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Another Way (another + way)
Selected AbstractsAnother Way: Enclave Communities for People With Mental IllnessAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2010James M. Mandiberg First page of article [source] Factors influencing Macao nurses' intention to leave current employmentJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 6 2009Moon Fai Chan Aims., To investigate factors associated with nurses' intention to leave current employment in Macao. Background., The shortage of nursing staff and nurses voluntarily leaving their jobs has continued to be a problem affecting the delivery of health care all over the world. One way to alleviate this shortfall is via recruitment, but this is not always successful. Another way is to reduce the rate at which nurses voluntarily leave their work places. Design., A descriptive survey was conducted and data were collected using a self-reported structured questionnaire. Nurses were recruited in the Health Bureau and one private hospital in Macao. The status of nurses' intention to leave current employment (yes vs. no) was the dependent variable and nurses' predisposing characteristics, organisational environments and five components on job satisfaction outcomes were independent variables. Results., Of 426 nurses, 166 (39·0%) indicated an intention to leave current employment. The results showed that age (p < 0·001), work experience (p < 0·001), workplace (p = 0·015) and job satisfaction: pay and benefits (p < 0·001) were significant risk factors to predict nurses' intention to leave current employment. Conclusions., More than one-third of the nurses in Macao indicated an intention to leave current employment. This figure may be a cause of concern for the hospital management and highlights the need to implement strategies to improve the communication between nurses and the organisation, to enhance nurse job satisfaction and commitment to the organisation. Relevance to clinical practice., Our findings outline some issues contributing to this problem and provide the nurse manager with information regarding specific influences on nurses' turnover in Macao. Given the complexity of issues outlined in this analysis, nurse managers should assist their nursing staff to deal with those influences, make efforts to address the nursing shortage that will require additional communications and recognise the needs and values of their staff and empower them to create a better work environment. As a consequence, their commitment to the organisation can be fostered. [source] A reference point approach to coalition gamesJOURNAL OF MULTI CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS, Issue 2-3 2005*Article first published online: 5 JUL 200, Andrzej P. Wierzbicki Abstract One of the basic concepts of the theory of coalition games is the core of the game, together with its various extensions. However, the core is usually a set, a subset of Pareto set. Therefore, all problems of vector optimization and multiple criteria decision support arise when selecting points within a core. One of interactive decision support approaches is the use of reference points and the maximization of corresponding achievement functions. The paper proposes some ways of defining and using reference points that result in equitable allocations. One way of defining such reference points is to use known solutions of coalition games, such as Shapley value or Banzhaf value. Another way of defining such reference points might be an extension of Raiffa,Kalai,Smorodinski solution to coalition games, proposed in the paper. The properties of resulting equitable allocations in the core of the game are examined. The possibility of empty core and allocations in an extended core is also examined and the concept of maximal robustness point is introduced; this point might also be used as a reference point. Possible applications of this extension of the theory of coalition games concern business negotiations. An illustrative example of negotiating a cooperative merger of three or four high-tech firms is given. The basic conclusion from the analysis and the examples presented in the paper is that axiomatic solutions of coalition games, e.g. Shapley and Banzhaf values, should be considered as reference points for vector optimization and multicriteria decision support rather than as normative solutions. Moreover, beside these axiomatic solutions there are several other possible definitions of reference points, such as the Raiffa solution or the maximal robustness point, that might be preferred by negotiators when solving practical coalition games. This has been confirmed by simulated gaming exercises performed by students under a strong motivation to treat simulated game seriously. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Levels of Support from Children in Taiwan: Expectations versus Reality, 1965,99POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 3 2004Albert I. Hermalin Both population aging and the socioeconomic changes that often accompany it have effects on intergenerational arrangements. As a result, assessing the evolving social contract among family members is a key part of the research agenda. Studies monitoring these effects and other consequences are relatively new. Another way to gain insight is through a historical analysis that (a) traces how expectations for old-age support have changed over recent decades for cohorts advancing through their life cycle, and (b) measures how well expectations accord with actual patterns. This article uses a series of fertility surveys in Taiwan from 1965 to the 1990s to trace expectations for coresidence among cohorts of young married women and to compare these expectations with the actual living arrangements observed in surveys of the elderly in the 1990s. The results indicate sharp shifts in expectations for each of the cohorts as they aged. These shifts reflect a response to respondents' own life course events and the changing socioeconomic environment and show large and persistent differentials by education throughout the period. These factors tend to bring expectations into fairly close concordance with the actual living arrangements observed some years later. [source] Education and the Politics of Difference: Iris Young and the politics of educationEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 1 2006Avigail Eisenberg Abstract Three key contributions of Iris Young to democratic political theory, and three challenges that have arisen in response to Young's theory, are examined here in relation to education. First, Young has argued that oppression and domination, not distributive inequality, ought to guide discussions about justice. Second, eliminating oppression requires establishing a politics that welcomes difference by dismantling and reforming structures, processes, concepts and categories that sustain difference-blind, impartial, neutral, universal politics and policies. The infatuation with merit and standardized tests, both of which are central to measuring educational achievement, are chief amongst the targets in need of reform. Third, a politics of difference requires restructuring the division of labour and decision-making so as to include disadvantaged social groups but allow them to contribute without foregoing their particularities. The challenges that have arisen in response to Young's theory are first, that difference is merely another way of getting at inequality of resources or opportunities, and if it is not, then, second, a politics of difference values difference for the sake of difference rather than for the sake of alleviating social disadvantage. Third, in theory and in practice a politics that focuses on difference putatively jeopardizes a politics whose aim is to improve the redistribution of resources. [source] Conceptualising Lifelong Learning: a reflection on lifelong learning at Lund University (Sweden) and Middlesex University (UK)EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, Issue 2 2005ABDULAI ABUKARI Lifelong Learning has in recent years become a fundamental element of many educational policy strategies aimed at achieving the goal of socio-economic development. The role of universities in this is viewed by some as crucial and requires some attention. This article examines the concept of lifelong learning and suggests another way in which it could be conceptualised. It further reflects on how two European universities understand and implement lifelong learning and the implications for European regional educational policies in view of the knowledge society. [source] SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE AND THE EVOLUTION OF MATING SYSTEMSEVOLUTION, Issue 6 2002Hanna Kokko Abstract ., Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been shown to increase the costs of multiple mating and therefore favor relatively monogamous mating strategies. We examine another way in which STDs can influence mating systems in species in which female choice is important. Because more popular males are more likely to become infected, STDs can counteract any selective pressure that generates strong mating skews. We build two models to investigate female mate choice when the sexual behavior of females determines the prevalence of infection in the population. The first model has no explicit social structure. The second model considers the spatial distribution of matings under social monogamy, when females mated to unattractive males seek extrapair fertilizations from attractive males. In both cases, the STD has the potential to drastically reduce the mating skew. However, this reduction does not always happen. If the per contact transmission probability is low, the disease dies out and is of no consequence. In contrast, if the transmission probability is very high, males are likely to be infected regardless of their attractiveness, and mating with the most attractive males imposes again no extra cost for the female. We also show that optimal female responses to the risk of STDs can buffer the prevalence of infection to remain constant, or even decrease, with increasing per contact transmission probabilities. In all cases considered, the feedback between mate choice strategies and STD prevalence creates frequency-dependent fitness benefits for the two alternative female phenotypes considered (choosy vs. randomly mating females or faithful vs. unfaithful females). This maintains mixed evolutionarily stable strategies or polymorphisms in female behavior. In this way, a sexually transmitted disease can stabilize the populationwide proportion of females that mate with the most attractive males or that seek extrapair copulations. [source] A sensitized genetic background reveals evolution near the terminus of the Caenorhabditis germline sex determination pathwayEVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2009Robin Cook Hill SUMMARY Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae are both self-fertile hermaphroditic nematodes that evolved independently from male/female ancestors. In C. elegans, FEM-1, FEM-2, and FEM-3 specify male fates by promoting proteolysis of the male-repressing transcription factor, TRA-1. Phenotypes of tra-1 and fem mutants are consistent with this simple linear model in the soma, but not in the germline. While both XX and XO tra-1(lf) mutants have functional male somas, they produce both sperm and oocytes. Further, all three tra-1; fem double mutants retain the expected male soma, but make only oocytes (the germline fem phenotype). Thus, a poorly characterized tra-1 activity is important for sustained male spermatogenesis, and the fem genes affect germline sexual fate independently of their role in regulating TRA-1. C. briggsae tra-1 mutants are phenotypically identical to their C. elegans counterparts, while the fem mutants differ in the germline: XX and XO C. elegans fem mutants are true females, but in C. briggsae they are self-fertile hermaphrodites. To further explore how C. briggsae hermaphrodites regulate germline sex, we analyzed Cb-tra-1/Cb-fem interactions. Cb-tra-1 is fully epistatic to Cb-fem-2 in the germline, unlike the orthologous C. elegans combination. In contrast, Cb-fem-3 shifts the Cb-tra-1(lf) germline phenotype to that of a nearly normal hermaphrodite in the context of a male somatic gonad. This suggests that Cb-fem-3 is epistatic to Cb-tra-1(lf) (as in C. elegans), and that the normal control of C. briggsae XX spermatogenesis targets Cb-tra-1 -independent factors downstream of Cb-fem-3. The effect of Cb-fem-3(lf) on Cb-tra-1(lf) is not mediated by change in the expression of Cb-fog-3, a likely direct germline target of Cb-tra-1. As Cb-fem-2 and Cb-fem-3 have identical single mutant phenotypes, Cb-tra-1 provides a sensitized background that reveals differences in how they promote male germline development. These results represent another way in which C. briggsae germline sex determination is incongruent with that of the outwardly similar C. elegans. [source] Improvements in Stability and Performance of N,N, -Dialkyl Perylene Diimide-Based n-Type Thin-Film TransistorsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 16 2009Yugeng Wen The stability and performance of N,N, -dioctyl perylene diimide (PDI-C8) and N,N, -ditridecyl perylene diimide (PDI-C13) thin-film transistors (TFTs) are increased using optimized growth rates and sulfur-modified top-contact electrodes. Changing the grain size and the depth of grain boundaries by controlling film growth rate is another way of increasing the air stability of perylene diimides without electron-withdrawing groups. [source] FREE CASH FLOW AND PUBLIC GOVERNANCE: THE CASE OF ALASKAJOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 3 2000Dwight R. Lee In a widely cited 1986 article in the American Economic Review, Michael Jensen gave the concept of free cash flow (FCF) a new twist by redefining it as cash flow in excess of that required to fund all projects with positive net present values. Put another way, FCF represents funds available in the firm that managers may choose to hold as idle cash, return to shareholders, or invest in projects with returns below the firm's cost of capital. In redefining FCF in this way, Jensen converted FCF from a measure of economic income and value into a measure of corporate assets available for discretionary, and potentially value-destroying, use by firm managers. And, as he argued in his important article, managers in mature businesses with substantial free cash flow have a tendency to destroy value by plowing too much capital back into those businesses or, often worse, making ill-advised acquisitions in unrelated businesses. Several methods have been developed in financial markets and internal corporate governance systems to discourage managers from wasting FCF. Better monitoring by boards of directors, large ownership blocks, and properly aligned management compensation contracts are all parts of the solution. And the extraordinary increase in stock repurchases in recent years, invariably applauded by investors, is another illustration of the market's success in encouraging companies to address their free cash flow problems. But if the "FCF problem" of the private sector has attracted considerable attention from finance scholars, the problem is even more acute in the public sector, where FCF can be thought of as tax revenue in excess of what is required to finance well-defined and generally accepted levels of public services. Unlike the private sector, in the public sector there are neither measures nor mechanisms by which to monitor and constrain wasteful spending by elected officials. In this article, the authors attempt to measure the costs to taxpayers of government FCF using the case of Alaska, which since 1969 has received a huge windfall of tax revenue from North Slope oil leases. After examining the state's public finances from 1968 through 1993, the authors offer $25 billion as a conservative estimate of the social losses from Alaska's waste of free cash flow during that 25-year period. [source] Sense of Place in Hanoi's Shop-House: The Influences of Local Belief on Interior ArchitectureJOURNAL OF INTERIOR DESIGN, Issue 1 2010Dinh Quoc Phuong Ph.D. The aim of this article is to seek another way of understanding the interdisciplinary, albeit loosely defined notion of "sense of place" and its manifestation in interior characteristics and design of domestic space in Hanoi. This includes an analysis of one aspect of place identities through material culture, such as those that are reflected in the local system of belief and building rite known as phong thuy,the Vietnamese version of Chinese feng-shui. With a case study research approach,describing and analyzing different types of data collected from a selected case study,this article examines sense of place and phong thuy application in (re)designing a shop-house, the most popular building type in Asian high-density cities like Hanoi. This study helps to explain how sense of place is understood by owner-builders, and how such a view is important to consider when attempting to design and make the home interior a better living place for residents in Hanoi and elsewhere. [source] Mobilizing the Law in China: "Informed Disenchantment" and the Development of Legal ConsciousnessLAW & SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 4 2006Mary E. Gallagher This article critically examines the development of legal consciousness among legal aid plaintiffs in Shanghai. It is based on 16 months of research at a large legal aid center and in-depth interviews with 50 plaintiffs. Chinese legal aid plaintiffs come to the legal process with high expectations about the possibility of protecting their rights; however, they also have only a vague and imprecise knowledge of legal procedure and their actual codified rights. Through this process of legal mobilization, plaintiffs' legal consciousness changes in two separate dimensions: changes in one's feelings of efficacy and competency vis-à-vis the law, and changes in one's perception/evaluation of the legal system. Put another way, the first dimension is "How well can I work the law?" and the second is "How well does the law work?" In this study I observe positive changes in feelings of individual efficacy and competency that are combined with more negative evaluations/perceptions of the legal system in terms of its fairness and effectiveness. The positive feelings of efficacy and voice provided by the legal process encourage labor dispute plaintiffs in the post-dispute period to plan new lawsuits and to help friends and relatives with their legal problems. Disenchantment with the promises of the legal system does not lead to despondency, but to more critical, informed action. This study provides new evidence on the nature of China's developing legal system with a focus on the social response to the state-led "rule of law" project. [source] RESPECTING HUMAN DIGNITY: CONTRACT VERSUS CAPABILITIESMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 3-4 2009CYNTHIA A. STARK Abstract: There appears to be a tension between two commitments in liberalism. The first is that citizens, as rational agents possessing dignity, are owed a justification for principles of justice. The second is that members of society who do not meet the requirements of rational agency are owed justice. These notions conflict because the first commitment is often expressed through the device of the social contract, which seems to confine the scope of justice to rational agents. So, contractarianism seems to ignore the justice claims of the severely cognitively impaired. To solve this problem, Martha Nussbaum proposes the capabilities approach. The justifiability condition, on this approach, is met by the idea of overlapping consensus. This essay argues that overlapping consensus cannot meet liberalism's justifiability condition, nor is it more inclusive of the cognitively impaired. Therefore, we have reason to retain the contract device and look for another way to ensure that liberalism respects the justice claims of all. [source] On the angular momentum transport due to vertical convection in accretion discsMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY: LETTERS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2010Geoffroy Lesur ABSTRACT The mechanism of angular momentum transport in accretion discs has long been debated. Although the magnetorotational instability appears to be a promising process, poorly ionized regions of accretion discs may not undergo this instability. In this Letter, we revisit the possibility of transporting angular momentum by turbulent thermal convection. Using high-resolution spectral methods, we show that strongly turbulent convection can drive outward angular momentum transport at a rate that is, under certain conditions, compatible with observations of discs. We find, however, that the angular momentum transport is always much weaker than the vertical heat transport. These results indicate that convection might be another way to explain global disc evolution, provided that a sufficiently unstable vertical temperature profile can be maintained. [source] Human Genetics Studies: The Case for Group RightsTHE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS, Issue 3 2007Laura S. Underkuffler In this essay, the author focuses on an underlying theoretical issue which she believes seriously affects our collective response to the idea of group rights in the genetic-control context. That issue is to what extent are our responses to claims of group rights hampered by our bringing to the table (consciously or unconsciously) a model which is structured to acknowledge only individual concerns? Put another way, to what extent are our objections to group rights in this context a product of our inability (or refusal) to imagine the idea of group rights, rather than the product of truly substantive concerns? [source] Dead Aid: Why aid is not working and how there is another way for AfricaAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 4 2009Article first published online: 4 AUG 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] GENETIC ENGINEERING TO AVOID GENETIC NEGLECT: FROM CHANCE TO RESPONSIBILITYBIOETHICS, Issue 4 2010JESSICA HAMMOND ABSTRACT Currently our assessment of whether someone is a good parent depends on the environmental inputs (or lack of such inputs) they give their children. But new genetic intervention technologies, to which we may soon have access, mean that how good a parent is will depend also on the genetic inputs they give their children. Each new piece of available technology threatens to open up another way that we can neglect our children. Our obligations to our children and our susceptibilities to corresponding legal and moral sanctions may be about to explosively increase. In this paper I argue that we should treat conventional neglect and ,genetic neglect', failing to use genetic intervention technologies to prevent serious diseases and disabilities , morally consistently. I conclude that in a range of cases parents will have a moral obligation to use genetic treatments to prevent serious disabilities in their children. My particular focus is on prenatal interventions and their impact of the bodily integrity of expectant mothers. I conclude that although bodily integrity constrains moral obligations, it is outweighed in a range of cases. [source] Kupffer cells are obligatory for Plasmodium yoelii sporozoite infection of the liverCELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Kerstin Baer Summary Previous studies suggested Plasmodium sporozoites infect hepatocytes after passing through Kupffer cells, but proof has been elusive. Here we present new information strengthening that hypothesis. We used homozygous op/op mice known to have few Kupffer cells because they lack macrophage colony stimulating factor 1 required for macrophage maturation due to a deactivating point mutation in the osteopetrosis gene. We found these mice to have 77% fewer Kupffer cells and to exhibit reduced clearance of colloidal carbon particles compared with heterozygous phenotypically normal littermates. Using a novel quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for P. yoelii 18S rRNA, we found liver infection of op/op mice to be decreased by 84% compared with controls. However, using another way of limiting Kupffer cells, treatment with liposome-encapsulated clodronate, infection of normal mice was enhanced seven- to 15-fold. This was explained by electron microscopy showing temporary gaps in the sinusoidal cell layer caused by this treatment. Thus, Kupffer cell deficiency in op/op mice decreases sporozoite infection by reducing the number of portals to the liver parenchyma, whereas clodronate increases sporozoite infection by opening portals and providing direct access to hepatocytes. Together these data provide strong support for the hypothesis that Kupffer cells are the portal for sporozoites to hepatocytes and critical for the onset of a malaria infection. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||