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Japanese Black Cattle (japanese + black_cattle)
Selected AbstractsGenetic parameters for dry matter, energy and protein intake, and their relationships with performance and carcass traits in Japanese Black cattleJOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 1 2009M.A. Hoque Summary Genetic parameters for feed intake and performance traits of 514 bulls and carcass traits of 22 099 of their progeny, and the relationships of measures of feed intake with performance and carcass traits were estimated. Feed intake traits were dry matter intake (DMI), concentrate intake (CONI), roughage intake, ratio of roughage intake to DMI, metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and digestible crude protein intake (DCPI). Performance traits included daily gain, metabolic weight, live weight at the end of test, dry matter conversion ratio and residual feed intake. Progeny carcass traits were carcass weight, percentage of meat yield, rib eye area (REA), subcutaneous fat, marbling score, meat colour (MCS), fat colour (FCS) and meat quality grade. All the feed intake and performance traits were moderately heritable. The heritabilities for REA and MCS were moderate, and that for FCS was low, while those for the other carcass traits were high. Selection against DMI, CONI and DCPI would reduce excessive intake of feed, but would have undesirable effects on growth and most of the carcass traits. Selection against MEI would lead to improvements in feed efficiency and growth traits. Selection against DCPI would also improve feed efficiency; however, responses in growth traits would decrease. Results indicate that selection against MEI might be better than any other measures of feed intake to improve feed efficiency with simultaneous improvement in growth and most of the carcass traits. [source] Variance components due to direct genetic, maternal genetic and permanent environmental effect for growth and feed-efficiency traits in young male Japanese Black cattleJOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 3 2007M. A. Hoque Summary Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated using data recorded on 740 young male Japanese Black cattle during the period from 1971 to 2003. Traits studied were feed intake (FI), feed-conversion ratio (FCR), residual feed intake (RFI), average daily gain (ADG), metabolic body weight (MWT) at the mid-point of the test period and body weight (BWT) at the finish of the test (345 days). Data were analysed using three alternative animal models (direct, direct + maternal environmental, and direct + maternal genetic effects). Comparison of the log likelihood values has shown that the direct genetic effect was significant (p < 0.05) for all traits and that the maternal environmental effects were significant (p < 0.05) for MWT and BWT. The heritability estimates were 0.20 ± 0.12 for FI, 0.14 ± 0.10 for FCR, 0.33 ± 0.14 for RFI, 0.19 ± 0.12 for ADG, 0.30 ± 0.14 for MWT and 0.30 ± 0.13 for BWT. The maternal effects (maternal genetic and maternal environmental) were not important in feed-efficiency traits. The genetic correlation between RFI and ADG was stronger than the corresponding correlation between FCR and ADG. These results provide evidence that RFI should be included for genetic improvement in feed efficiency in Japanese Black breeding programmes. [source] Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Beef Fat by Dynamic-Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined with Gas Chromatography,Mass SpectrometryJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008A. Watanabe ABSTRACT:, A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique has been applied to the determination of the volatile compounds, including diterpenoids and lactones, in cooked beef fat. The ability of static-headspace SPME to extract lactones was disappointing, regardless of the type of SPME fiber or the temperature used. Dynamic-headspace SPME extraction with 50-/30-,m divinylbenzene-Carboxen on a polydimethylsiloxane fiber at 100 °C, by contrast, enabled the analysis of volatiles, including delta-lactones, gamma-lactones, and diterpenoids, with 50-/30-,m divinylbenzene-Carboxen on a polydimethylsiloxane fiber at 100 °C. Fifty-three compounds were identified from only 0.20 g of rendered beef fat, and 76% of these showed reliable peak size repeatability: the coefficient of variation was less than 10% on the total ion chromatograms obtained from gas chromatography,mass spectrometry (GC,MS) analysis. Some lactones showed higher CV values (>10%), but single-ion mode GC,MS analysis reduced them to 10% or less. In a study of beef samples available to the Japanese market, our analytical procedure revealed significantly higher levels of 1-hexanol, octadecane, ethyl tetradecanoate, gamma-nonalactone, but lower levels of delta-decalactone, delta-dodecalactone, and neophytadiene, in Japanese Black cattle than in beef imported from Australia. [source] Endocrine Profiles and Embryo Quality in Japanese Black Cattle Superovulated with Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin and Porcine Follicle Stimulating HormoneREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 2 2001M Sugano Induction of superovulation using human menopausal gonadotriphin (hMG) in Japanese Black cattle can result in the recovery of a higher percentage of high quality embryos compared with that using porcine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In order to clarify the endocrinological mechanism involved in this discrepancy, 30 superovulation sessions of 17 Japanese Black cattle were studied. Fifteen cattle were super-stimulated with hMG (total 600 IU), and the remaining 15 cattle were given FSH (total 20 mg). The plasma profiles of LH, estradiol-17, (E2) and progesterone (P4) were correlated, and the embryo quality was investigated. The total number of ova recovered and the number of transferable embryos tended to be larger in the hMG-treated group than in the FSH-treated group. The percentage of excellent embryos tended to be higher in the hMG-treated group than in the FSH-treated group (54.3 and 28.7%, respectively, p < 0.10). The E2 level increased during the first 3 days after the initial administration of either hMG or FSH and was higher in the hMG-treated group than in the FSH-treated group (p < 0.05). During this period, the E2 level could be categorized into one of the following three types according to whether it increased or decreased and according to the degree of increase or decrease: (1) increase by a factor of 1.2 or more (quick increase type) (2) slight increase by a factor less than 1.2 (slow increase type), and (3) no increase (unstable increase type). In the group treated with hMG, 66.7% of the animals (10 of 15 cattle) showed a quick increase in the E2 level. However, in the FSH-treated group, 40% (six of 15) of the animals showed a slow increase in the E2 level. The plasma LH level increased dramatically 8 h prior to the peak level in both the hMG- and FSH-treated groups, and then it returned to the basal level 12 h later. After the administration of prostaglandin (PG)F2,, the LH peak level was attained within 44 h in 80% of the animals in the hMG-treated group, whereas in the FSH-treated group, the LH peak level tended to be reached later. The P4 level did not increase during the period of hMG or FSH treatment and decreased drastically following administration of PGF2,. After the onset of oestrus, the P4 level was higher in the hMG group than in the FSH group, and 5 to 7 days after oestrus, the level remained higher in the hMG group than in the FSH group (p < 0.05). After the first 3 days of hMG administration, the E2/P4 ratio was higher than that after FSH administration. Furthermore, on the day following PGF2, administration, the ratio was significantly higher in the hMG group than in the FSH group (p < 0.05). These results indicate that superovulation in cattle given hMG results in a significant increase in plasma E2 during the first 3 days and that the increase in the plasma P4 level is larger a few days after oestrus and thereafter compared with FSH-induced superovulation. Therefore, such plasma level profiles may be related to the increased recovery rate of high quality embryos. [source] Differentially expressed genes during bovine intramuscular adipocyte differentiation profiled by serial analysis of gene expressionANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 4 2010Y. Mizoguchi Summary Beef marbling or intramuscular fat deposition is an economically important carcass trait in Japanese Black cattle. To investigate genes involved in intramuscular adipogenesis, differential gene expression during adipogenesis in a clonal bovine intramuscular preadipocyte (BIP) cell line was profiled with serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). We sequenced 75 283 tags for the proliferation phase (day 0) and 81 878 tags for the differentiation phase (4 days after adipogenic stimulation: day 4). A comparison of the unique SAGE tag frequencies between the day 0- and day 4-libraries revealed that 878 (2.8%) of the 30 989 unique putative transcripts were expressed at significantly different levels (P < 0.05); 401 tags (1.4%) were up-regulated and 477 tags (1.2%) were down-regulated in the day 4-library relative to the day 0-library. We confirmed up-regulation of 10 tags of the genes that were up-regulated in the previous subtraction cloning studies in BIP cells [Animal Science Journal, 76 (2005) 479]. Of the 878 differentially expressed tags, 377 were identified in the bovine RefSeq library and 356 were assigned a bovine draft genomic sequence. Fifteen tags were mapped in previously detected beef marbling quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions [Mammalian Genome, 18 (2007) 125]. These genes may be involved in the adipogenic processes of beef marbling. [source] The G allele at the c.-312A>G SNP in the EDG1 gene associated with high marbling in Japanese Black cattle is at a low frequency in breeds not selected for marblingANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 4 2009N. Watanabe No abstract is available for this article. [source] Genetic mapping of a locus associated with bovine chronic interstitial nephritis to chromosome 1ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 2 2000N Kobayashi Chronic interstitial nephritis with diffuse zonal fibrosis (CINF) occurs in Japanese Black cattle (Wagyu) as an autosomal recessive disorder leading to death prior to puberty, first six months or a year of life. We performed a genome-wide scan using microsatellite markers in a Wagyu pedigree segregating for CINF and mapped the CINF locus to bovine chromosome 1. CINF was closest to microsatellites BM9019 and INRA49 (Z score = 12 ·0; P <,3 ·4 × 10,10). [source] Development of SNP markers for individual identification and parentage test in a Japanese Black cattle populationANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2010Kazuhiro HARA ABSTRACT This study describes the development of efficient single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for individual identification and parentage tests in a Japanese Black cattle population. An amplified fragment length polymorphism method was employed to detect informative candidate markers, and yielded 44 SNP markers from 220 primer combinations. 29 unlinked SNPs were finally selected as diagnostic markers. The allelic frequencies for each marker were estimated by using PCR-RFLP in the Japanese Black population. Based on the frequency data, the estimated identity power of these markers was 2.73 × 10,12. Parentage exclusion probabilities, when both suspected parents' genotypes were known and when only one suspected parent was genotyped, were estimated as 0.96929 and 0.99693, respectively. This panel of SNP markers is theoretically sufficient for individual identification, and would also be a powerful tool for a parentage test in Japanese Black cattle. The markers could contribute to the management of the beef industry in Japan. [source] The T allele at the g.1471620G>T in the EDG1 gene associated with high marbling in Japanese Black cattle is at a low frequency in breeds not selected for marblingANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010Naoto WATANABE ABSTRACT Our previous study detected a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), g.1471620G>T, in the 5, flanking region of the endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G-protein-coupled receptor 1 (EDG1) gene, which has been considered as a positional functional candidate for the gene responsible for marbling, and showed association of the g.1471620G>T SNP with marbling in Japanese Black beef cattle. In the present study, we investigated the allele frequency distribution of the g.1471620G>T SNP among the 5 cattle breeds, Japanese Black, Japanese Brown, Japanese Short Horn, Holstein, and Brown Swiss breeds. The T allele at the g.1471620G>T SNP associated with high marbling was found at high frequency in Japanese Black breed that has been subjected to a strong selection for high marbling, while the allele was absent or at very low frequencies in the other breeds that have not been strongly selected for high marbling. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that the pressure of the strong selection for high marbling in Japanese Black breed has increased the frequency of the T allele at the g.1471620G>T SNP in the EDG1. [source] Estimation of breeding values from large-sized routine carcass data in Japanese Black cattle using Bayesian analysisANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009Aisaku ARAKAWA ABSTRACT Volumes of official data sets have been increasing rapidly in the genetic evaluation using the Japanese Black routine carcass field data. Therefore, an alternative approach with smaller memory requirement to the current one using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and the empirical best linear unbiased prediction (EBLUP) is desired. This study applied a Bayesian analysis using Gibbs sampling (GS) to a large data set of the routine carcass field data and practically verified its validity in the estimation of breeding values. A Bayesian analysis like REML-EBLUP was implemented, and the posterior means were calculated using every 10th sample from 90 000 of samples after 10 000 samples discarded. Moment and rank correlations between breeding values estimated by GS and REML-EBLUP were very close to one, and the linear regression coefficients and the intercepts of the GS on the REML-EBLUP estimates were substantially one and zero, respectively, showing a very good agreement between breeding value estimation by the current GS and the REML-EBLUP. The current GS required only one-sixth of the memory space with REML-EBLUP. It is confirmed that the current GS approach with relatively small memory requirement is valid as a genetic evaluation procedure using large routine carcass data. [source] Investigation of Gibbs sampling conditions to estimate variance components from Japanese Black carcass field dataANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009Aisaku ARAKAWA ABSTRACT The genetic evaluation using the carcass field data in Japanese Black cattle has been carried out employing an animal model, implementing the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation of additive genetic and residual variances. Because of rapidly increasing volumes of the official data sets and therefore larger memory spaces required, an alternative approach like the REML estimation could be useful. The purpose of this study was to investigate Gibbs sampling conditions for the single-trait variance component estimation using the carcass field data. As prior distributions, uniform and normal distributions and independent scaled inverted chi-square distributions were used for macro-environmental effects, breeding values, and the variance components, respectively. Using the data sets of different sizes, the influences of Gibbs chain length and thinning interval were investigated, after the burn-in period was determined using the coupling method. As would be expected, the chain lengths had obviously larger effects on the posterior means than those of thinning intervals. The posterior means calculated using every 10th sample from 90 000 of samples after 10 000 samples discarded as burn-in period were all considered to be reasonably comparable to the corresponding estimates by REML. [source] Exclusion of NEU1 and PPGB from candidate genes for a lysosomal storage disease in Japanese Black cattleANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009Ali Akbar MASOUDI ABSTRACT A case of lysosomal storage disease has been reported in a calf of Japanese Black cattle. Lysosomal storage diseases are hereditary diseases caused by deficiency of lysosomal hydrolases. The clinical and pathological features and accumulated substrates of the affected animal indicated a possibility of sialidosis or galactosialidosis caused by deficiency of neuraminidase (NEU1) or protective protein for ,-galactosidase (PPGB). In the present study, we investigated nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding these two proteins to evaluate whether mutation of these genes is involved in this disease. We determined cattle genomic sequences of these two genes by using bovine EST sequences and the nucleotide sequences of all exons of these genes were compared between affected and normal animals. The results showed several nucleotide substitutions, but none of them was a functional mutation or specific to the affected animal. Furthermore, genotyping of the microsatellite markers in the vicinity of these two genes revealed no homozygosity of the chromosomal regions including these genes in the affected animal. These findings indicated that neither NEU1 nor PPGB gene is responsible for the lysosomal storage disease of Japanese Black cattle and therefore the disease is neither sialidosis nor galactosialidosis. [source] Effects of GH gene polymorphism and sex on carcass traits and fatty acid compositions in Japanese Black cattleANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Astrid ARDIYANTI ABSTRACT To investigate the effects of bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene polymorphism on carcass traits and fatty acid compositions in Japanese Black cattle caused by nucleotide substitution of CTG (allele A)/GTG (allele B) at codon 127 and of ACG (allele A and B)/ATG (allele C) at codon 172 of bGH, GH genotypes of 135 cattle were determined using allele specific-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Allele A gave greater rib thickness and lower melting point of fat (MP) while allele B gave higher C18:1% (P < 0.05). Allele C gave higher C18:1, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) percentages (P < 0.05). It also gave lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) percentages, higher MUFA/SFA and USFA/SFA ratios, and lower MP (P < 0.05). Interactions of sex and GH alleles were analyzed. In heifers, allele A gave higher carcass weight, daily carcass gain, rib eye area, rib thickness, subcutaneous fat thickness, and BMS while allele B gave greater rib eye area and rib thickness (P < 0.05). Allele C gave higher C18:1 (P < 0.01), MUFA (P < 0.01), USFA percentages (P < 0.05) and MUFA/SFA and USFA/SFA ratios (P < 0.01), and lower C16:0 and SFA percentages (P < 0.05) and MP (P < 0.01). GH gene polymorphism affected carcass traits and fatty acid compositions although the effects were more pronounced in heifers. [source] Genetic analysis of residual feed intakes and other performance test traits of Japanese Black cattle from revised protocolANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008Takeshi OKANISHI ABSTRACT The performance test protocol for Japanese Black cattle was revised in April 2002. This resulted in restriction of access to concentrate (based on body weight) and modification of the concentrate's ingredients. Genetic parameters of growth and feed utilization traits of the performance test were estimated using 1304 records using the revised protocol. Residual feed intakes (RFIs) as alternative indicators for feed utilization efficiency were included. (Co)variance components were estimated by EM-REML. Heritabilities for growth traits were between 0.26 and 0.47. Heritabilities for feed intakes and conversions ranged from 0.25 to 0.37 and from 0.03 to 0.29, respectively. Genetic variances and heritabilities were lower for the revised protocol. Highly positive genetic correlations of daily gain (DG) with feed intakes indicated selection on DG is expected to increase feed intake. Selection on feed conversion may lead to higher DG. The heritability estimates for RFIs ranged from 0.10 to 0.33 and were generally higher than corresponding estimates for feed conversion ratios. RFI of TDN showed positive genetic correlations with all feed intakes. The reduction of feed intakes could be expected through selection on the RFI without changing body size. RFIs were considered to be alternative indicators to improve feed utilization efficiency under the new performance test. [source] Genetic parameters for gestation length and the relationship with birth weight and carcass traits in Japanese Black cattleANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008Takayuki IBI ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters for gestation length (GL), including estimation of maternal effects, and to investigate the genetic relationships of GL with birth weight and carcass traits in a Japanese Black cattle population. The original data comprised 34 775 records of animals born from October 1999 to August 2003. Two different models were used to analyze the data for GL. The first model (M1) included direct genetic effect of the calf and maternal genetic effect as random effects. The second model (M2) treated GL as a trait of the dam and included direct genetic effects only. M1 was used in bi-variate analysis. The direct and maternal heritabilities for GL estimated from M1 were 0.53 and 0.14, respectively. This result shows that GL is moderately inherited and can be controlled genetically. The direct × maternal genetic correlation for GL was ,0.73. Direct genetic correlations of GL with carcass traits were close to zero. However, genetic correlation of maternal GL with carcass weight was moderate (0.25). [source] Age-related changes in leukocytes and T cell subsets in peripheral blood of Japanese Black cattleANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008Sachi TANAKA ABSTRACT It is well known that the immune system changes with age during development and maturation in Holstein cattle. But age-related changes in leukocytes and T cell subsets in peripheral blood of Japanese Black cattle still remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate comparative changes of leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes, B cells and T cells) and T cell subsets (CD4+, CD8+, ,,, CD8+,, and WC1+,, T cells) in Japanese Black cattle aged 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 18 and 36,41 (adult) months on flow cytometry using specific monoclonal antibodies for the cell surface markers. T cell proportion was approximately 40% in 2-month-old cattle and decreased to 20.6% in adults. In contrast, B cell proportion significantly increased from 7.4% to 28.2% with age. In T cell subsets the percentage of CD4+ T cells significantly increased from 40.5% to 60%, but that of WC1+,, T cell subset significantly decreased with age. The percentages of CD8+ and CD8+,, T cells did not change. The present study details the proportional changes in leukocyte and T cell subsets with age in the peripheral blood of Japanese Black cattle and these findings are similar to those described for Holstein cattle. [source] Estimation of dominance genetic variances for reproductive traits and growth traits of calves in Japanese Black cattleANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2004Takafumi ISHIDA ABSTRACT The dominance genetic effects for reproductive and calf growth abilities in the practical Japanese Black populations were examined using average information (AI) algorithm restricted maximum likelihood (REML) under animal models. The reproductive traits were observed in Japanese Black cattle maintained at Tottori and Okinawa prefectures, and growth traits of calves were observed in cattle at Okinawa. The average of dominance relationships in Tottori ranged from 0.2 to 0.4%, while the level in Okinawa was lower and sparse compared with Tottori. The proportions of the dominance variances to sum of additive and dominance variances () were all 0.02 for reproductive traits in Tottori. In contrast, the proportion was 0.02,0.64 in Okinawa regardless of the level of dominance relationships. These proportions suggested that the dominance might affect the expression of calving interval, days open and gestation length in Okinawa, where breeding units were spread over many islands. Although the dominance variances could not estimate birthweight, w as 0.34 for calf market weight and 0.27 for average daily gain from birth to calf market in Okinawa. These values also suggested that the dominance might affect the early growth of calves. In the near future, genetic relationships will become more complicated with continuation of the current selection and mating systems. Therefore, genetic evaluation accounting for dominance effects would be necessary for particular traits and populations. [source] Histochemical properties of skeletal muscles in Japanese cattle and their meat production abilityANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2003Takafumi GOTOH ABSTRACT The compositional characteristics of the three basic types of myofiber, namely type I (slow-twitch oxidative), type IIA (fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic) and type IIB (fast-twitch glycolytic), are clarified in the skeletal muscles of Japanese Black cattle. The myofiber composition, which is characteristic of the muscles of Japanese Black cattle, markedly changes during their growth, when some type IIA myofibers are transformed into type I or IIB, depending on the different muscles. Independent of these changes with growth, inter- and intramuscular variations of myofiber type distribution is evident. The small extensor muscles in deep regions around bone contain a lot of type I myofibers, whereas the large muscles at surface regions have many type II myofibers. Japanese Black cattle have typical white muscles such as the Longissimus thoracis and Semitendinosus, containing half the myofibers as red (type I + IIA). The muscles of Japanese Black cattle show a tendency to contain a higher percentage of type I myofibers than other breeds over an intrabreed variation of the myofiber type composition. In the big muscles such as the Longissimus thoracis and Biceps femoris, a great diversity of myofiber type composition is observed among the different regions. When fattened, heifers produce Longissimus thoracis and Biceps femoris muscles of smaller weight than steers, but in heifers the myofiber size in each type is rather larger. In the Psoas major, Vastus lateralis and Serratus ventralis muscles, heifers contain a higher frequency of red (type I + IIA) myofibers with no differences in myofiber size. Among the several muscles of fattened Japanese Black steers, the percentage distribution of type I myofibers has a positive correlation with the percentage amount of intramuscular fat. From these results, the high potential of Japanese Black cattle to produce marbled beef could be based on the histochemical properties of myofibers in their skeletal muscles. [source] Chediak-Higashi syndrome mutation and genetic testing in Japanese black cattle (Wagyu)ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 1 2000H Yamakuchi Summary Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects several species including mice, humans, and cattle. Evidence based on clinical characteristics and somatic cell genetics suggests that mutations in a common gene cause CHS in the three species. The CHS locus on human chromosome 1 and mouse chromosome 13 encodes a lysosomal trafficking regulator formerly known as LYST, now known as CHS1, and is defective in CHS patients and beige mice, respectively. We have mapped the CHS locus to the proximal region of bovine chromosome 28 by linkage analysis using microsatellite markers previously mapped to this chromosome. Furthermore, we have identified a missense A:T,G:C mutation that results in replacement of a histidine with an arginine residue at codon 2015 of the CHS1 gene. This mutation is the most likely cause of CHS in Wagyu cattle. In addition, we describe quick, inexpensive, PCR based tests that will permit elimination of the CHS mutation from Wagyu breeding herds. [source] | |||||||||||||