Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Karst Springs (karst + spring)
Selected AbstractsSampling Strategies for Volatile Organic Compounds at Three Karst Springs in TennesseeGROUND WATER MONITORING & REMEDIATION, Issue 1 2006Shannon D. Williams The influence of different sampling strategies on characterizing volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and estimating VOC loads was evaluated at three karst springs in Tennessee. During a 6-month period, water samples for VOC analyses were collected weekly at all three springs and as frequently as every 20 min during storms at the two springs with variable water quality conditions. Total 6-month loads for selected VOCs were calculated, and VOC data were systematically subsampled to simulate and evaluate several potential sampling strategies. Results from the study indicate that sampling strategies for karst springs need to be developed on a site-specific basis. The use of fixed sampling intervals (as infrequently as quarterly or semiannually) produced accurate concentration and load estimates at one of the springs; however, additional sampling was needed to detect storm-related changes at a second spring located in a similar hydrogeologic setting. Continuous discharge data and high-frequency or flow-controlled sampling were needed at the third spring, which had the most variable flow and water quality conditions. The lack of continuous discharge data at the third spring would substantially affect load calculations, and the use of fixed sampling intervals would affect load calculations and the ability to detect pulses of high contaminant concentrations that might exceed toxicity levels for aquatic organisms. [source] Characteristics of Underground Water Flow at Different Water Levels in Tianshengan Karst Area, Yunnan, ChinaACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 1 2010Janja KOGOV Abstract: Three tracing tests from the same injection point executed at low, medium, and high water levels in the karst aquifer near Tianshengan village, Lunan Stone Forest, Yunnan Province, China, have revealed the basic properties of underground water flow. They showed the general directions of water flows; tracer concentrations were observed at six successive points allowing for the calculation of apparent dominant flow velocities at these sections towards the Dalongtan karst spring. For the high water level, the discharge between single sections was between two and 10 times greater than that at low water level. For the medium water level, the flow velocity at different sections was between 1.4 and 3.7 times faster than that at low water level; and for high water level, it was between 1.3 and 2.7 times faster than that at medium water level. The fastest water flow appeared at the first section (23 cm/s at medium water level); and the slowest (0.6 cm/s at low water level) appeared where water flow must cross the Tianshengan fault (north-south direction), and later, a layer of 20-30 m thickness of quartz sandstone and shale clay-stones. It was also possible to calculate the recovery of the tracer for point 4, Dakenyan, where discharge was measured. At the medium water level, 50% of the injected tracer was detected a half-day after its first appearance and at low water level after more than 3 days. The previously published research illustrates the transport velocities of possible contaminants and their solubilities in water at different hydrological conditions. [source] Sampling Strategies for Volatile Organic Compounds at Three Karst Springs in TennesseeGROUND WATER MONITORING & REMEDIATION, Issue 1 2006Shannon D. Williams The influence of different sampling strategies on characterizing volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and estimating VOC loads was evaluated at three karst springs in Tennessee. During a 6-month period, water samples for VOC analyses were collected weekly at all three springs and as frequently as every 20 min during storms at the two springs with variable water quality conditions. Total 6-month loads for selected VOCs were calculated, and VOC data were systematically subsampled to simulate and evaluate several potential sampling strategies. Results from the study indicate that sampling strategies for karst springs need to be developed on a site-specific basis. The use of fixed sampling intervals (as infrequently as quarterly or semiannually) produced accurate concentration and load estimates at one of the springs; however, additional sampling was needed to detect storm-related changes at a second spring located in a similar hydrogeologic setting. Continuous discharge data and high-frequency or flow-controlled sampling were needed at the third spring, which had the most variable flow and water quality conditions. The lack of continuous discharge data at the third spring would substantially affect load calculations, and the use of fixed sampling intervals would affect load calculations and the ability to detect pulses of high contaminant concentrations that might exceed toxicity levels for aquatic organisms. [source] The influence of hydroelectrical development on the flow regime of the karstic river CetinaHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 1 2003Ognjen Bonacci Abstract The Cetina River is a typical karst watercourse in the deep and well-developed Dinaric karst. The total length of the Cetina River open streamflow from its spring to the mouth is about 105 km. Estimated mean annual rainfall is 1380 mm. The Cetina catchment is built of Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous carbonate strata. The western part of the catchment by the Cetina River is referred to as the ,direct' or topographic catchment. It was defined based on surface morphologic forms, by connection between mountain chain peaks. This part of the catchment is almost entirely situated in the Republic of Croatia. The eastern part of the catchment is referred to as the ,indirect' catchment, and is mainly situated in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Water from the ,indirect' catchment emerges from the western ,direct' catchment in numerous permanent and temporary karst springs. Since 1960, numerous hydrotechnical works have been carried out on the Cetina River and within its catchment. Five hydroelectric power plants (HEPPs), five reservoirs, and three long tunnels and pipelines have been built. Their operation has significantly altered the natural hydrological regime. The Cetina River is divided into two hydrological reaches. In the 65 km upstream, the hydrological regime was redistributed within the year: low flows had increased and high flows had decreased, although the mean annual discharge remained the same. Part of the Cetina watercourse downstream from the Pran,evi,i Reservoir lost the majority of its flow. The mean annual discharges dropped from 100 m3 s,1 to less than 10 m3 s,1 because of the Zaku,ac HEPP development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Role of Climate and Human Influences in the Dry-Up of the Jinci Springs, China,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 5 2009Yonghong Hao Abstract:, One of the largest karst springs in North China, the Jinci Springs, dried up and has remained dry since 1994. We develop a correlation analysis with time-lag and a regression analysis with time-lag to study the relation between spring flow and precipitation. This allows us to obtain a better understanding of karst hydrological processes by differentiating the contribution of variation in precipitation from anthropogenic impacts on the dry-up of Jinci Springs. We divided the karstic hydrological processes into two phases: pre-1961 and post-1961. In the first phase (i.e., 1954-1960) the groundwater recharge was affected by precipitation alone, and in the second phase (i.e., 1961-1994) the groundwater recharge was influenced by both precipitation and human activities. Using precipitation and groundwater recharge data in the first phase, we set up a groundwater recharge model with time-lags. By running the time-lags model, we acquired the groundwater recharge likely to occur under the sole effect of precipitation in the second phase. Using a water-balance calculation, we conclude that the groundwater recharge exhibited statistical stationarity, and the Jinci Springs dry-up was the result of anthropogenic activities. At least three specific types of anthropogenic activities contributed to the drying-up of Jinci Springs: (1) groundwater pumping accounts for 51%, (2) the dewatering from coal mining accounts for 33%, (3) and dam-building 14%. The drying-up of Jinci Springs meant that the groundwater drained from the aquifer's fractures, and subsequently changed the structure of the karst aquifer. Although groundwater exploitation has been reduced, the flow at Jinci Springs has not reoccurred. [source] | ||||||||||