and even humid environments. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) Fossile Früchte von Salsola L. und Halanthium K.Koch (Chenopodiaceae) aus unterpleistozänen lakustrischen Sedimenten in Armenien Erstmals wird über Funde fossiler Früchte der Gattungen Salsola L. s.l. und Halanthium K.Koch (Chenopodiaceae, Salsoloideae) aus Armenien berichtet. Für die letztere Gattung handelt es sich weltweit um einen Erstfund. Die nur mäßig guten Abdrucke stammen aus fluvio-lakustrischen Diatomiten der Sisian Serie vom oberen Vorotan-Tal, die nach neuesten Datierungen 1,4,0,935 Millionen Jahre alt sind und damit in das Unterpleistozän gehören. Die Fossilien werden beschrieben, abgebildet und mit den nächsten rezenten Verwandten verglichen. Während bei der Salsola -Frucht wegen Beschädigungen vor der Einbettung keine Artbestimmung möglich ist, die Zugehörigkeit zu Kochia aber ausgeschlossen werden kann, stimmt die besser erhaltene Halanthium- Frucht mit keiner rezenten Art überein. Beide Arten werden im Zusammenhang mit dem bisher äußerst spärlichen Fossilbefund und im Hinblick auf ihren möglichen ökologischen und vegetationskundlichen Indikatorwert diskutiert. Die Nachweise dieser Halbwüstenpflanzen sprechen für eine waldfreie Umgebung und ein extremsemiarides oder arides Klima zur Zeit der Einbettung. Die gleichen Schichten enthalten aber vor allem Makrofossilien mesophytischer Gehölze, die an ein semiarides bis humides Klima gebunden sind. Weitergehende Rückschlüsse sind erst dann möglich, wenn eine feinstratigraphische Analyse vorliegt, durch die größere klimatische Fluktuationen nachgewiesen werden könnten. [source] Detailed geomorphological survey of a small mountain drainage area, Abisko, northern Swedish LaplandGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3-4 2002Lena Rubensdotter A thorough geomorphological survey of a small (2km2) drainage area has been conducted using digital magnification of aerial photographs in conjunction with field visits. The result presented is a geomorphological map where individual geomorphological features down to metre size can be identified. The study was done in connection with a project focusing on the relationship between geomorphological processes and lacustrine sedimentation. Good knowledge of the geomorphological setting and the related process activity in the catchment is important in studies using lacustrine sediments as environmental archives. The survey reveals a small,scale geomorphology dominated by a number of different periglacial upfreezing forms together with bedrock,controlled slope processes. Three different geographically separated geomorphological assemblages were recognised with few sediment transportation pathways connecting them. Composition of substrate, soil water content and vegetation cover combined with different slope angles are probably the most important factors controlling the distribution of the geomorphological features. [source] Evidence for two episodes of volcanism in the Bigadiç borate basin and tectonic implications for western TurkeyGEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Issue 5 2005Fuat Erkül Abstract Western Turkey has been dominated by N,S extension since the Early Miocene. The timing and cause of this N,S extension and related basin formation have been the subject of much debate, but new data from the Bigadiç borate basin provide insights that may solve this controversy. The basin is located in the Bornova Flysch Zone, which is thought to have formed as a major NE-trending transform zone during Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene collisional Tethyan orogenesis and later reactivated as a transfer zone of weakness, and which separates two orogenic domains having different structural evolutions. Volcanism in the Bigadiç area is characterized by two rock units that are separated by an angular unconformity. These are: (1) the Kocaiskan volcanites that gives K/Ar ages of 23,Ma, and (2) the Bigadiç volcano-sedimentary succession that yields ages of 20.6 to 17.8,Ma. Both units are unconformably overlain by Upper Miocene-Pliocene continental deposits. The Kocaiskan volcanites are related to the first episode of volcanic activity and comprise thick volcanogenic sedimentary rocks derived from subaerial andesitic intrusions, domes, lava flows and pyroclastic rocks. The second episode of volcanic activity, represented by basaltic to rhyolitic lavas and pyroclastic rocks, accompanied lacustrine,evaporitic sedimentation. Dacitic to rhyolitic volcanic rocks, called the S,nd,rg, volcanites, comprise NE-trending intrusions producing lava flows, ignimbrites, ash-fall deposits and associated volcanogenic sedimentary rocks. Other NE-trending olivine basaltic (Gölcük basalt) and trachyandesitic (Kay,rlar volcanites) intrusions and lava flows were synchronously emplaced into the lacustrine sediments. The intrusions typically display peperitic rocks along their contacts with the sedimentary rocks. It is important to note that the Gölcük basalt described here is the first recorded Early Miocene alkali basalt in western Turkey. The oldest volcanic episode occurred in the NE-trending zone when the region was still experiencing N,S compression. The angular unconformity between the two volcanic episodes marks an abrupt transition from N,S collision-related convergence to N,S extension related to retreat of the Aegean subduction zone to the south along an extensional detachment. Thrust faults with top-to-the-north sense of shear and a series of anticlines and synclines with subvertical NE-striking axial planes observed in the Bigadiç volcano-sedimentary succession suggest that NW,SE compression was reactivated following sedimentation. Geochemical data from the Bigadiç area also support the validity of the extensional regime, which was characterized by a bimodal volcanism related to extrusion of coeval alkaline and calc-alkaline volcanic rocks during the second volcanic episode. The formation of alkaline volcanic rocks dated as 19.7,±,0.4,Ma can be related directly to the onset of the N,S extensional regime in western Turkey. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Geological overview and cratering model for the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Canadian High ArcticMETEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 12 2005Gordon R. Osinski Regional geological mapping has refined the sedimentary target stratigraphy and constrained the thickness of the sedimentary sequence at the time of impact to ,1880 m. New 40Ar,39Ar dates place the impact event at ,39 Ma, in the late Eocene. Haughton has an apparent crater diameter of ,23 km, with an estimated rim (final crater) diameter of ,16 km. The structure lacks a central topographic peak or peak ring, which is unusual for craters of this size. Geological mapping and sampling reveals that a series of different impactites are present at Haughton. The volumetrically dominant crater-fill impact melt breccias contain a calcite-anhydrite-silicate glass groundmass, all of which have been shown to represent impact-generated melt phases. These impactites are, therefore, stratigraphically and genetically equivalent to coherent impact melt rocks present in craters developed in crystalline targets. The crater-fill impactites provided a heat source that drove a post-impact hydrothermal system. During this time, Haughton would have represented a transient, warm, wet microbial oasis. A subsequent episode of erosion, during which time substantial amounts of impactites were removed, was followed by the deposition of intra-crater lacustrine sediments of the Haughton Formation during the Miocene. Present-day intra-crater lakes and ponds preserve a detailed paleoenvironmental record dating back to the last glaciation in the High Arctic. Modern modification of the landscape is dominated by seasonal regional glacial and niveal melting, and local periglacial processes. The impact processing of target materials improved the opportunities for colonization and has provided several present-day habitats suitable for microbial life that otherwise do not exist in the surrounding terrain. [source] Holocene Floral and Faunal Remains Revealed Concealed Neotectonic Disturbance (Saria Tal, Kumaun Himalaya, India)ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 1 2010Asha GUPTA Abstract: Palynological and paleontological investigations supported by the radiocarbon dates of the lacustrine sediments of two profiles from the temperate lake Saria Tal, in Nairn Tal District, Kumaun Himalaya, have revealed the presence of a concealed fold at the region. The profile from bore cores represents the upper part of the Late Holocene and the profile from exposed sections from the Middle Holocene to the over middle part of the Late Holocene. The data generated from different investigations have uniformly indicated that the former profile represents normal superposition, while the latter represents the reverse order. The contemporary pollen as well as moüuscan zones of both profiles are situated at different elevations but consist of similar bioremains , indicating continuation of the same strata in two profiles. The presence of reverse order of superposition, continuation of the same strata in two profiles at different elevations, and the orientation of biozones, have indicated that the revealed folding is of syncline type. The present study has also given an idea about the origin of this lake. [source] Holocene denudation of the northwest sector of Iceland as determined from accumulation of sediments on the continental marginBOREAS, Issue 3 2007JOHN T. ANDREWSArticle first published online: 28 JUN 200 Radiocarbon-dated marine cores, measurements of sediment density and seismic surveys were used to estimate the sediment and mass accumulation rates (m/kyr and kg/m2/kyr) in the troughs from the southwest to north-central Iceland shelf (i.e. northwest sector of Iceland). The 3.5-kHz seismic survey showed varying thicknesses of acoustically transparent sediment in the troughs, whereas the inter-trough banks were largely devoid of sediment. The survey showed a pervasive reflector 1 to , 60 m below the sea floor, which turned out to be Saksunarvatn tephra, dated at 10 180 ± 60 cal. yr BP. The 3.5-kHz analogue data were digitized at 1-min intervals and provided 1645 estimates of maximum sediment thickness and 979 estimates of sediment accumulation over the last 10200 cal. yr BP. Maximum sediment accumulation occurred in the mid-troughs and not, as expected, in the fjords. The median sediment accumulation rate (SAR) based on the core data was 0.23 m/kyr, but was 0.77 m/kyr based on the seismic data: the difference is attributed to coring limitations. Based on the volume of offshore sediment and the contributing terrestrial drainage area, the Holocene denudation of northern Iceland (c. 50 000 km2) is calculated to have been between 0.02 to 0.05 m/kyr, substantially lower that the 1,3 m/kyr derived from the suspended sediment load of rivers from southern Iceland but in agreement with the rate of accumulation of Holocene glacial lacustrine sediments in central Iceland. [source] Subaqueous artesian springs and associated spring pits in a Himalayan pondBOREAS, Issue 2 2003ERICH DRAGANITS Subaqueous, bowl-shaped depressions found in a Himalayan pond formed in an abandoned river channel in the Lingti Valley (Spiti, NW India) are spring pits (Quirke 1930). The occurrence of the spring pits is restricted to the western end of the pond, where coarse-grained, highly permeable alluvial fan material continues below lacustrine mud deposits. The spring pits formed by active vertical discharge of ground water from an underlying artesian alluvial fan aquifer, confined by the overlying fine-grained lacustrine sediments. The aquifer is continuously recharged by down-slope ground-water flow in the alluvial fan. These small artesian springs are comparable with much larger artesian springs described in the literature and a similar mechanism of formation is proposed. Some similarities in their shapes and mechanisms of formation may indicate that spring pits represent small, nearshore examples of pockmarks. The differences of these features, formed by persistent fluidization from short-lived seismic liquefaction processes, are discussed and the utility of the structures for palaeo-environmental and palaeo-ground-water interpretation is evaluated. [source] | ||||||||||||||||