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Irreparable Damage (irreparable + damage)
Selected AbstractsThe fall of the English gentleman: the national character in decline, c.1918,1970HISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 187 2002Marcus Collins The figure of the gentleman and his allied qualities of amateurism, sportsmanship and self-control dominated public discussions of Englishness in the half century after the Great War. From 1918 to the mid nineteen-fifties, gentlemanliness enjoyed strong, although by no means unanimous, support among commentators on national character. Subsequently, however, the reputation of the gentleman suffered irreparable damage at the hands of a post-war generation seeking scapegoats for the country's perceived economic, geopolitical and moral decline. This article seeks to explain when and why gentlemanliness lost its reputation as the exemplar of Englishness, and the consequent effects on national culture and identity. [source] The ethics, politics, and realities of maritime archaeology in Southeast AsiaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Michael Flecker There is a constant battle between maritime archaeologists and commercial salvors throughout the world. In many developed countries, the arguments of archaeologists are valid, and their actions fully justify their stance. This is not so in Southeast Asia. In this region, archaeological information is being lost on a massive scale. Co-operation between the two groups, and with regional governments, is essential to prevent more irreparable damage. [source] Initial Crisis Agent-Response Impact Syndrome (ICARIS)JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2006Tobin Hensgen There has been a dramatic shift in attitude among organizations regarding the probabilities of crisis occurring. Once crises were considered the domain of the contingency management team that sought the fastest means to recovery, now the entire organization is compelled to take steps intended to mitigate conditions leading to a crisis. In this paper, the authors consider the organization's ,first responders' i.e., those who become involuntarily placed in the decision making process because they are the first to become aware of the conditions which indicate impending crisis simply because they are ,on scene.' As agents of the organization, these persons will make initial decisions well before the implementation of any formal contingency plan and because their decisions will be based on incomplete assumptions, they are likely to be in error. The impact of these initial crisis-agent responses can cause irreparable damage to the organization, to the individuals within the organization, and to the surrounding environment. This tendency toward error is referred to as the initial crisis-agent response impact syndrome: ICARIS. Exercising a program that prepares all employees for the initial decisions that need to be made at the moment of crisis can mitigate problems related to this issue. [source] Changes to the histological gill structure and haemolymph composition of early blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus juveniles during elevated ammonia-N exposure and the post-exposure recoveryAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 4 2010Nicholas Romano Abstract It is yet unclear whether sub-lethal ammonia-N levels cause irreparable damage to aquatic crustaceans, or if recovery is possible, the potential factors involved. The aim was to investigate the effect of 0.706 and 2.798 mmol L,1 ammonia-N exposure on the haemolymph osmolality, Na+, K+, Ca2+, pH, ammonia-N, total haemocyte counts (THC) and gill histopathology of Portunus pelagicus juveniles at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h respectively. Following 48 h, crabs were transferred to pristine seawater allowing a recovery period up to 96 h and similarly measured. In addition moribund crabs, induced from lethal ammonia-N levels of 7.036 and 10.518 mmol L,1, were measured for haemolymph osmolality/ions and pH levels. The results demonstrate that despite severe gill damage within 6- and 1 h of 0.706 and 2.798 mmol L,1 ammonia-N exposure, respectively, no significant change (P>0.05) in the haemolymph osmolality, Na+, K+, Ca2+ or pH levels occurred or by ammonia-N-induced morbidity. Although the gills can completely recover within 24 and 48 h post exposure to 0.706 and 2.798 mmol L,1 ammonia-N, respectively, likely facilitated by significant haemocyte increases (P<0.05) within the haemolymph and gill lamellae, dependent factors were the previous ammonia-N concentration and recovery duration while individual variability was also noticed. [source] The cell death machinery governed by the p53 tumor suppressor in response to DNA damageCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 4 2010Kiyotsugu Yoshida The cellular response to genotoxic stress that damages DNA includes cell cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair, and in the event of irreparable damage, induction of apoptosis. However, the signals that determine cell fate, that is, survival or apoptosis, are largely unclear. The tumor suppressor p53 has been implicated in many important cellular processes, including regulation of apoptotic cell death. When cells encounter genotoxic stress, certain sensors for DNA lesions eventually stabilize and activate p53. Subsequently, p53 exerts its tumor suppressor function by transactivating numerous target genes. Active p53 is subjected to a complex and diverse array of covalent post-translational modifications, which selectively influence the expression of p53 target genes. In this regard, the molecular basis for how p53 induces apoptosis has been extensively studied; however, the relative contribution of each downstream effecter is still to be explored. Moreover, little is known about precise mechanisms by which modified p53 is capable of apoptosis induction. A thorough understanding for the whole picture of p53 modification in apoptosis will be extremely valuable in the development of highly effective and specific therapies for caner patients. This review is focused on the current views regarding the regulation of cell fate by p53 in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. (Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 831,835) [source] Photothermal antimicrobial nanotherapy and nanodiagnostics with self-assembling carbon nanotube clustersLASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE, Issue 7 2007Jin-Woo Kim PhD Abstract Background and Objectives Unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) would open new avenues for addressing challenges to realize rapid and sensitive antimicrobial diagnostics and therapy for human pathogens. In this study, new CNTs' capabilities for photothermal (PT) antimicrobial nanotherapy were explored in vitro using Escherichia coli as a model bacterium. Study Design/Materials and Methods Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were incubated with E. coli K12 strain. CNTs' locations in bacteria and laser-induced thermal and accompanied effects around CNTs were estimated with TEM and PT microscopy, respectively. Multi-pulse lasers at 532 and 1064 nm with 12-ns pulse duration were used for irradiating sample mixtures at different laser fluences. Cell viability was evaluated using a bacterial viability test kit and epi-fluorescence microscopy. Results This study revealed CNTs' high binding affinity to bacteria, their capability to self-assemble as clusters at bacteria surfaces, and their inherent near-infrared (NIR) laser responsiveness. Cell viability was affected neither by CNTs alone nor by NIR irradiations alone. Notable changes in bacteria viability, caused by local thermal and accompanied bubble-formation phenomena, were observed starting at laser fluences of 0.1,0.5 J/cm2 with complete bacteria disintegration at 2,3 J/cm2 at both wavelengths. Furthermore, ethanol in reaction mixtures significantly (more than one order) enhanced bubble formation phenomena. Conclusion This first application of laser-activated CNTs as PT contrast antimicrobial agents demonstrated its great potential to cause irreparable damages to disease-causing pathogens as well as to detect the pathogens at single bacterium level. This unique integration of laser and nanotechnology may also be used for drinking water treatment, food processing, disinfection of medical instrumentation, and purification of grafts and implants. Furthermore, the significant ethanol-induced enhancement of bubble formation provides another unique possibility to improve the efficiency of selective nanophotothermolysis for treating cancers, wounds, and vascular legions. Lesers Surg. Med. 39:622,634, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||