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Japanese Adults (japanese + adult)
Selected AbstractsImpact of history or onset of chronic medical conditions on higher-level functional capacity among older community-dwelling Japanese adultsGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2003Yoshinori Fujiwara Background: Many studies have examined the impact of chronic medical conditions on the age-related decline in basic activities of daily living (BADL) and the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), but less is known concerning the influence of chronic disease on physical, cognitive, social, and economic aspects of higher-level functional capacity. Methods: Subjects comprised 793 and 725 persons aged 65,84 years, living in an urban and a rural Japanese community, respectively. A baseline interview established any history of chronic medical conditions. Four years later, a second interview again assessed chronic disease, and higher-level functional capacity was evaluated using the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology (TMIG) Index of Competence. Results: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that declines in total score and/or any of three subscales of the TMIG Index of Competence were significantly associated with a history of chronic disease, the onset of visual impairment and the development of hearing impairment, even after controlling for the subject's age, gender, educational attainment, and baseline TMIG Index of Competence. Episodes of stroke were significantly associated with declines in IADL. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and heart disease were also significantly associated with a decrease in functional competence, although each affected a different subscale of the TMIG Index of Competence. Conclusions: The present results underline the importance of controlling chronic medical conditions through a physically active lifestyle and an appropriate medical regimen in order to limit the age-related decline in functional capacity. [source] Citrus consumption and cancer incidence: the Ohsaki cohort studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 8 2010Wen-Qing Li Abstract Basic research and case,control studies have suggested that citrus consumption may protect against cancer. However, the protective effect has been observed from few prospective studies. This study investigated the association of citrus consumption with cancer incidence among 42,470 Japanese adults in the Ohsaki National Health Insurance Cohort, which covered an age range of 40,79 years, and was followed up from 1995 to 2003 for all-cancer and individual cancer incidence. Citrus consumption was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. The Cox proportional hazard model was applied to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs. During the 323,204 person-years of follow-up, 3,398 cases were identified totally. Citrus consumption, especially daily consumption, was correlated with reduced all-cancer incidence, the RRs were 0.89 (95% CI = 0.80,0.98) for total participants, 0.86 (0.76,0.98) for males and 0.93 (0.79,1.09) for females, as well as multiple cancers at individual sites, especially pancreatic (RR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.38,1.00) and prostate cancer (RR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41,0.97). Joint effect analysis showed a reduced risk of overall cancer existed only for subjects who consumed ,1 cup green tea/day (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73,0.93) as well as for males (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.71,0.97) or females (RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.68,0.99). These findings suggest that citrus consumption is associated with reduced all-cancer incidence, especially for subjects having simultaneously high green tea consumption. Further work on the specific citrus constituents is warranted, and clinical trials are ultimately necessary to confirm the protective effect. [source] Masticatory ability and functional tooth units in Japanese adultsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 5 2008M. UENO Summary, The purposes of this study were (i) to examine the relationship between the number of natural teeth and the number of functional tooth units in Japanese adults, (ii) to evaluate how functional tooth units relate to subjective masticatory ability and (iii) to determine the minimum number of natural teeth and functional tooth units needed to maintain adequate self-assessed chewing function. A self-administered questionnaire was given and dental examination was conducted for 2164 residents aged 40 to 75 years. Counts were made on the number of functional tooth units of natural teeth (n-functional tooth units), the sum of natural teeth and artificial teeth on implant-supported and fixed prostheses (nif-functional tooth units) and the sum of natural teeth and artificial teeth on implant-supported, fixed and removable prostheses (total-functional tooth units). The average number of natural teeth, n-functional tooth units and nif-functional tooth units decreased with age, but these were often replaced by functional tooth units from artificial teeth on removable prostheses. Total-functional tooth units in 50,59 year old people were slightly lower compared with those in other age groups. Subjects who reported that they could chew every food item on an average had 23·4 total natural teeth, 12·6 posterior natural teeth, 7·6 n-functional tooth units, 8·6 nif-functional tooth units and 10·4 total-functional tooth units, and subjects without chewing difficulties had fewer functional tooth units from removable prostheses. Maintaining 20 and more natural teeth and at least eight nif-functional tooth units is important in reducing the likelihood of self-assessed chewing difficulties. [source] Relationship between smoking status and periodontal conditions: findings from national databases in JapanJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 6 2006M. Ojima Background and Objective:, The association between cigarette smoking and periodontitis was examined employing two nationally representative samples of adults in Japan. Material and Methods:, Data were derived from the Survey of Dental Diseases (SDD) and the National Nutrition Survey (NNS) in 1999. In the SDD, periodontal conditions were evaluated by calibrated dentists utilizing the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), whereas in the NNS, participants were interviewed on the basis of smoking status by enumerators. Among 6805 records electronically linked via a household identification code, 4828 records of individuals aged 20 yr or older were analyzed. Results:, The prevalence of periodontal disease varied significantly by smoking status (p < 0.0001): 39.3%, 49.5% and 47.3% (CPI , 3), and 7.9%, 11.7% and 12.4% (a more severe form of periodontitis, CPI = 4), for nonsmokers, former smokers and current smokers, respectively. In adults aged ,,40 yr (n = 3493), logistic regression models revealed greater probabilities (approximately 1.4 times higher) of periodontitis [CPI , 3, odds ratio = 1.38 (1.12,1.71), p = 0.0024] and a more severe form of periodontitis [odds ratio = 1.40 (1.04,1.89), p = 0.0288] in current smokers compared with nonsmokers, following adjustment for possible confounding factors. Conclusion:, Based on the findings of this study and other numerous reports, cigarette smoking leads to deterioration of periodontal conditions in Japanese adults. [source] Relationship Between Periodontal Status and HbA1c in NondiabeticsJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 3 2009Hideaki Hayashida DDS Abstract Objectives: Many studies have reported an association between diabetes and periodontitis. We analyzed the periodontal status and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level in nondiabetic subjects to investigate the relationship between periodontitis and glucose control in nondiabetics. Methods: Periodontal status, HbA1c, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, body mass index (BMI), and demographic variables were assessed in 141 Japanese adults. The difference in the HbA1c level was evaluated among subjects according to periodontal status. Results: After adjusting for age, gender, BMI, and smoking, alcohol, and exercise habits as covariates, the mean HbA1c was significantly elevated with periodontal deterioration (P = 0.023). Conclusions: There was a significant relationship between periodontal status and HbA1c levels in nondiabetics. [source] Prevention of elderly fallsNURSING & HEALTH SCIENCES, Issue 2 2004Akihiro Fujii Falling is a leading cause of morbidity and immobil-ity in people over 65 years of age in Japan. Many researchers have studied the relationship of physical decline and falls in older adults. However, only a few studies have focused on describing the Japanese living environment and lifestyle as potential risk factors for falls. The purpose of this study is to describe situational factors contributing to falls among community dwelling elderly people in Japan. After analyzing traditional Japanese housing characteristics and daily living behaviors of older Japanese adults, possible interventions to reduce situational fall risk factors are discussed. The results from this study are important as they suggest strategies to prevent falls in community dwelling elderly in Japan as well as providing a foundation for future cross-cultural research. [source] Impact of pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics on the efficacy of pranlukast in Japanese asthmaticsRESPIROLOGY, Issue 6 2009Koichiro ASANO ABSTRACT Background and objective: Wide inter-individual variability in therapeutic effects limits the efficacy of leukotriene (LT) receptor antagonists in the treatment of asthma. We have reported that genetic variability in the expression of LTC4 synthase is associated with responsiveness to pranlukast in Japanese asthmatic patients. However, the effects of pharmacokinetic variability are less well known. This was an analysis of the pharmacokinetics of pranlukast in a population of adult asthmatics, and its effect on clinical responses. Other factors that may be related to the therapeutic effects of pranlukast, including LTC4 synthase gene polymorphisms, were also investigated. Methods: The population pharmacokinetics of pranlukast was analysed in a one-compartment model, using data collected in 50 Japanese adults with moderate to severe asthma, who were treated with pranlukast, 225 mg bd for 4 days. In 32 of these patients, in whom the clinical response to pranlukast (increase in FEV1 after 4 weeks of treatment) was measured in a previous study, a combined pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic analysis was performed. Results: Using the population pharmacokinetic model, the estimated the mean oral clearance (CL/F) of pranlukast was 16.4 L/h, and the inter-individual variability was 30.1%. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that LTC4 synthase polymorphisms, but not the CL/F of the drug, predicted an improvement in pulmonary function with pranlukast treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusions: There was marked inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetics of pranlukast among adult asthmatics, but this had little impact on the clinical effectiveness of the drug. [source] Japanese version of Cutaneous Body Image Scale: Translation and validationTHE JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2009Yuko HIGAKI Abstract Cutaneous body image, defined as the individual's mental perception of the appearance of their skin, hair and nails, is an important psychodermatological element in skin diseases. To measure individuals' cutaneous body image, a practical and accurate instrument is necessary. In this study, we translated the Cutaneous Body Image Scale (CBIS), a 7-item instrument originally created by Gupta et al. in 2004, into Japanese using a forward- and back-translation method and evaluated the reliability and validity of the instrument by psychometric tests. A total of 298 healthy adults (64 men and 234 women, aged 28.9 ± 9.9 years) and 165 dermatology patients (56.7% eczema/dermatitis, 9.8% acne, 7.5% alopecia, 6.9% psoriasis, 19.1% skin tumor/fleck/other) (30 men and 135 women, aged 37.9 ± 15.2 years) responded to the Japanese version of the CBIS. The internal-consistency reliability of the instrument was high (Cronbach's ,, healthy adults 0.88, patients 0.84). The CBIS measure demonstrates good test,retest reliability (healthy adults , = 0.92, P < 0.0001; patients , = 0.79, P < 0.001). Compared to the healthy adults (4.11 ± 1.80), the CBIS scores among dermatology patients (3.18 ± 1.69, P = 0.000) were significantly low. The CBIS scores showed moderate correlation with the "emotions" and "global" scores of Skindex-16 in healthy adults (, = ,0.397 and ,0.373, respectively) and in patients (, = ,0.431 and ,0.38, respectively). A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that an emotional aspect of skin-condition related quality of life was the best predictor of cutaneous body image in both healthy adults and patients (, = ,0.31 and ,0.41, respectively) followed by "body dissatisfaction" (, = ,0.17, and ,0.23, respectively). Adjusted R2 was 0.246 in healthy adults and 0.264 in patients. These were consistent with the results from the original the CBIS. These results suggest that the Japanese version of the CBIS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure the cutaneous body image of Japanese adults and also dermatology patients. [source] Endothelin-1 gene polymorphism and hearing impairment in elderly JapaneseTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 5 2009Yasue Uchida MD Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis: To investigate the association between the Lys198Asn (G/T) polymorphism (rs5370) in the endothelin-1 gene (EDN1) and hearing impairment in middle-aged and elderly Japanese. Study Design: Longitudinal study. Methods: Data were collected from community-dwelling Japanese adults who participated in the Longitudinal Study of Aging biennially between 1997 and 2006. The participants at baseline were 2,231 adults aged 40 years to 79 years. An average hearing threshold level of 25 dB or better in the better ear for frequencies 500 Hz, 1,000 Hz, 2,000 Hz, and 4,000 Hz was defined as no hearing impairment. Using generalized estimating equations to treat repeated observations within subjects, 7,097 cumulative data were analyzed to assess the association between hearing status and the EDN1 G/T polymorphism with adjustment for age, sex, histories of ear disease, occupational noise exposure, heart disease, hypertension, and body mass index under additive, dominant, and recessive genetic models. Results: Comparison with wild-type homozygotes (GG), heterozygotes, and mutant homozygotes (GT/TT) showed a positive association with hearing impairment after adjustment for age in model 1 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02,1.50; P = .033), for age and sex in model 2 (OR = 1.29; CI = 1.06,1.57; P = .0122), and for age, sex, history of ear disease, and history of occupational noise exposure in model 3 (OR = 1.31; CI = 1.07,1.60; P = .0092). The association was also significant in model 3 under the additive model. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that mutant T-allele carriers were associated with a higher risk of hearing impairment than carriers of wild-type homozygotes in middle-aged and elderly people. This result implies that endothelin-1 plays a valuable role in the cochlea. Laryngoscope, 2009 [source] | ||||||||||