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Intergroup Attitudes (intergroup + attitude)
Selected AbstractsRole of personal endorsement of outgroup members' distinctive values and need for cognitive closure in attitude towards the outgroupASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Yanjun Guan The present study was designed to examine the role of the perceived culture of the outgroup and the perceiver's cognitive style on the intergroup process. We conducted a survey among mainland Chinese college students to discover the role of their personal endorsement of Hong Kong Chinese's distinctive values and need for cognitive closure in predicting their attitude towards the Hong Kong Chinese outgroup. Results showed that mainland Chinese who gave a higher endorsement of Hong Kong Chinese values were more likely to show a positive attitude towards Hong Kong Chinese, especially for people with a higher need for cognitive closure. These results were discussed in terms of the function of shared social reality on the formation of positive intergroup attitude. Future directions for intergroup research were proposed based on these findings. [source] Knowing who likes who: The early developmental basis of coalition understandingEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Lara Platten Group biases based on broad category membership appear early in human development. However, like many other primates humans inhabit social worlds also characterised by small groups of social coalitions which are not demarcated by visible signs or social markers. A critical cognitive challenge for a young child is thus how to extract information concerning coalition structure when coalitions are dynamic and may lack stable and outwardly visible cues to membership. Therefore, the ability to decode behavioural cues of affiliations present in everyday social interactions between individuals would have conferred powerful selective advantages during our evolution. This would suggest that such an ability may emerge early in life, however, little research has investigated the developmental origins of such processing. The present paper will review recent empirical research which indicates that in the first 2 years of life infants achieve a host of social-cognitive abilities that make them well adapted to processing coalition-affiliations of others. We suggest that such an approach can be applied to better understand the origins of intergroup attitudes and biases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Independent benefits of contact and friendship on attitudes toward homosexuals among authoritarians and highly identified heterosexualsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Gordon Hodson Although intergroup contact is generally associated with positive intergroup attitudes, little is known about whether individual differences moderate these relations, or how contact might operate among prejudice-prone individuals. The present investigation explores Person,×,Contact and Person,×,Friendship interaction patterns among heterosexual university students. As expected, the positive relations of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and heterosexual identification with prejudice against homosexuals were weakened when participants reported increased contact, more positive contact, direct (personal) friendships, or indirect friendships (i.e., ingroup friends with outgroup friends) with homosexuals. These patterns held after controlling statistically for each person or situation variable. Contact and friendship exerted smaller or negligible effects among low authoritarians or low identifiers. Tests of indirect effects revealed that among high authoritarians or high identifiers, contact and friendship exerted influence on attitudes through group-level perceptions that homosexuals promote societal values and through increased self,other overlap with gay friends, each otherwise resisted by these individuals. Overall these results suggest that: (a) intergroup contact and intergroup friendship are related but distinct constructs; and (b) past findings underestimate contact effects by collapsing across levels of personal biases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Perspective taking and prejudice reduction: the mediational role of empathy arousal and situational attributionsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Theresa K. Vescio This research was designed to examine whether perspective taking promotes improved intergroup attitudes regardless of the extent that stereotypic perceptions of outgroups are endorsed, as well as examining the mechanisms (attributional or empathy related) by which perspective taking motivates improved intergroup attitudes. Participants were presented with an interview segment where an African American interviewee discussed the difficulties experienced as a result of his membership in a negatively stereotyped group. Materials were presented in a 2 (perspective taking: other focused or objective focused),×,2 (target stereotypicality: confirming or disconfirming) between participants design. Findings revealed that the manipulation of target stereotypicality influenced subsequent stereotype endorsement; those exposed to a stereotype confirming target later endorsed more stereotypic perceptions of African Americans than did those exposed to a stereotype disconfirming target. However, perspective taking promoted improved intergroup attitudes irrespective of stereotypicality; those encouraged to adopt the perspective of the target later reported more favourable intergroup attitudes than did those who remained detached and objective listeners. Whereas empathy partially mediated the relation between perspective taking and intergroup attitudes, situational attributions were a stronger and more reliable mediator. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Generalization of positive attitude as a function of subgroup and superordinate group identifications in intergroup contactEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Roberto González The role of category salience in mediating the effects of intergroup contact was examined. One theoretical model proposes that some psychological salience of subgroup categories is necessary to facilitate the generalization of attitude change beyond the immediate contact situation. Another argues that a re-categorization of the subgroups into a new superordinate category is more beneficial, whilst a third suggests that de-categorizing the situation entirely is optimal. An alternative view, which combines the first two models, proposes a Dual Identity strategy (simultaneous high superordinate and high subgroup categorization) as an important mediator of the relationship between contact variables and intergroup attitudes. In the study, participants (N,=,114) undertook a cooperative intergroup task under four conditions of category salience: ,subgroup', ,superordinate', ,superordinate and subgroup', and ,no group salience'. Evaluative ratings and symbolic reward allocations both for the groups encountered (contact) and those outside the situation (generalization) provided measures of intergroup bias. Bias within the contact situation was mainly eliminated in all conditions. However, on the more generalized bias measures, only the ,superordinate' and ,superordinate and subgroup' (Dual Identity strategy) conditions maintained this low level; in the other two conditions intergroup bias resurfaced. A combination of the first two models is proposed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Perceived legitimacy of intergroup status differences: its prediction by relative ingroup prototypicalityEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Ulrike Weber Research demonstrates that the perceived legitimacy of intergroup status differences has profound effects on intergroup attitudes, emotions and behavior. However, there has only been little intergroup research that predicts the perception of legitimacy. We hypothesize that the perception of legitimate or illegitime status relations depends upon the perceived relative prototypicality of the ingroup for the inclusive category. Since the prototype of the inclusive category provides a normative comparison standard for subgroup evaluation, similarity to this standard (i.e. prototypicality) should be positively evaluated and used to justify high status. A first study in a natural intergroup context (N,=,67) offered correlational data in support of the predicted relationship. The second study (N,=,60), using Germans as ingroup with Poles as outgroup and Europe as inclusive category, demonstrated that the link between prototypicality and legitimacy is contingent upon the valence of the inclusive category. In order to elucidate the causal direction, the third study manipulated relative prototypicality in an artificial intergroup context (N,=,94) and introduced status as a moderator variable. Overall, we found strong support for the hypothesis that legitimacy is related to prototypicality and that this relation is moderated by ingroup status and valence of the inclusive category. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Is Valuing Equality Enough?JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, Issue 1 2009Allophilia, Equality Values, Social Policy Support for Multiracial Individuals We conducted a field study to investigate positive intergroup attitudes (i.e., allophilia) and equality values as potential antecedents of social policy support for multiracial individuals. Participants (N = 97) reported their social policy support for multiracial individuals in two ways,support for the recognition of "multiracial" as a distinct racial category (recognition) and support for multiracial individuals' access to programs and policies (assistance). Results revealed that allophilia motivated those who held equality beliefs to support social policies for multiracial individuals. Implications of these findings for theories of positive intergroup relations, as well as the processes that may underlie progress for multiracial individuals, are discussed. [source] Developing a More Inclusive Social Identity: An Elementary School InterventionJOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, Issue 1 2004Melissa A. Houlette School integration, stimulated by the 1954 Brown v. Board of Educationdecision, has influenced students' social and educational experiences. Drawing on practice and theory, we focus on strategies for improving intergroup relations. In a series of sessions over four-weeks, 830 first and second grade children participated in Green Circle program activities designed to widen their circles of inclusion to include people who are different from themselves. Although the intervention did not influence children's biases in sharing or how happy they would be playing with others who were different from themselves based on race, sex, and weight, it did lead them to be more inclusive in selecting their most preferred playmate. Implications for friendship development and improvement in intergroup attitudes are considered. He drew a circle that shut me out- Heretic, rebel, a thing to flout. But love and I had the wit to win- We drew a circle that took him in. ,Edwin Markham (1936, p. 67) [source] Impact of Relative Size and Language on the Attitudes between Nations and Linguistic Groups: The Case of SwitzerlandAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Carine Matser This study explores the impact of relative size on the intra- and intergroup attitudes of groups who either share a language or have a different language. For that purpose, we examined international attitudes, comparing a small nation, Switzerland, and two larger nations, Germany and France. We found support for the assumption that large neighbouring nations pose a threat to the smaller nation's identity, especially when they are linguistically similar. Consequently, in line with Tajfel's Social Identity Theory (1978), the smaller nation's inhabitants evaluate those of the larger nation less positively, liking them less and perceiving them to be more arrogant than vice versa. By investigating the special case of the French-speaking and the German-speaking Swiss as linguistic groups within their own nation we were able to demonstrate that these groups seek support with the larger,linguistically,similar nation to defend themselves against the more direct in-country threat to their identity. They acknowledge the similarity with the larger nation, yet keep defending their social identity by expressing a dislike for this perceived similarity. Cette étude analyse l'impact de la taille relative de groupes partageant ou non un même langage sur les attitudes intra et inter groupes. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié des attitudes internationales en comparant une petite nation, la Suisse, à deux grandes nations, l'Allemagne et la France. Nous avons confirmé l'hypothèse selon laquelle les grandes nations constituent une menace pour l'identité des plus petites nations voisines, particulièrement quand elles partagent une même langue. En conséquence, dans la lignée de la théorie de l'identité sociale de Tajfel (1978), les habitants de petites nations évaluent leurs homologues des plus grandes nations moins positivement, les apprécient moins et les percoivent comme étant plus arrogants que l'inverse. En enquêtant sur le cas particulier des Suisses francophones et germanophones comme groupes linguisitiques au sein de leur propre nation, nous démontrons qu'ils recherchent l'appui d'une plus grande nation similaire à eux linguistiquement pour se défendre d'une menace intérieure plus directe envers leur identité. Cependant, s'ils reconnaissent la similitude avec des plus grandes nations, ils n'en continuent pas moins à défendre leur identité sociale en exprimant une aversion pour cette similitude perçue. [source] System-perpetuating asymmetries between explicit and implicit intergroup attitudes among indigenous and non-indigenous ChileansASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Andrés Haye The present research demonstrates a dissociation between explicit and implicit intergroup evaluation in the reciprocal attitudes between indigenous (Mapuche) and non-indigenous Chileans. In both social groups, the explicit measures of attitudes towards the respective in-group and out-group were compared with the Implicit Association Test scores. The results indicate that the members of the low-status minority might explicitly express a moderate evaluative preference for their in-group but might implicitly devalue it. Conversely, the members of the high-status majority might implicitly devalue their out-group but might explicitly express no bias. These results are theoretically framed in terms of system justification, conventional stereotypes and motivated correction processes. [source] Managing intergroup attitudes among Hong Kong adolescents: Effects of social category inclusiveness and time pressureASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Shui-fong Lam Previous research has shown a widespread bias among Hong Kong adolescents against Chinese Mainlanders. Based on social identity and social cognitive theories, we examined the effects of identity frame switching (situational induction of social category inclusiveness) and time pressure (environmental constraints on social information processing) on Hong Kong adolescents' attitudes toward Chinese Mainlanders. Results indicated that Hong Kong adolescents had acquired a habitual tendency to make social comparisons within an exclusive regional framework of reference. This habitual tendency might lead to negative judgment biases toward Chinese Mainlanders, particularly when the adolescents made social judgments under time pressure. In addition, switching to an inclusive national frame of reference for social comparison attenuated negative intergroup attitudes. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. [source] Preschool Children's Attention to Environmental Messages About Groups: Social Categorization and the Origins of Intergroup BiasCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2006Meagan M. Patterson This study was designed to examine the effects of adults' labeling and use of social groups on preschool children's intergroup attitudes. Children (N=87, aged 3,5) attending day care were given measures of classification skill and self-esteem and assigned to membership in a novel ("red" or "blue") social group. In experimental classrooms, teachers used the color groups to label children and organize the classroom. In control classrooms, teachers ignored the color groups. After 3 weeks, children completed multiple measures of intergroup attitudes. Results indicated that children in both types of classrooms developed ingroup-biased attitudes. As expected, children in experimental classrooms showed greater ingroup bias on some measures than children in control classrooms. [source] | ||||||||||