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Introductory Article (introductory + article)
Selected AbstractsValues and technology assessmentin psychiatryACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 399 2000T. Nilstun Economic resources for health care are limited and they should be distributed as fairly and effectively as possible. But the basis for such a distribution is far from clear. What interests are involved? What kind of provision of care is most efficient? How far should the distribution be left to market solutions? What is the proper role of health care politicians and authorities? In technology assessment a promising combination of value premises and empirical knowledge is used in answering such questions. The aim of this introductory article is to explore issues related to values and value conflicts that have implications for technology assessment. Ethical principles are discussed and related to problematic issues in mental health care such as the absence of psychiatry, the abuse of psychiatry, the definition of mental illness, diagnostic activities, treatment decisions, priority setting as well as research and development. [source] Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies: Where Are We Today and Where Should the Research Go in the FutureENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 1 2008Garry D. Bruton Emerging economies are characterized by an increasing market orientation and an expanding economic foundation. The success of many of these economies is such that they are rapidly becoming major economic forces in the world. Entrepreneurship plays a key role in this economic development. Yet to date, little is known about entrepreneurship in emerging economies. This introductory article to the special issue on entrepreneurship in emerging economies examines the literature that exists to date in this important domain. It then reviews the research that was generated as part of this special issue on this topic. The article concludes with a discussion of the critical future research needs in this area. [source] The Distinctive and Inclusive Domain of Entrepreneurial Cognition ResearchENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 6 2004Ronald K. Mitchell Through mapping both distinctive and inclusive elements within the domain of entrepreneurial cognition research, we accomplish our task in this introductory article to Volume 2 of the Special Issue on Information Processing and Entrepreneurial Cognition: to provide a fitting backdrop that will enhance the articles you will find within. We develop and utilize a "boundaries and exchange" concept to provide a lens through which both distinctive and inclusive aspects of the entrepreneurship domain are employed to frame this special issue. [source] On Professor Takashi Negishi's contributions to economic theoryINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 2 2008Jean-Michel Grandmont B31; D5; D6; E0 Professor Takashi Negishi has made fundamental contributions to economic theory on an extremely broad range of topics. As the editors of this special issue, we feel extremely fortunate that each of us has worked on topics with respect to which Professor Negishi's influences have been particularly large. In this introductory article, each of us will discuss Professor Negishi's influence on the topic we are most familiar with. For the entire spectrum of his research, readers are referred to the list of Professor Negishi's publications presented at the end of this article. [source] The potential power of social policy programmes: income redistribution, economic resources and healthINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 2010Olle Lundberg Lundberg O, Fritzell J, Åberg Yngwe M, Kölegård ML. The potential power of social policy programmes: income redistribution, economic resources and health Int J Soc Welfare 2010: ,,: ,,,,,© 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare. This Supplement includes a number of articles dealing with the role of social policy schemes for public health across the life course. As a key social determinant of health, poverty and its consequences have historically been at the forefront of the public health discussion. But also in rich countries today, economic resources are likely to be important for health and survival, both on an individual and an aggregate level. This introductory article serves as a background for the more specific analyses that follow. The focus is on why income and income inequality could have an effect on individual and population health. We discuss relationships between the individual and population levels and between income and health, and some of the possible mechanisms involved. We also present arguments for why welfare state institutions may matter. [source] Plural Cities and Ethnic Enclaves: Introducing a Measurement Procedure for Comparative StudyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2002Michael Poulsen World cities attract two major streams of migrants , those who occupy the upper levels of their occupational hierarchies (the ,globalized professionals') on the one hand and marginalized, low,skill workers on the other. These two groups are often of different ethnic status, and it is argued that multicultural world cities are thus fractured in both their labour and housing markets along ethnic as well as economic lines. There has been little formal testing of these ideas, however. In this introductory article we introduce a method that can be used for comparative studies of residential fragmentation , an index of residential concentration , and apply it to three cities which have experienced rapid, multiethnic immigration in recent decades (New York, Sydney and Auckland). The patterns displayed indicate much greater fragmentation in New York than in the other two cities, suggesting that the ,conventional wisdom' regarding ethnic residential patterns may over,emphasize ,American exceptionalism'. Les villes mondiales attirent deux grands flux de migrants: ceux qui occupent les niveaux supérieurs de leurs hiérarchies professionnelles (les ,experts mondialisés') d'une part, et les travailleurs peu qualifiés et marginalisés, de l'autre; ces deux groupes sont souvent de statut ethnique différent. De ce fait, ces grandes villes multiculturelles subissent, dit,on, une fracture de leurs marchés du travail et du logement selon des critères à la fois ethniques et économiques , affirmations qui ont rarement été mises à l'épreuve. Cet article introductif présente une méthode utilisable dans des études comparatives de fragmentation résidentielle , indice de concentration résidentielle , en l'appliquant à trois villes ayant connu une rapide immigration multiethnique au cours des dernières décennies (New York, Sydney et Auckland). Les modèles obtenus indiquent une fragmentation bien plus importante à New York que dans les deux autres villes, suggérant que la ,croyance populaire'à l'égard des schémas résidentiels ethniques surestime peut,être ,l'exception américaine'. [source] The Theory and Practice of Economic Governance in EMU Revisited: What Have we Learnt About Commitment and Credibility?,JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 4 2006WALTRAUD SCHELKLE This special issue asks commentators who made seminal contributions to our understanding of economic governance to revisit their analyses. This introductory article discusses the example of a major contribution, namely the ,advantage of tying one's hands' (Giavazzi and Pagano, 1988), relating it to the other contributions along the way. [source] Managerial Dimensions of Organizational Health: The Healthy Leader at Work*JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 2 2007James Campbell Quick abstract This introductory article recollects The Call for this Special Issue, which framed the development of the work and the review process. In addition, the article discusses the concept of organizational health, addressing both issues of healthy individuals and healthy organizations. The heart of the article is a discussion of the Goolsby Leadership Model, one healthy model of leadership. We suggest that the healthy leader is the touchstone for organizational health. The article includes a section which introduces the six competitively selected manuscripts included in the special issue. An agenda for closing gaps in scientific knowledge and in contemporary practice provides the conclusion for the article. [source] In Search of the Comprehensive Ideal: By Way of and IntroductionJOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION, Issue 4 2007GRAHAM HAYDON This introductory article first gives a brief overview of the articles in the remainder of this special issue. It then considers what we can learn about the comprehensive ideal, and what questions still remain about it, from the treatment it receives in these articles. After an initial discussion of the nature of the common school, two dimensions are identified in which interpretations of the comprehensive ideal often differ: how fully the content of such schooling is filled in, and what its scope is considered to be. Six categories of values are identified to which arguments both for and against the comprehensive ideal may appeal: educational values; values of community; justice and equality; respect; freedom; and non-discrimination. It is suggested that in a context of value-pluralism there can be no canonical interpretation of the comprehensive ideal. [source] Information use and early warning effectiveness: Perspectives and prospectsJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Chun Wei Choo This introductory article explores how the use of information affects the effectiveness of early warning systems. By effectiveness, we refer to the capacity of the system to detect and decide on the existence of a threat. There are two aspects to effectiveness: (a) being able to see the evidence that is indicative of a threat and (b) making the decision, based on the weight of the evidence, to warn that the threat exists. In early warning, information use is encumbered by cues that are fallible and equivocal. Cues that are true indicators of a threat are obscured in a cloud of events generated by chance. Moreover, policy makers face the difficult decision of whether to issue a warning based on the information received. Because the information is rarely complete or conclusive, such decisions have to consider the consequences of failing to warn or giving a false warning. We draw on sociocognitive theories of perception and judgment to analyze these two aspects of early warning: detection accuracy (How well does perception correspond to reality?) and decision sensitivity (How much evidence is needed to activate warning?) Using cognitive continuum theory, we examine how detection accuracy depends on the fit between the information needs profile of the threat and the information use environment of the warning system. Applying signal detection theory, we investigate how decision sensitivity depends on the assessment and balancing of the risks of misses and false alarms inherent in all early warning decision making. [source] Language Impairment and Reading Disability: Connections and Complexities Introduction to the Special IssueLEARNING DISABILITIES RESEARCH & PRACTICE, Issue 1 2006Elaine R. Silliman Researchers and practitioners in the fields of reading and language are well informed about the importance of phonological awareness in beginning reading. The purpose of this special issue of Learning Disabilities Research & Practice is to present recent research that extends the search for language and reading connections beyond the realm of phonological awareness. Many children with language impairment (LI) identified before formal schooling experience persistent difficulty in learning to read. Two interrelated issues are prerequisite for understanding the developmental course of events that might link language and reading (dis)ability in these children. One is an appreciation of exactly what is meant by LI, while the second concerns how LI should be explained. In this introductory article, we explore the complexities of these two issues, in particular the controversy between the domain-specific perspective and the domain-general perspective on the nature of specific LI (SLI). Consistent with these perspectives, future studies on possible language-reading links will need to measure language and related processes in greater breadth and depth, over time, and within a variety of experiential contexts. The five articles in this issue represent a critical first step in this direction. [source] The natural history of human papillomavirus infections of the mucosal epitheliaAPMIS, Issue 6-7 2010LOUISE T. CHOW Chow LT, Broker TR, Steinberg BM. The natural history of human papillomavirus infections of the mucosal epithelia. APMIS 2010; 118: 422,449. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), members of a very large family of small DNA viruses, cause both benign papillomas and malignant tumors. While most research on these viruses over the past 30 years has focused on their oncogenic properties in the genital tract, they also play an important role in diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract. Rapidly accelerating advances in knowledge have increased our understanding of the biology of these viruses and this knowledge, in turn, is being applied to new approaches to prevent, diagnose, and treat HPV-induced diseases. In this introductory article, we provide an overview of the structure and life cycle of the mucosal HPVs and their interactions with their target tissues and cells. Finally, we provide our thoughts about treatments for HPV-induced diseases, present and future. [source] Baddeley revisited: The functional approach to autobiographical memoryAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 8 2009Susan Bluck In Baddeley's (1988) classic article he challenged researchers to take a functional approach by asking, for their phenomenon of interest, "but what the hell is it for?" In twenty years, how far has the field advanced in addressing this question, particularly in examining the functions of autobiographical memory? This introductory article provides an overview of the functional approach. Next, eight core articles appear, each framed to address Baddeley's question. The core articles are written by experts on distinct empirically established autobiographical memory phenomena: each presents a synopsis of current research in their area and then examines the function that their specific autobiographical memory phenomenon serves in human activity and adaptation. The issue ends with two commentaries by scholars who provide analyses of the functional approach from unique perspectives. Revisiting Baddeley provides an opportunity for a current discussion of the strengths and challenges of taking a functional approach to autobiographical memory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Enduring, ephemeral and emerging issues in public administration in Canada: Trends in Canadian Public Administration over fifty years (1958,2007)CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION/ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA, Issue 4 2007Barbara Wake Carroll It is the 50th anniversary issue of the Journal, and it is the last issue to be published by the Institute of Public Administration of Canada. For this issue, we have not produced a "special issue" in the sense of commissioning particular articles. Instead, we have brought together a number of articles that were already in the "pipeline" but that the editors thought made a particular contribution to public administration in Canada. This introductory article, or editor's review, is a retrospective analysis of the content of the Journal. It would appear that while there has been a slight shift towards public policy and a greater concern with provincial and local administration, cpa has maintained an enduring interest in its core areas of administrative theory and political and legal institutions. The content is also compared with findings of the content of other journals and also other analyses of cpa. This review is followed by commentaries by former editors and associate editors on their experiences with the Journal. [source] Continuities and Discontinuities in Children and ScholarshipCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2008Lynn S. Liben This article introduces a collection of essays on continuity and discontinuity in cognitive development. In his lead essay, J. Kagan (2008) argues that limitations in past research (e.g., on number concepts, physical solidarity, and object permanence) render conclusions about continuity premature. Commentaries respectively (1) argue that longitudinal contexts are essential for interpreting developmental data, (2) illustrate the value of converging measures, (3) identify qualitative change via dynamical systems theory, (4) redirect the focus from states to process, and (5) review epistemological premises of alternative research traditions. Following an overview of the essays, this introductory article discusses how the search for developmental structures, continuity, and process differs between mechanistic-contextualist and organismic-contextualist metatheoretical frameworks, and closes by highlighting continuities in Kagan's scholarship over the past half century. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||