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International Institute (international + institute)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Humanities and Social Sciences33%

Selected Abstracts

Does a critical mass exist?

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2002
A comparative analysis of women's legislative representation since 1950
It has often been argued theoretically that a ,critical mass,' ranging from 10 to 35 per cent women, is needed before major changes in legislative institutions, behaviour, policy priorities and policy voting occurs. This paper examines one of the less-explored dimensions of the critical mass concept: Is there a process by which women reaching a critical mass of the legislature accelerates the election of further women? Using data from the Inter-Parliamentary Union and International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, we analyze this question for 20 industrialized democracies over a period of half a century, longer than any other relevant research. Descriptive results indicate that gains in women's representation have been incremental rather than a critical mass accelerating the election of women to legislatures. In a multivariate analysis of the percentage of women in the lower house of the legislature, the critical mass is tested against established explanations of women's gains in seats: institutional rules, egalitarian political culture, political parties and economic development. Of two measures of the critical mass theory, one has no impact and the second results in only a small increase in women's gains. Far from being clearly demonstrated, critical mass theories need empirical testing. [source]

Interaction equations for multiaxial fatigue assessment of welded structures

FATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 11 2004
M. BÄCKSTRÖM
ABSTRACT Multiaxial fatigue data from 233 welded test specimens taken from eight different studies have been evaluated based on three published interaction equations for normal and shear stress. The interaction equations were obtained from SFS 2378, Eurocode 3 and International Institute of Welding (IIW) recommendations. Fatigue classes for normal and shear stress were obtained directly from the design guidance documents. Additionally, mean fatigue strengths were determined by regression analysis of bending only and torsion only data for different specimen types. In some cases, the S,N slopes assumed by the different standards were not appropriate for the test data. Specimens that showed significantly different cracking locations or cracking mode between bending and torsion were not easily correlated by the interaction equations. Interaction equations work best in cases where both the normal stress and the shear stress tend to produce crack initiation and growth in the same location and in the same direction. The use of a damage summation of 0.5 for non-proportional loading as recommended by IIW was consistent with experimental observations for tube-to-plate specimens. Other codes used a damage sum of unity. [source]

Retracted: A quantitative approach to benefit-risk assessment of medicines,part 2; the practical application of a new model Filip Mussen, Sam Salek, Stuart Walker

PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 10 2007
Ronald D. Mann Editor-in-Cheif
The following article from Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, ,A Quantitative Approach to Benefit-Risk Assessment of Medicines,Part 2; The Practical Application of a New Model' by Mussen F, Salek S & Walker S (Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007; 16: S16,S41 DOI: 10.1002/pds.1434) has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Journal's Editor-in-Chief and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to overlap between this article and an internal report published by CMR International Institute; ,Benefit-Risk Assessment Model Developing a Structured Approach to Decision Making'. [source]

Retracted:A quantitative approach to benefit-risk assessment of medicines , part 2: the practical application of a new model,

PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue S1 2007
Filip Mussen PhD
Purpose Retraction: The following article from Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, A Quantitative Approach to Benefit-Risk Assessment of Medicines - Part 2; The Practical Application of a New Model by Mussen F, Salek S & Walker S (Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007;16:S16-S41 DOI:10.1002/pds.1434) has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Journal Editor-in-Chief and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to overlap between this article and an internal report published by CMR International Institute; Benefit-Risk Assessment Model Developing a Structured Approach to Decision Making. [source]

International Institute of Administrative Sciences: The Past 80 Years and the Global Future of Public Administration

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Issue 4 2010
Chester A. Newland
First page of article [source]

Facilitating Leiden's Cold: The International Association of Refrigeration and the Internationalisation of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's Cryogenic Laboratory

CENTAURUS, Issue 3 2007
Dirk VanDelft
The International Association of Refrigeration (Association Internationale du Froid) was founded in January 1909. Right from the start, the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853,1926) played a major role in the new association, which brought together the science of low temperatures; the refrigeration industry; applications of cold to foodstuffs, trade, and transport; and relevant legislation. In July 1908, Kamerlingh Onnes became the first person to liquefy helium, making his Leiden cryogenic laboratory the coldest spot on earth. Because of this success, he was one of the big stars of the First International Congress of Refrigeration, held in October 1908, in Paris. As vice president of the association and chairman of the ,first committee', which dealt with the science of low temperatures, Kamerlingh Onnes was able to strengthen Leiden's position as the leading international centre for cryogenic research. His presentation at the Paris congress unleashed a stream of guest researchers to Leiden, where they enjoyed Kamerlingh Onnes's hospitality and were allowed to extend their research to much lower temperatures then could be reached in their own laboratories. The Association provided grants for young physicists to perform research ,relevant to cold technology' in Leiden's cryogenic laboratory. In practice, however, the Leiden program dealt only with basic research. In 1920, in the wake of World War I, the Association was transformed into the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR). Kamerlingh Onnes, monsieur Zéro Absolu, maintained his key position. By stressing that the science of refrigeration had a golden future and that superconductivity, which was demonstrated in Leiden in 1911, would come to the aid of electrical engineers, Kamerlingh Onnes was able to secure the funding of his Leiden laboratory by the IIR. [source]