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Angiosperm Families (angiosperm + family)
Selected AbstractsPapilio aegeus Donovan (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) host plant range evaluated experimentally on ancient angiospermsAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2007J Mark Scriber Abstract, Chemical similarities among ancient Angiosperms presumably played a role in the ecological and evolutionary diversification of the swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae). The abilities of neonate larvae of the Citrus swallowtail, Papilio (=Princeps) aegeus (from Queensland, Australia), to eat, survive and grow on leaves (a choice of young and old) of 34 plant species from families of ancient Angiosperms; 8 Rutaceae, 3 Magnoliaceae, 13 Lauraceae, 3 Monimiaceae, 1 Aristolochiaceae, 2 Apiaceae, 1 Sapotaceae, 1 Winteraceae and 2 Annonaceae were tested. It was apparent that there is genetic variation in populations of Rutaceae-specialised Australian P. aegeus for acceptance, consumption and larval growth, reflecting differential suitability of some native Australian Lauraceae species as food plants (as well as certain Winteraceae, Monimiaceae and non-Australian Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae and Annonaceae). No consumption or survival of P. aegeus was seen on Aristolochia elegans (Aristolochiaceae) or Pouteria australis (Sapotaceae) despite literature records alluding to this possibility. The Rutaceae specialist P. aegeus appears to have the fundamental detoxification capabilities for processing many existing species of the basal Angiosperm families, without having direct ancestors that historically had fed on them. [source] Sex-specific physiological and growth responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 in Silene latifolia PoiretGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2003XIANZHONG WANG Abstract Dioecy is found in nearly half of the angiosperm families, but little is known about how rising atmospheric CO2 concentration will affect male and female individuals of dioecious species. We examined gender-specific physiological and growth responses of Silene latifolia Poiret, a widespread dioecious species, to a doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration in environmentally controlled growth chambers. Elevated CO2 significantly increased photosynthesis in both male and female plants and by a similar magnitude. Males and females did not differ in net photosynthetic rate, but females had significantly greater biomass production than males, regardless of CO2 concentrations. Vegetative mass increased by 39% in males and in females, whereas reproductive mass increased by 82% in males and 97% in females at elevated CO2. As a result, proportionately more carbon was allocated to reproduction in male and female plants at elevated CO2. Higher CO2 increased individual seed mass significantly, but had no effect on the number or mass of seeds per female plant. Our results demonstrated that rising atmospheric CO2 will alter the allocation patterns in both male and female S. latifolia Poiret plants by shifting proportionally more photosynthate to reproduction. [source] Xylem density, biomechanics and anatomical traits correlate with water stress in 17 evergreen shrub species of the Mediterranean-type climate region of South AfricaJOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2007ANNA L. JACOBSEN Summary 1Climate change in South Africa may threaten the sclerophyllous evergreen shrubs of this region. Available data suggest that they are not as tolerant of water stress as chaparral shrubs occurring in climatically similar California, USA. 2Seventeen species from nine angiosperm families, including both fynbos and succulent karoo species, were studied at a field site in Western Cape Province, South Africa. Minimum seasonal pressure potential (Pmin), xylem specific conductivity (Ks), stem strength against breakage (modulus of rupture, MOR), xylem density, theoretical vessel implosion resistance () and several fibre and vessel anatomical traits were measured. 3Species displayed great variability in Pmin, similar to the range reported for chaparral and karoo shrub species, but in contrast to previous reports for fynbos shrubs. 4More negative Pmin was associated with having greater xylem density, MOR and . There was no relationship between Pmin and traits associated with increased water transport efficiency. 5Xylem density integrates many xylem traits related to water stress tolerance, including Pmin, MOR and , as well as percentage fibre wall, parenchyma, vessel area and fibre lumen diameter. 6Xylem density may be an integral trait for predicting the impact of climate change on evergreen shrubs. [source] Experimental tests of the function of mirror-image flowersBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 2 2005LINLEY K. JESSON Enantiostyly, the reciprocal deflection of the style to the left or right side of the floral axis has evolved independently in at least a dozen angiosperm families. Unlike other plant sexual polymorphisms, the adaptive significance of these mirror-image flowers remains unclear. Most authors have interpreted enantiostyly as a floral mechanism that promotes cross-pollination. However, any functional interpretation is complicated by the fact that enantiostyly occurs in two forms. In monomorphic enantiostyly there are left- and right-styled flowers on the same plant, while in dimorphic enantiostyly they are on separate individuals. In this paper we develop a model of pollen transfer which indicates that monomorphic enantiostyly should reduce geitonogamous pollination compared to a non-enantiostylous condition, and that the lowest levels of geitonogamous pollination should occur in dimorphic enantiostyly. We tested these predictions using floral manipulations of bee-pollinated Solanum rostratum in garden arrays. We compared mating patterns and fertility in five array types: non-enantiostylous and straight-styled, monomorphic enantiostylous, dimorphic enantiostylous, and arrays uniform for either left or right stylar deflection. Outcrossing rates in non-enantiostylous arrays (t = 0.33 ± 0.04) were significantly lower than all other arrays, while monomorphic enantiostylous arrays (t = 0.74 ± 0.06) had significantly lower outcrossing rates than dimorphic enantiostylous arrays (t = 0.88 ± 0.04) and those uniform for stylar deflection (t = 0.84 ± 0.04). In dimorphic enantiostylous arrays, intermorph pollen transfer accounted for 75% of all outcrossing events. In pollen-limited situations, both types of enantiostylous arrays had significantly higher female fertility than arrays fixed for one direction, demonstrating that enantiostyly promotes pollen transfer between flowers of opposite stylar orientation. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that enantiostyly functions to increase the precision of cross-pollination in bee-pollinated plants by reducing geitonogamy. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 85, 167,179. [source] Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, vbcL, and atpB sequencesBOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 4 2000DOUGLAS E. SOLTIS A phylogenetic analysis of a combined data set for 560 angiosperms and seven outgroups based on three genes, 18S rDNA (1855 bp), rbcL (1428 bp), and atpB (1450 bp) representing a total of 4733 bp is presented. Parsimony analysis was expedited by use of a new computer program, the RATCHET. Parsimony jackknifing was performed to assess the support of clades. The combination of three data sets for numerous species has resulted in the most highly resolved and strongly supported topology yet obtained for angiosperms. In contrast to previous analyses based on single genes, much of the spine of the tree and most of the larger clades receive jackknife support 250%. Some of the noneudicots form a grade followed by a strongly supported eudicot clade. The early-branching angiosperms are Amborellaceae, Nymphaeaceae, and a clade of Austrobaileyaceae, Illiciaceae, and Schi-sandraceae. The remaining noneudicots, except Ceratophyllaceae, form a weakly supported core eumagnoliid clade comprising six well-supported subclades: Chloranthaceae, monocots, WinteraceaeICanellaceae, Piperales, Laurales, and Magnoliales. Ceratophyllaceae are sister to the eudicots. Within the well-supported eudicot clade, the early-diverging eudicots (e.g. Proteales, Ranunculales, Trochodendraceae, Sabiaceae) form a grade, followed by the core eudicots, the monophyly of which is also strongly supported. The core eudicots comprise six well-supported subclades: (1) Berberidopsidaceae/Aextoxicaceae; (2) Myrothamnaceae/ Gunneraceae; (3) Saxifragales, which are the sister to Vitaceae (including Leea) plus a strongly supported eurosid clade; (4) Santalales; (5) Caryophyllales, to which Dilleniaceae are sister; and (6) an asterid clade. The relationships among these six subclades of core eudicots do not receive strong support. This large data set has also helped place a number of enigmatic angiosperm families, including Podostemaceae, Aphloiaceae, and Ixerbaceae. This analysis further illustrates the tractability of large data sets and supports a recent, phylogenetically based, ordinal-level reclassification of the angiosperms based largely, but not exclusively, on molecular (DNA sequence) data. [source] Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive frameworkDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 5-6 2004David M. Richardson ABSTRACT We summarize information on naturalized and invasive conifers (class Pinopsida) worldwide (data from 40 countries, some with remote states/territories), and contrast these findings with patterns for other gymnosperms (classes Cycadopsida, Gnetopsida and Ginkgoopsida) and for woody angiosperms. Eighty conifer taxa (79 species and one hybrid; 13% of species) are known to be naturalized, and 36 species (6%) are ,invasive'. This categorization is based on objective and conservative criteria relating to consistency of reproduction, distance of spread from founders, and degree of reliance on propagules from the founder population for persistence in areas well outside the natural range of species. Twenty-eight of the known invasive conifers belong to one family (Pinaceae) and 21 of these are in one genus (Pinus). The Cupressaceae (including Taxodiaceae) has six known invasive species (4%) in four genera, but the other four conifer families have none. There are also no known invasive species in classes Cycadopsida, Gnetopsida or Ginkgoopsida. No angiosperm family comprising predominantly trees and shrubs has proportionally as many invasive species as the Pinaceae. Besides the marked taxonomic bias in favour of Pinaceae, and Pinus in particular, invasiveness in conifers is associated with a syndrome of life-history traits: small seed mass (< 50 mg), short juvenile period (< 10 year), and short intervals between large seed crops. Cryptomeria japonica, Larix decidua, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Pinus strobus, and Pseudotsuga menziesii exemplify this syndrome. Many rare and endangered conifer species exhibit opposite characters. These results are consistent with earlier predictions made using a discriminant function derived from attributes of invasive and noninvasive Pinus species. Informative exceptions are species with small seeds (< 4 mg, e.g. Chamaecyparis spp., Pinus banksiana, Tsuga spp. , mostly limited to wet/mineral substrates) or otherwise ,non-invasive' characters (e.g. large seeds, fleshy fruits, e.g. Araucaria araucana, Pinus pinea, Taxus baccata that are dependent on vertebrates for seed dispersal). Most conifers do not require coevolved mutualists for pollination and seed dispersal. Also, many species can persist in small populations but have the genetic and reproductive capacity to colonize and increase population size rapidly. The underlying mechanisms mediating conifer invasions are thus easier to discern than is the case for most angiosperms. Further information is needed to determine the extent to which propagule pressure (widespread dissemination, abundant plantings, long history of cultivation) can compensate for low ,inherent invasiveness'. [source] Petenaeaceae, a new angiosperm family in Huerteales with a distant relationship to Gerrardina (Gerrardinaceae)BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2010MAARTEN J. M. CHRISTENHUSZ fls Petenaea cordata (from northern Central America) was first described in Elaeocarpaceae and later placed in Tiliaceae, but most authors have been uncertain about its familial affinities. It was considered a taxon incertae sedis in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG III). A recent collection was made in Guatemala, and analysis of both rbcL and atpB in the large Soltis et al. angiosperm matrix, the most completely sampled study published to date, indicated a moderately supported relationship to Tapiscia (Tapisciaceae, the only member of the newly recognized order Huerteales in this matrix; 81% bootstrap support). We then conducted a more restricted analysis using the Bayer et al. rbcL/atpB matrix for Malvales supplemented with the other genera of Huerteales from published studies. Our results indicate a distant, weakly supported sister-group relationship to the African genus Gerrardina (Gerrardinaceae; Huerteales). After comparison of the characters cited in the literature and an examination of herbarium material of both genera, we could find no obvious synapomorphies for Gerrardina and Petenaea or any other relationship of the latter, and we therefore propose the new monogeneric family, Petenaeaceae. The polymorphic order Huerteales now comprises four small families: Dipentodontaceae, Gerrardinaceae, Petenaeaceae and Tapisciaceae. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 164, 16,25. [source] | ||||||||||