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Interrogation
Kinds of Interrogation Selected AbstractsMANDATE THE ELECTRONIC RECORDING OF POLICE INTERROGATIONSCRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 4 2007RICHARD A. LEO First page of article [source] INTERACTIONS AND INTERROGATIONS: NEGOTIATING AND PERFORMING VALUE FOR MONEY REPORTSFINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2007Nina Sharma This paper explores the interactions, mediations and interrogations at play by the different actors involved in the final stages of the Value for Money reporting process. The VFM auditing arena is a complex setting with groups of actors carrying out various and at times, conflicting roles. Drawing on the dramaturgical writings of Goffman, the paper examines the ways in which these actors create and manage impressions of themselves. Differences in style, tone and rhetoric are analysed to understand the way in which key parties perform to their audiences. The paper shows how the cautionary style of VFM reports is mediated with the auditees and then elaborated and improvised by the Public Accounts Committee to construct drama into the final accountability process. It is argued that through the process of writing and presenting VFM reports, auditors, MPs and auditees perform roles to manage their identities and address expectations of their audiences. [source] Differential expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 in pancreatic adenocarcinomas: Identification using DNA microarrayMOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS, Issue 11 2006Sarah K. Johnson Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by its aggressiveness and resistance to both radiation and chemotherapeutic treatment. To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, DNA array technology was employed to identify genes differentially expressed in pancreatic tumors when compared to non-malignant pancreatic tissues. RNA isolated from 11 PDACs and 14 non-malignant bulk pancreatic duct specimens was used to probe Affymetrix U95A DNA arrays. Genes that displayed at least a fourfold differential expression were identified and real-time quantitative PCR was used to verify the differential expression of selected upregulated genes. Interrogation of the DNA array revealed that 73 genes were upregulated in PDACs and 77 genes were downregulated. The majority of the 150 genes identified have not been previously reported to be differentially expressed in pancreatic tumors, although a number of the upregulated transcripts have been reported previously. Immunohistochemistry was used to correlate calponin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) RNA levels with protein expression in PDACs and revealed peritumoral calponin staining in the reactive stroma and intense focal staining of islets cells expressing IGFBP-5 at the edge of tumors; thus implicating the interplay of various cell types to promote neoplastic cell growth within pancreatic carcinomas. As a potential modulator of cell proliferation, the overexpression of IGFBP-5 may, therefore, play a significant role in the malignant transformation of normal pancreatic epithelial cells. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A Coroner's Request for Closure: The Value of the Stored ElectrogramPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 6 2006IRENE H. STEVENSON Pacemaker diagnostics can be useful to troubleshoot both during life and after death. A 58-year old man with a single chamber ventricular pacemaker and a previous His bundle ablation died suddenly. Interrogation of his pacemaker revealed the cause of death not as pacemaker malfunction, but a fatal ventricular arrhythmia. [source] Using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer in accurate mass mode and an ion correlation program to identify compounds,RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 18 2005Andrew H. Grange Atomic masses and isotopic abundances are independent and complementary properties for discriminating among ion compositions. The number of possible ion compositions is greatly reduced by accurately measuring exact masses of monoisotopic ions and the relative isotopic abundances (RIAs) of the ions greater in mass by +1,Da and +2,Da. When both properties are measured, a mass error limit of 6,10,mDa (<,31,ppm at 320,Da) and an RIA error limit of 10% are generally adequate for determining unique ion compositions for precursor and fragment ions produced from small molecules (less than 320,Da in this study). ,Inherent interferences', i.e., mass peaks seen in the product ion mass spectrum of the monoisotopic [M+H]+ ion of an analyte that are ,2, ,1, +1, or +2,Da different in mass from monoisotopic fragment ion masses, distort measured RIAs. This problem is overcome using an ion correlation program to compare the numbers of atoms of each element in a precursor ion to the sum of those in each fragment ion and its corresponding neutral loss. Synergy occurs when accurate measurement of only one pair of +1,Da and +2,Da RIAs for the precursor ion or a fragment ion rejects all but one possible ion composition for that ion, thereby indirectly rejecting all but one fragment ion-neutral loss combination for other exact masses. A triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer with accurate mass capability, using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), was used to measure masses and RIAs of precursor and fragment ions. Nine chemicals were investigated as simulated unknowns. Mass accuracy and RIA accuracy were sufficient to determine unique compositions for all precursor ions and all but two of 40 fragment ions, and the two corresponding neutral losses. Interrogation of the chemical literature provided between one and three possible compounds for each of the nine analytes. This approach for identifying compounds compensates for the lack of commercial ESI and APCI mass spectral libraries, which precludes making tentative identifications based on spectral matches. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Shock: Appropriate or Inappropriate?ANNALS OF NONINVASIVE ELECTROCARDIOLOGY, Issue 2 2010F.R.C.P.C., Michael A. Nault M.D. A 76-year-old female with a single chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implanted for secondary prevention was referred due to multiple discharges. The device was programmed for ventricular tachycardia (VT) detection at 400 ms, fast VT detection at 280 ms, and ventricular fibrillation detection at 320 ms. Antitachycardia pacing (ATP) during charge was enabled. Interrogation revealed a VT episode with a mean cycle length of 270 ms, which was successfully terminated with ATP during charge. Seconds later, the device delivered a shock. This case illustrates the importance of understanding programming algorithms as part of troubleshooting when facing a scenario of device discharge. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2010;15(2):181,183 [source] A Versatile Gold Surface Approach for Fabrication and Interrogation of GlycoarraysCHEMBIOCHEM, Issue 10 2008Zheng-Liang Zhi Dr. Glycoarrays on gold: A designer gold surface incorporating a self-assembled monolayer with weak protein absorption properties has been optimised for rapid display and interrogation of both native and derivatised glycans in array formats. This rapid, facile approach has diverse applications in glycomics, through exploitation of fluorescence, SPR and MALDI-ToF MS detection methods. [source] Remote Monitoring of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators versus Quarterly Device Interrogations in Clinic: Results from a Randomized Pilot Clinical TrialJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 5 2010M.H.S., SANA M. AL-KHATIB M.D. ICD: Remote Monitoring Versus Clinic Interrogations.,Introduction: Remote monitoring is increasingly becoming the new standard of care for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) follow-up. We sought to determine whether remote monitoring of ICDs improves patient outcomes compared with quarterly device interrogations in clinic. Methods and Results: In this single-center pilot clinical trial, adult patients with an ICD were randomly assigned to remote monitoring versus quarterly device interrogations in clinic. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular hospitalization, emergency room visit for a cardiac cause, and unscheduled visit to the electrophysiology clinic for a device-related issue at 1 year. We also examined health-related quality of life, costs, and patient satisfaction with their ICD care. Of 151 patients enrolled in this trial, 76 were randomized to remote monitoring and 75 to quarterly device interrogations in clinic. There was no significant difference in the primary endpoint (32% in the remote monitoring arm vs 34% in the control arm; P = 0.8), mortality, or cost between the 2 arms. Quality of life and patient satisfaction were significantly better in the control arm than in the remote monitoring arm at 6 months (83 [25th, 75th percentiles 70, 90] vs 75 [50, 85]; P = 0.002 and 88 [75, 100] vs 75 [75, 88]; P = 0.03, respectively), but not at 12 months. Conclusion: We showed no significant reduction in cardiac-related resource utilization with remote monitoring of ICDs. However, given the small number of patients in our study, the real clinical and health economics impact of remote monitoring needs to be verified by a large, multicenter, randomized clinical trial. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 545-550, May 2010) [source] Juror Beliefs About Police Interrogations, False Confessions, and Expert TestimonyJOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUDIES, Issue 2 2010Mark Costanzo Although there has been a rapid expansion in research on police interrogations and false confessions, little is known about the beliefs of potential jurors as to these issues. In collaboration with a trial research firm, we recruited 461 jury-eligible men and women who matched the demographic characteristics of jury pools in several states. Surrogate jurors responded to questions and statements in five areas: likely rates of false confessions for different crimes, the ability to discern true from false confessions, beliefs about false confessions, beliefs about permissible interrogation tactics, and beliefs about expert testimony on police interrogations. Results indicated that jurors believed that police interrogators are better than ordinary people at identifying lies and that this ability improves with experience. Jurors believed that they would be able to differentiate a true confession from a false confession by watching a videotape, but were less confident about making such a differentiation from an audio recording. A large majority of the sample reported that it would be helpful to hear expert testimony about interrogation techniques and reasons why a defendant might falsely confess to a crime. There were no significant gender differences. Compared to whites, nonwhite jurors had significantly less confidence in the abilities of the police and gave significantly higher estimates of false confession rates. Results are discussed in light of prior research and implications for jury decision making and expert testimony. [source] Psychologists and the Use of Torture in InterrogationsANALYSES OF SOCIAL ISSUES & PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 1 2007Mark Costanzo This article argues that psychologists should not be involved in interrogations that make use of torture or other forms of cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment. The use of torture is first evaluated in light of professional ethics codes and international law. Next, research on interrogations and false confessions is reviewed and its relevance for torture-based interrogations is explored. Finally, research on the negative mental health consequences of torture for survivors and perpetrators is summarized. Based on our review, we conclude that psychologists' involvement in designing, assisting with, or participating in interrogations that make use of torture or other forms of cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment is a violation of fundamental ethical principles, a violation of international and domestic law, and an ineffective means of extracting reliable information. Torture produces severe and lasting trauma as well as other negative consequences for individuals and for the societies that support it. The article concludes with several recommendations about how APA and other professional organizations should respond to the involvement of psychologists in interrogations that make use of torture or other forms of cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment. [source] Commentary on "Psychologists and the Use of Torture in Interrogations"ANALYSES OF SOCIAL ISSUES & PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 1 2007Stephen H. Behnke First page of article [source] INVESTIGATING RACIAL PROFILING BY THE MIAMI-DADE POLICE DEPARTMENT: A MULTIMETHOD APPROACHCRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 1 2007GEOFFREY P. ALPERT Research Summary The perception and existence of biased policing or racial profiling is one of the most difficult issues facing contemporary American society. Citizens from minority communities have focused their concerns on the improper use of race by law enforcement officers. The current research uses a complex methodological approach to investigate claims that the Miami-Dade, Florida Police Department uses race improperly for the purposes of making traffic stops and conducting post-stop activities. The results are mixed in that the officer's aggregate actions do not show a pattern of discriminatory actions toward minority citizens when making a traffic stop, but results of post-stop activities do show some disparate treatment of minorities. Policy Implications Five specific policy recommendations are made to reduce the perception or reality of racial profiling by the police. First, police departments must have clear policies and directives explaining the proper use of race in decision making. Second, officers must be trained and educated in the overall impact of using race as a factor in deciding how to respond to a citizen. Third, the department must maintain a data-collection and analytic system to monitor the activities of their officers as it pertains to the race of the citizen. The fourth police recommendation involves the use of record checks in the field that can set in motion a process that results in the detention and arrest of citizens. Fifth, the completion of a record of interrogation for later intelligence has implications for the citizen. The use of this intelligence tool must depend on suspicion rather than on the race of the citizen. [source] THE MOLECULAR FUTURE IN CYTOLOGYCYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2006M. Salto-Tellez Molecular diagnosis is the application of molecular biology techniques and knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of disease to diagnosis, prognostication and treatment of diseases. Molecular Diagnosis is, arguably, the fastest growing area of diagnostic medicine. The US market for molecular testing generated $1.3 billion in 2000, which was predicted to increase to about $4.2 billion by 2007.1 We proposed the term Diagnostic Molecular Cytopathology to define the application of molecular diagnosis to cytopathology2. Diagnostic Molecular Cytopathology is essential for the following reasons: (i) Molecular testing is sometimes indispensable to establish an unequivocal diagnosis on cell preparations; (ii) Molecular testing provides extra information on the prognosis or therapy of diseases diagnosed by conventional cytology; (iii) Molecular testing provides genetic information on the inherited nature of diseases that can be directly investigated in cytology samples, by either exfoliation or by fine needle aspiration; (iv) Sometimes the cytopathology sample is the most convenient (or the only available) source of material for molecular testing; (v). Direct molecular interrogation of cells allows for a diagnostic correlation that would otherwise not be possible. Parallel to this direct diagnostic implication, cytopathology is increasing important in the validation of biomarkers for specific diseases, and in therefore of significant importance in the overall translational research strategies. We illustrate its application in some of the main areas of oncology molecular testing, such as molecular fingerprinting of neoplasms,3 lymphoreticular diseases,2 sarcomas4 and lung cancer,5 as well as translational research using diagnostic cytopathology techniques. The next years will see the consolidation of Diagnostic Molecular Cytopathology, a process that will lead to a change of many paradigms. In general, diagnostic pathology departments will have to reorganize molecular testing to pursue a cost-efficient operation. Sample preparation will have to take into account optimal preservation of nuclear acids. The training of technical staff and the level of laboratory quality control and quality assurance would have to follow strict clinical (not research) laboratory parameters. And, most importantly, those pathologists undertaking molecular diagnosis as a discipline would have to develop their professional expertise within the same framework of fellowships and professional credentials that is offered in other sub-specialties. The price to pay if this effort is not undertaken is too important for the future of diagnostic pathology in general. The increasing characterization of molecular biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic value is making the analysis of tissue and cell samples prior to treatment a more complex exercise. If cytopathologists and histopathologists allow others to take charge of molecular diagnosis, our overall contribution to the diagnostic process will be diminished. We may not become less important, but we may become less relevant. However, those within the discipline of diagnostic pathology who can combine the clinical background of diseases with the morphological, immunocytochemical and molecular diagnostic interpretation will represent bona fide diagnostic specialists. Such ,molecular cytopathologists' would place themselves at the centre of clinical decision-making. Reference:, 1. Liz Fletcher. Roche leads molecular diagnostics charge. Nature Biotechnol 20, 6,7; 2002 2. Salto-Tellez M and Koay ESC. Molecular Diagnostic Cytopathology - Definitions, Scope and Clinical Utility. Cytopathology 2004; 15:252,255 3. Salto-Tellez M, Zhang D, Chiu LL, Wang SC, Nilsson B, and Koay ESC. Immunocytochemistry Versus Molecular Fingerprinting of Metastases. Cytopathology, 2003 Aug; 14(4):186,90. 4. Chiu LL, Koay SCE, Chan NL and Salto-Tellez M. Molecular Cytopathology: Sequencing of the EWS-WT1 Gene Fusion Transcript in the Peritoneal Effusion of a Patient with Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumour. Diagnostic Cytopathology, 2003 Dec; 29(6): 341,3. 5. TM Chin, D Anuar, R Soo, M Salto-Tellez, WQ Li, B Ahmad, SC Lee, BC Goh, K Kawakami, A Segal, B Iacopetta, R Soong. Sensitive and Cost-Effective deptection of epidermal growth factor Receptor Mutations in Small Biopsies by denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography. (In press). [source] New Annular Tissue Doppler Markers of Pulmonary HypertensionECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 8 2010Angel López-Candales M.D., F.A.C.C., F.A.S.E. Background: Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) of mitral (MA) and tricuspid annulus (TA) events characterizes systolic and diastolic properties of each respective ventricle. However, the effect of chronic pulmonary hypertension (cPH) on these TDI annular events has not been well described. Methods: Measurements of right ventricular (RV) performance with TDI of the lateral mitral and tricuspid annuli, to measure isovolumic contraction (IVC) and systolic (S) signals were recorded from 50 individuals without PH and from 50 patients with cPH. To avoid confounding variables, all patients had normal left ventricular ejection fraction and were in normal sinus rhythm at the time of the examination. Results: As expected, markers of RV systolic performance were markedly reduced while LV systolic function remained largely unaffected in cPH patients when compared to patients without PH. TDI interrogation of the MA revealed lengthening of the time interval between IVC and systolic signal (70 ± 17 msec) when compared to individuals without PH (43 ± 8 msec; P < 0.0001). In contrast, cPH markedly shortened the time interval between IVC and the TA systolic signal (34 ± 12 msec) when compared to individuals without PH (65 ± 17 msec; P < 0.0001). Conclusions: cPH lengthens time interval between the IVC and the MA systolic signal while shortening this same interval when the TA is interrogated with TDI; reflecting the potential influence that cPH exerts in biventricular performance. Whether measuring these intervals be routinely used in the follow-up of cPH patients will require further study. (Echocardiography 2010;27:969-976) [source] Intracardiac Echocardiography in Patients with Pacing and Defibrillating Leads: A Feasibility StudyECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 6 2008Maria Grazia Bongiorni M.D. Background: Lead extraction, an important and necessary component of treatment for many common device and lead-related complications, is a procedure that can provoke much anxiety in even the most experienced operators given the potentially serious complications. The principal impediment to lead extraction is the body's response to an intravascular foreign body with matrix intravascular neoformation, which causes the lead to adhere to the endocardium or vascular structure, increasing the risk of vascular or myocardial damage with lead removal. Fluoroscopic visualization, the commonly visualization used tool, has several limits in terms of anatomical structures visualization. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) in patients undergoing pacing and defibrillating leads before and during a transvenous device removal, and its potential role in detecting intracardiac leads and areas of fibrous adherence. Methods: ICE interrogation was performed in 25 consecutive patients with pacing and defibrillating implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) leads before and during device removal. Results: A programmed ICE analysis was completed in 23 out of 25 patients with excellent resolution, providing a "qualitative-quantitative" information on anatomical structures, cardiac leads, and related areas of fibrous adherence. No ICE-related complications occurred. Conclusions: ICE evaluation is safe and feasible in patients with pacing and defibrillating leads before and during transvenous lead removal, offering an excellent visualization of cardiac leads and related areas of adherence. ICE can assist pacing and ICD lead removal and could improve procedure efficacy and safety. [source] Reliability of Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography During Tetralogy of Fallot RepairECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2000JAMES J. JOYCE M.D. There is limited information available concerning the accuracy of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in predicting the extent of residual abnormalities after recovery from surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Therefore, we investigated differences between the results of final postbypass TEE and those of postrecovery (mean, 6 days after surgery) transthoracic echocardiography in a total of 28 consecutive pediatric patients who underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot with biplane or multiplane TEE. Both postbypass and postrecovery echocardiographic examinations included measurements of the right ventricle (RV)-main pulmonary artery (PA) and the main PA-branch PA peak instantaneous gradients, the degree of pulmonary valvar insufficiency, and color Doppler interrogation of the ventricular septum for residual defects. The RV-main PA gradient did not change significantly: 15 ± 13 vs 18 ± 14 mmHg (postbypass versus postrecovery, mean ± SD). None of the patients had a decrease of , 10 mmHg; and only one patient had an increase of ,: 15 mmHg. There also was no change in the degree of pulmonary insufficiency (3.0 ±1.2 versus 3.1 ± 1.1, using a scale of 0 to 4). Only one of the seven very small (, 2 mm) residual ventricular septal defects was not discovered during postbypass TEE. However, postrecovery transthoracic echocardiography detected significant branch PA stenosis (peak gradient, , 15 mmHg) in five patients (18%) that was not detected during postbypass TEE (P < 0.03). Of the branch PA stenoses that were not detected during TEE, four were left and one was right. Conclusions: Postbypass TEE after tetralogy of Fallot repair reliably predicts residual postrecovery hemodynamic abnormalities, except for branch PA stenosis. [source] ARGUING OVER [THE] REMOTE CONTROL: WHY INDIGENOUS POLICY NEEDS TO BE BASED ON EVIDENCE AND NOT HYPERBOLEECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 1 2007BOYD H. HUNTER Recent public debate on Indigenous issues has been provoked, inter alia, by a 2005 Centre for Independent Studies paper by Helen Hughes and Jenness Warin, who focused on the extent to which policies have been effective in improving the living conditions of Indigenous Australians since the era of self-determination commenced. Unfortunately, the quality of historical data is questionable, and hence we need an appreciation of the reliability of estimates. The 2002 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey allows a detailed interrogation of the reliability of estimates. This paper critically analyses socioeconomic changes between 1994 and 2002 for remote and other areas by comparing the recent data with analogous data collected in 1994. Changes in health status and a range of socio-economic indicators are documented to provide a more balanced assessment of the level of economic and social development in the respective areas. [source] Piezoelectric wafer active sensors for in situ ultrasonic-guided wave SHMFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 8 2008L. YU ABSTRACT In situ structural health monitoring aims to perform on-demand interrogation of the structure to determine the presence of service-induced damage and defects using non-destructive evaluation ultrasonic wave methods. Recently emerged piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) have the potential to significantly improve damage detection and health monitoring. PWAS are low-profile transducers that can be permanently attached onto the structure or inserted in between composite laminates, and can perform structural damage detection in thin-wall structures using guided wave methods (Lamb, Rayleigh, SH, etc.). This paper describes the analytical and experimental work of using PWAS-guided waves for in situ structural damage detection on thin-wall structures. We begin with reviewing the guided wave theory in plate structures and PWAS principles. The mechanisms of Lamb wave excitation and detection using PWAS is presented. Subsequently, we address in turn the use of PWAS to generate Lamb waves for damage (cracks and corrosion) detection in metallic structures. Pulse-echo, pitch-catch, phased array and time reversal methods are illustrated demonstrating that PWAS Lamb-waves techniques are suitable for damage detection and structural health monitoring. The last part of the paper treats analytically and experimentally PWAS excitation and tuning in composite materials. The research results presented in this paper show that in situ SHM methodologies using PWAS transducers hold the promise for more efficient, effective and timely damage detection in thin-wall structures. [source] Variegated neoliberalization: geographies, modalities, pathwaysGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 2 2010NEIL BRENNER Abstract Across the broad field of heterodox political economy, ,neoliberalism' appears to have become a rascal concept , promiscuously pervasive, yet inconsistently defined, empirically imprecise and frequently contested. Controversies regarding its precise meaning are more than merely semantic. They generally flow from underlying disagreements regarding the sources, expressions and implications of contemporary regulatory transformations. In this article, we consider the handling of ,neoliberalism' within three influential strands of heterodox political economy , the varieties of capitalism approach; historical materialist international political economy; and governmentality approaches. While each of these research traditions sheds light on contemporary processes of market-oriented regulatory restructuring, we argue that each also underplays and/or misreads the systemically uneven, or ,variegated', character of these processes. Enabled by a critical interrogation of how each approach interprets the geographies, modalities and pathways of neoliberalization processes, we argue that the problematic of variegation must be central to any adequate account of marketized forms of regulatory restructuring and their alternatives under post-1970s capitalism. Our approach emphasizes the cumulative impacts of successive ,waves' of neoliberalization upon uneven institutional landscapes, in particular: (a) their establishment of interconnected, mutually recursive policy relays within an increasingly transnational field of market-oriented regulatory transfer; and (b) their infiltration and reworking of the geoinstitutional frameworks, or ,rule regimes', within which regulatory experimentation unfolds. This mode of analysis has significant implications for interpreting the current global economic crisis. [source] Elizabeth I and the verdicts of history,HISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 194 2003Patrick Collinson Archbishop Matthew Parker feared that Elizabeth would be ,strangely chronicled'. From her death to the screening of the film ,Elizabeth', the life of ,Gloriana' has been a subject for all kinds of imaginative fiction. History, too, has traded as much in myth as fact. Elizabeth's first historian, William Camden, was not responsible for the myth, although his translators were. The nineteenth century invented a ,whiggish' Elizabeth who identified herself with the destiny of her people, although the leading Tudor historian, A. J. Froude, was not a fan. Post-J. E. Neale and A. L. Rowse, Froude's critical interrogation of the reign has been revived in the latest Elizabethan historiography. [source] Aesthetics of Celebration, Tension and Memory: Nigeria Urban Art HistoryHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 5 2008Adérónké Adésolá Adésŕnyŕ This essay, among other things, addresses the question of origin of Nigerian Urban art, a genre basically found in urban spaces. It highlights the various nomenclatures by which the genre has been tagged to date and provides a robust debate on the pioneer and later urban artists in the country noting the characteristics and nuances of their art. Besides establishing the character of Nigerian urban art as compelling and significant to understanding the aesthetic sensibilities and nuances of the producer culture, issues of identity, training, authorship, patronage, social memory and social responsibility, morality and immorality and how they inform, shape and complicate the creative endeavors of urban artists are brought to the fore. In this insightful interrogation of history, people and spaces one finds the emergence of a new artistic order in which Nigerian urban artists establish and expand their own idioms, unite politics with art, engage their own audiences, cultivate their own clientele, tell their own stories and that of the society, create and endorse new identities, and increasingly expand their socioeconomic space. Their creative formats essentially transform into markets where people, products and services unite. They also serve as cultural lenses through which one gain insights into class struggle in a postcolonial society and how a critical mass of the Nigerian public interprets leadership, commerce, and culture. [source] Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofluidic TransportADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 35 2009Jason Knowles Holt Abstract Recent strides have been made in both the modeling and measurement of fluid flow on the nanoscale. Carbon nanotubes, with their atomic dimensions and atomic smoothness, are ideal materials for studying such flows. This Progress Report describes recent modeling and experimental advances concerning fluid transport in carbon nanotubes. The varied flow characteristics predicted by molecular dynamics are described, as are the roles of defects and chirality on transport. Analytical models are increasingly being used to describe nanofluidic transport by relaxing many of the assumptions commonly used to describe bulk water. Recent experimental studies examine the size dependence of flow enhancements through carbon nanotubes and use varied spectroscopies to probe water structure and dynamics in these systems. Carbon nanotubes are finding increasing applications in biology, from protein filters to platforms for cell interrogation. [source] A review of international human resource management: Integration, interrogation, imitationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 4 2007Helen De Cieri International human resource management (IHRM) represents an important dimension of international management. Over the past three decades, there has been considerable growth in research and practice in IHRM. While there have been extensive developments in this field, numerous scholars have identified aspects requiring review and revision. Hence, this paper reviews and interrogates the progress in IHRM's theoretical development. The review leads to the conclusion that research in IHRM has tended to emphasize integration over other forms of progress. In response, and in provocation, imitation rather than integration is suggested as an approach for the development of future theoretical and conceptual directions in IHRM. [source] Diagnostic performance of three-dimensional ultrasound extended imaging at scrotal mass lesionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 11 2007Salah Elwagdy Objectives: High resolution two-dimensional ultrasound (2D US) difficulty in evaluation of some scrotal mass lesions is not frequent. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic performance of three-dimensional ultrasound extended imaging (3D XI) in characterization of those lesions. Methods: The study protocol had the approval of the University's review board all participants' informed consents were obtained. The study included 28 selected patients (12 testicular and 16 para-testicular mass lesions) examined by 2D US and 3D XI applications including computed multi-slice view (MSV) and multi-resolution enhanced images (XI MR). Results were correlated with histopathological findings. Results: Two-dimensional ultrasound did not adequately characterize 28 patients out of 329 (8.5%). 3D XI interrogation was an easy procedure and distinctive of the pathological findings in 27 patients out of 28 (96.4%). The performance of XI MR with respect to characterization provided additional diagnostic information over MSV. Conclusions: The performance of 3D XI with respect to testicular mass characterization proved better than static 2D US. Subsequently, the results of this study suggest that the routine use of 2D US in diagnosis of scrotal mass lesions should preferably be upgraded to 3D XI methods. [source] Comparative analysis of global gene expression profiles between diabetic rat wounds treated with vacuum-assisted closure therapy, moist wound healing or gauze under suctionINTERNATIONAL WOUND JOURNAL, Issue 5 2008Kathleen L Derrick Abstract How differential gene expression affects wound healing is not well understood. In this study, Zucker diabetic fatty (fa/fa) male inbred rats were used to investigate gene expression during wound healing in an impaired wound-healing model. Whole genome microarray surveys were used to gain insight into the biological pathways and healing processes in acute excisional wounds treated with vacuum-assisted closure (V.A.C.®) Therapy, moist wound healing (MWH) or gauze under suction (GUS). Global gene expression analyses after 2 days of healing indicated major differences with respect to both number of genes showing fold changes and pathway regulation between the three different wound treatments. Statistical analysis of expression profiles indicated that 5072 genes showed a >1·6-fold change with V.A.C. Therapy compared with 3601 genes with MWH and 3952 genes with GUS. Pathways and related genes associated with the early phases of wound healing diverged between treatment groups. For example, pathways involving angiogenesis, cytoskeletal regulation and inflammation were associated with elevated gene expression following V.A.C. Therapy. This study is the first to assess wound healing by whole genome interrogation in a diabetic rat model treated with different healing modalities. [source] Incidence of Atrial Arrhythmias Detected by Permanent Pacemakers (PPM) Post-Pulmonary Vein Antrum Isolation (PVAI) for Atrial Fibrillation (AF): Correlation with Symptomatic RecurrenceJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 6 2007ATUL VERMA M.D. Background: Studies examining AF recurrences post-PVAI base recurrence on patient reporting of symptoms. However, whether asymptomatic recurrences are common is not well known. Objective: To assess the incidence of atrial tachycardia/fibrillation post-PVAI as detected by a PPM and whether these recurrences correlate to symptomatic recurrence. Methods: Eighty-six consecutive patients with symptomatic AF and PPMs with programmable mode-switch capability underwent PVAI. Mode switching was programmed post-PVAI to occur at an atrial-sensed rate of >170 bpm. Patients were followed with clinic visits, ECG, and PPM interrogation at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months post-PVAI. The number and duration of mode-switching episodes (MSEs) were recorded at each visit and is presented as median (interquartile range). Results: The patients (age 57 ± 8 years, EF 54 ± 10%) had paroxysmal (65%) and persistent (35%) AF pre-PVAI. Sensing, pacing, and lead function were normal for all PPMs at follow-up. Of the 86 patients, 20 (23%) had AF recurrence based on symptoms. All 20 of these patients had appropriate MSEs detected. Of the 66 patients without symptomatic recurrence, 21 (32%) had MSEs detected. In 19 of these patients, MSEs were few in number, compared with patients with symptomatic recurrence (16 [4,256] vs 401 [151,2,470], P < 0.01). The durations were all <60 seconds. All of these nonsustained MSEs occurred within the first 3 months post-PVAI, gradually decreasing over time. The other 2 of 21 remaining patients had numerous (1,343 [857,1,390]) and sustained (18 ± 12 minutes) MSEs that also persisted beyond 3 months (1 beyond 6 months). Therefore, the incidence of numerous, sustained MSEs in asymptomatic patients post-PVAI was 2 of 66 (3%). Conclusions: Detection of atrial tachyarrhythmias by a PPM occurred in 30% of patients without symptomatic AF recurrence. Most of these episodes were <60 seconds and waned within 3 months. Sustained, asymptomatic episodes were uncommon. [source] Fatal Inappropriate ICD ShockJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007CHRISTIAN VELTMANN M.D. Introduction: Inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy carries a low but relevant risk of ventricular proarrhythmia. In the present case, the extremely rare event of a fatal arrhythmia caused by inappropriate therapy is reported. Dislodgement of the ventricular lead to the level of the tricuspid annulus led to additional sensing of the atrial signal during sinus tachycardia. Spuriously, ventricular fibrillation was sensed and induced inappropriate ICD shocks. The fourth inappropriate shock caused ventricular fibrillation, which was subsequently undersensed by the dislodged lead due to low ventricular amplitudes. The ICD started antibradycardic pacing during ventricular fibrillation. After initial successful resuscitation, the patient died 1 week later due to severe hypoxic brain damage. Although not preventable in the present case, it underlines the necessity of immediate interrogation of the ICD after ICD therapy and deactivation of the ICD in the setting of a dislodged endocardial lead and intensive care monitoring of the patient until revision. [source] Neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cellsJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2008Sujoy K. Dhara Abstract Availability of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) has enhanced human neural differentiation research. The derivation of neural progenitor (NP) cells from hESC facilitates the interrogation of human embryonic development through the generation of neuronal subtypes and supporting glial cells. These cells will likely lead to novel drug screening and cell therapy uses. This review will discuss the current status of derivation, maintenance and further differentiation of NP cells with special emphasis on the cellular signaling involved in these processes. The derivation process affects the yield and homogeneity of the NP cells. Then when exposed to the correct environmental signaling cues, NP cells can follow a unique and robust temporal cell differentiation process forming numerous phenotypes. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 633,640, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Coarctation of the Aorta: A Secondary Cause of HypertensionJOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPERTENSION, Issue 6 2004L. Michael Prisant MD Coarctation of the aorta is a constriction of the aorta located near the ligamentum arteriosum and the origins of the left subclavian artery. This condition may be associated with other congenital disease. The mean age of death for persons with this condition is 34 years if untreated, and is usually due to heart failure, aortic dissection or rupture, endocarditis, endarteritis, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemic heart disease, or concomitant aortic valve disease in uncomplicated cases. Symptoms may not be present in adults. Diminished and delayed pulses in the right femoral artery compared with the right radial or brachial artery are an important clue to the presence of a coarctation of the aorta, as are the presence of a systolic murmur over the anterior chest, bruits over the back, and visible notching of the posterior ribs on a chest x-ray. In many cases a diagnosis can be made with these findings. Two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler interrogation is used to confirm the diagnosis. Surgical repair and percutaneous intervention are used to repair the coarctation; however, hypertension may not abate. Because late complications including recoarctation, hypertension, aortic aneurysm formation and rupture, sudden death, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and cerebrovascular accidents may occur, careful follow-up is required. [source] Knee kinematics in medial osteoarthritis during in vivo weight-bearing activitiesJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 12 2009Satoshi Hamai Abstract Dynamic knee kinematics were analyzed for medial osteoarthritic (OA) knees in three activities, including two types of maximum knee flexion. Continuous x-ray images of kneeling, squatting, and stair climbing motions were taken using a large flat panel detector. CT-derived bone models were used for the model registration-based 3D kinematic measurements. Three-dimensional joint kinematics and contact locations were determined using two methods: bone-fixed coordinate systems and by interrogation of CT-based bone model surfaces. The femur exhibited gradual external rotation with knee flexion for kneeling and squatting activities, and gradual internal rotation with knee extension for stair climbing. From 100° to 120° flexion, contact locations showed a medial pivot pattern similar to normal knees. However, knees with medial OA displayed a femoral internal rotation bias and less posterior translation when compared with normal knees. A classic screw-home movement was not observed in OA knees near extension. Decreased variability with both activities and methods of calculation were demonstrated for all three activities. In conclusion, the weight-bearing kinematics of patients with medial OA differs from normal knees. Pathological changes of the articulating surfaces and the ligaments correspond to observed abnormalities in knee kinematics. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1555,1561, 2009 [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||