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Mg/kg Body (kg + body)

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Medical Sciences100%

Terms modified by Mg/kg Body

  • kg body day
  • kg body mass
    		•
  • kg body weight
  • kg body wt
    		•

    Selected Abstracts

    Infliximab regulates lamina propria T lymphocytes in patients with Crohn's disease

    ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2006
    O. WATANABE
    Summary Background and Aims The immune system is a major determinant of the pathophysiological inflammation, which may lead to gastrointestinal mucosal injury in patients with Crohn's disease. Cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha are well-known mediators of the immune system, and treatment with a chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha antibody (infliximab) has been shown to be highly effective in patients with Crohn's disease. Recent evidence indicates that infliximab induces apoptosis in lamina propria T lymphocytes in these patients. To better understand the mechanisms of infliximab's effect on gastrointestinal inflammation, we investigated changes in the serum level of cytokines after treatment in these patients, and the effect of infliximab in inducing the apoptosis of T lymphocytes. Methods Thirteen patients with Crohn's disease were treated with infliximab at a dosage of 5-mg/kg body weight. Clinical response was evaluated using the Crohn's Disease Activity Index, and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 0 and 2 weeks after treatment. Apoptosis of peripheral and lamina propria T lymphocytes after culture with infliximab was detected by flow cytometry. Results Crohn's Disease Activity Index decreased in 12 of 13 patients, and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels decreased in most patients after treatment with infliximab. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha level before treatment in the six patients in whom Crohn's Disease Activity Index decreased by more than 70 was <5 ng/mL. Infliximab induced the apoptosis of lamina propria but not of peripheral T lymphocytes. Conclusion These findings suggest that a low level of serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha is an indicator for infliximab treatment. The induction of apoptosis of lamina propria T lymphocytes by infliximab may be an important mechanism of its anti-inflammatory effect in patients with Crohn's disease. [source]

    Analysis of Heritability of Hormonal Responses to Alcohol in Twins: Beta-Endorphin as a Potential Biomarker of Genetic Risk for Alcoholism

    ALCOHOLISM, Issue 3 2000
    J. C. Froehlich
    Background: Hormonal responses to alcohol have been reported to differ in subjects with and without a family history of alcoholism which suggests that alcohol-induced hormonal changes might be used to identify individuals who are at elevated genetic risk for developing alcoholism. However, before a biological response can be used as a marker of genetic risk for disease, it must first be demonstrated that the response is, in fact, heritable. The present study was designed to determine whether hormonal responses to alcohol are heritable. Methods: The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beta-endorphin (,-E), cortisol (CORT), and prolactin (PRL) responses to alcohol were examined in male and female identical (monozygotic or MZ) and fraternal (dizygotic or DZ) twin pairs. Male subjects consumed 0.35g ethanol/kg body weight (BW) and female consumed 0.325 g ethanol/kg BW in each of two alcohol drinking sessions administered 1 hr apar (total dose of 0.7 g/kg BW in males and 0.65 g/kg BW in females). Plasma hormone content was analyzed in samples collected before (resting conditions) and at 15, 60, 75, 120, 180, and 240 min after onset of drinking. Hormonal responses to alcohol were examined with twin analyses using the TWINAN90 program. A separate analysis was performed for each of the four hormones. A subset of subjects from each zygosity was seen on two separate occasions to establish retest reliability. Heritability of hormonal responses to alcohol was estimated using the intraclass correlation approach before and after removing the contribution of covariates that have the potential of influencing the plasma levels of these hormones. Results: Resting plasma levels of all four hormones were within the expected range, and the ,-E, ACTH, and PRL responses to the alcohol challenge evidenced good test-retest reliability. Of the four hormones examined, the only one that showed significant heritability after alcohol drinking was ,-E. Heritability estimates were not altered for any of the four hormones after removal of the variance contributed by covariates, such as gender and age. Conclusions: Taken together with other recent findings, the results suggest that the ,-E response to alcohol may represent a new biomarker that can be used to identify individuals who are at elevated genetic risk for developing alcoholism. [source]

    Repaglinide treatment amplifies first-phase insulin secretion and high-frequency pulsatile insulin release in Type 2 diabetes

    DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 10 2005
    M. Hollingdal
    Abstract Aims/hypothesis First-phase insulin release and coordinated insulin pulsatility are disturbed in Type 2 diabetes. The present study was undertaken to explore a possible influence of the oral prandial glucose regulator, repaglinide, on first-phase insulin secretion and high-frequency insulin pulsatility in Type 2 diabetes. Methods We examined 10 patients with Type 2 diabetes in a double-blind placebo-controlled, cross-over design. The participants were treated for 6 weeks with either repaglinide [2,9 mg/day (average 5.9 mg)] or placebo in random order. At the end of each treatment period, first-phase insulin secretion was measured. Entrainment of insulin secretion was assessed utilizing 1-min glucose bolus exposure (6 mg/kg body weight every 10 min) for 60 min during (A) baseline conditions, i.e. 12 h after the last repaglinide/placebo administration, and (B) 30 min after an oral dose of 0.5 mg repaglinide/placebo with subsequent application of time-series analyses. Results Postprandial (2-h) blood glucose was significantly reduced by repaglinide after 5 weeks of treatment (P < 0.001). The fall in HbA1c did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.07). AUCins,0,12 min during the first-phase insulin secretion test was enhanced (P < 0.05). In addition, glucose entrained insulin secretory burst mass and amplitude increased markedly (burst mass: repaglinide, 44.4 ± 6.0 pmol/l/pulse vs. placebo, 31.4 ± 3.3 pmol/l/pulse, P < 0.05; burst amplitude: repaglinide, 17.7 ± 2.4 pmol/l/min vs. placebo, 12.6 ± 1.3 pmol/l/min, P < 0.05) while basal insulin (non-pulsatile) secretion was unaltered. After acute repaglinide exposure (0.5 mg) basal insulin secretion increased significantly (P < 0.05). Neither acute nor chronic repaglinide administration influenced frequency or regularity of insulin pulses during entrainment. Conclusion/interpretation Repaglinide augments first-phase insulin secretion as well as high-frequency insulin secretory burst mass and amplitude during glucose entrainment in patients with Type 2 diabetes, while regularity of the insulin release process was unaltered. Diabet. Med. (2005) [source]

    Ribavirin dosage in patients with HCV genotypes 2 and 3 who completed short therapy with peg-interferon ,-2b and ribavirin

    ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 12 2010
    A. MANGIA
    Aliment Pharmacol Ther,31, 1346,1353 Summary Background, The optimal dose of ribavirin to be used in combination with Peg-IFN in patients with HCV genotypes 2 and 3 undergoing short treatment has not been established. Aim, To explore the relationship between starting ribavirin doses, expressed as mg/kg body weight and both rapid viral response at treatment week 4 (RVR) and sustained virological response (SVR) in patients treated for 12,14 weeks with peg-interferon ,-2b and ribavirin. Methods, A post hoc analysis of data collected from two multicenter clinical trials was performed. Multiple regression analyses were employed to identify independent baseline and on-treatment predictors of RVR and SVR. For each dose of ribavirin, the empirical estimated probability of response was computed and the continuous exposure index was dichotomized by using a recursive partitioning and amalgamation method. Results, A nonlinear relationship was ascertained between ribavirin dose and RVR, but not SVR. A dose of 15.2 mg/kg was selected as the best splitting value for discriminating RVR vs. non-RVR. Regression analysis identified low baseline viraemia, genotype 2 and high ribavirin dose as independent prognostic factors for RVR. The likelihood of an SVR was not correlated with baseline ribavirin dose, but was independently predicted by adherence to the full dose throughout treatment and normal platelet counts. Conclusions, Starting high ribavirin doses appears capable of increasing the rate of RVR in patients with HCV genotypes 2 and 3 undergoing short treatment. Maintenance of the full planned dose throughout treatment is essential for achieving optimal SVR rates. [source]

    Secondary effects induced by the colon carcinogen azoxymethane in BDIX rats,

    APMIS, Issue 6 2004
    MORTEN KOBĘK-LARSEN
    Azoxymethane (AOM) is claimed to be a colon-specific carcinogen. In our studies, AOM was administered to adult BDIX/OrlIco rats by four weekly subcutaneous injections of 15 mg/kg body weight each , two periods of 2 weeks of AOM treatment separated by a one-week break. This treatment schedule resulted in colon carcinomas with a high frequency (75,100%) and with a high reproducibility. However, some serious side effects are associated with this carcinogen treatment. In addition to the colorectal tumours, we found small intestinal tumours, hepatic lesions and a high frequency of mesenchymal renal tumours which increased with longer latency periods. The renal tumours were only found in female rats, and this indicates a possible relation to sex hormones. We therefore analyzed both male and female kidneys for the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors by immunohistochemical methods. A positive nuclear reaction for estrogen receptor was present in most tumour cells in all tumours and occasionally in nuclei of entrapped tubular cells, but never in glomeruli. Normal appearing renal tissue from female rats showed no positive reaction, but in male rats a slight nuclear reaction was seen in tubuli in the peripheral part of the medulla. A similar pattern was seen for progesterone receptors, but less pronounced. No rats developed tumours in the external ear canal, which is in contrast to studies performed in other rat strains. This may therefore be strain related. In order to reduce the secondary effects of the induction of colon cancer by AOM, it is advisable to use male rats only and a maximum latency period of 32 weeks. [source]

    Decreased Expression of Bcl-x Protein during Hepatocarcinogenesis Induced Exogenously and Endogenously in Rats

    CANCER SCIENCE, Issue 12 2001
    Yutaka Hatanaka
    Dysregulations of apoptosis have been widely recognized as important events in multi-stage carcinogenesis. Bcl-x, a member of the Bcl-2 family, is known to act as a regulator of apoptosis. The present study was conducted to assess the role of altered Bcl-x protein expression in exogenous and endogenous hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. In the short-term exogenous models, male Fischer 344 rats, 6 weeks old, were given a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, partially hepatectomized at the end of week 3, administered phenobarbital at a concentration of 0.05% from the end of week 2 for 6 weeks, and sacrificed. In the livers, glutathione S-transferase (GST-P)-positive, putative preneoplastic lesions were induced, and Bcl-x protein expression was decreased in 24.7% of such lesions. The incidence of GST-P-positive lesions with decreased Bcl-x increased depending on the size of the lesions; 18.9%, 32.4% and 86.5% in the lesions smaller than 0.03, between 0.03 and 0.3, and larger than 0.3 mm2, respectively. In GST-P-positive lesions larger than 0.3 mm2, both apoptosis induction and cell proliferation activity were enhanced when Bcl-x protein expression was decreased. In the long-term exogenous models, rats were given 10 mg/kg of DEN, partially hepatectomized 4 h after treatment, administered 0.5 mg/kg of colchicine at the end of days 1 and 3, subjected to a selection procedure, and sacrificed at the end of week 45. Hepatocellular carcinomas were induced with the decreased Bcl-x protein expression. In the endogenous model, rats were fed a choline-deficient, l -amino acid-defined diet for 16 or 80 weeks and sacrificed. Bcl-x protein expression was decreased both in GST-P-positive lesions and hepatocellular carcinoma. These results suggest that this decrease of Bcl-x protein might serve as an indicator of the advanced form of preneoplastic lesions, and that this decrease could also be associated with a potential to progress into carcinoma in both exogenous and endogenous hepatocarcinogenesis of rats. [source]