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Intestinal Function (intestinal + function)
Selected AbstractsIntestinal function and gut microflora of broiler chickens as influenced by cereal grains and microbial enzyme supplementationJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5 2009M. D. Shakouri Summary A study was conducted to investigate the effect of the key cereal grains and a microbial enzyme supplement on broiler chicken performance, gut microflora and intestinal function. Ingestion of the barley-based diet was associated with low 28-day body weight, decreased feed intake and high FCR. The supplemental enzyme increased feed intake and weight gain of the chickens on a wheat-based diet. The pH of the gizzard and caecal contents varied with the grain type. Enzyme supplementation reduced ileal viscosity, particularly in birds that received the diet based on wheat. The birds on the barley-based diet had lower ileal digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy than those given maize and sorghum-based diets. The ileal digestibility of starch was increased by enzyme supplementation. Enzyme supplementation increased the number of total anaerobic bacteria in the gizzard of birds fed on sorghum and increased lactobacilli in the gizzard of those fed both sorghum and wheat. The birds fed the sorghum-based diet had the lowest counts of caecal total anaerobic bacteria and lactobacilli. Jejunal villus height and villus:crypt ratio of birds fed the barley-based diet were the lowest when compared with those fed the other diets. Enzyme application induced an increase in villus height and villus:crypt ratio of birds on wheat, crypt depth on barley and a reduction in crypt depth of chickens on the sorghum-based diets. The highest activity of maltase and the lowest activity of sucrase were observed in tissue from birds fed on maize and sorghum-based diets respectively. The differences in the performance of broilers on cereal grains could be explained by changes in intestinal morphology, enzyme activities and gut microflora as well as nutrient digestibility. The improved performance by supplemental enzyme in wheat-fed chickens was associated with beneficial changes in intestinal morphology and digesta viscosity. [source] Intestinal function and body growth of broiler chickens on maize-based diets supplemented with mimosa tannins and a microbial enzymeJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 12 2004Paul A Iji Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tannin (0, 5, 15, 20 and 25 g kg,1 diet) and a microbial enzyme supplement (MES) on the feed consumption, body growth and digestive physiology of broiler chickens between hatch and 22 days of age. Feed intake, body weight and body weight gain declined (p < 0.001) with an increase in dietary tannin content. Feed conversion efficiency was increased (p < 0.001) in line with dietary tannin level, up to 15 g kg,1 diet. There were no significant effects of dietary treatment on the protein content of pancreatic tissue or activities of pancreatic and jejunal enzymes. The ileal digestibilities of energy, protein, arginine, alanine and leucine were reduced (p < 0.001) as dietary tannin level rose to 20 g kg,1 diet and beyond. The digestibilities of methionine and phenylalanine were also negatively affected (p < 0.01) at the highest level of dietary tannins, while phosphorus digestion was improved (p < 0.05) on diets containing tannin. Apart from an increase (p < 0.01) in the protein content of the jejunal mucosa of birds on the diet with 20 g tannin kg,1 diet, there were no significant effects of the MES on most of the variables assessed. The results demonstrate the negative effects of tannin, especially at high levels of inclusion in the diet. However, neither tannins nor MES influenced the activities of digestive enzymes assessed, suggesting that a wider range of factors may be involved in regulating the effects of tannins on poultry. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] What is the effect of inflammation on intestinal function?INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue S2 2008Giovanni Barbara MD First page of article [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Intestinal villus histological alterations in broilers fed dietary dried fermented gingerJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5 2010T. Incharoen Summary To evaluate the effect of dietary dried fermented ginger (DFG) on intestinal villous histological alteration and growth performance, 64 Marshall Chunky male broilers were divided into four groups, each with four replicates of four chickens. Birds were fed the basal commercial mash diet supplemented with DFG at 0 (control), 5, 10 and 20 g/kg for 42 days. With increasing dietary DFG levels, feed intake tended to decrease and significantly decreased in the 20 g/kg DFG group (p < 0.05). Weight gain was higher in all the DFG groups, with the highest in the 10 g/kg DFG group (p < 0.05), resulting in an improved feed efficiency in all the DFG groups. Intestinal villus height, villus area, cell area and cell mitosis in all the intestinal segments were higher in all the DFG groups than in the control group. Protuberated cells and cell clusters were found in all the DFG groups, suggesting that the intestinal villi and cells might be hypertrophied. The present results indicate that dietary DFG can be used as a natural feed additive to induce broiler growth performance as a result of stimulation of morphological maturation and in consequence intestinal function. [source] Intestinal function and gut microflora of broiler chickens as influenced by cereal grains and microbial enzyme supplementationJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5 2009M. D. Shakouri Summary A study was conducted to investigate the effect of the key cereal grains and a microbial enzyme supplement on broiler chicken performance, gut microflora and intestinal function. Ingestion of the barley-based diet was associated with low 28-day body weight, decreased feed intake and high FCR. The supplemental enzyme increased feed intake and weight gain of the chickens on a wheat-based diet. The pH of the gizzard and caecal contents varied with the grain type. Enzyme supplementation reduced ileal viscosity, particularly in birds that received the diet based on wheat. The birds on the barley-based diet had lower ileal digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy than those given maize and sorghum-based diets. The ileal digestibility of starch was increased by enzyme supplementation. Enzyme supplementation increased the number of total anaerobic bacteria in the gizzard of birds fed on sorghum and increased lactobacilli in the gizzard of those fed both sorghum and wheat. The birds fed the sorghum-based diet had the lowest counts of caecal total anaerobic bacteria and lactobacilli. Jejunal villus height and villus:crypt ratio of birds fed the barley-based diet were the lowest when compared with those fed the other diets. Enzyme application induced an increase in villus height and villus:crypt ratio of birds on wheat, crypt depth on barley and a reduction in crypt depth of chickens on the sorghum-based diets. The highest activity of maltase and the lowest activity of sucrase were observed in tissue from birds fed on maize and sorghum-based diets respectively. The differences in the performance of broilers on cereal grains could be explained by changes in intestinal morphology, enzyme activities and gut microflora as well as nutrient digestibility. The improved performance by supplemental enzyme in wheat-fed chickens was associated with beneficial changes in intestinal morphology and digesta viscosity. [source] Evaluation of intestinal mucosal function by measuring expired 14CO2 after oral administration of 14C-putrescineJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 9 2001Akira Sasaki Abstract Background: Diamine oxidase (DAO) is the enzyme that degrades putrescine, the key main product of polyamine metabolism, and reflects enterocytic maturity of absorption because diamine oxidase activity is highest in the small intestine. We have already shown that expired 14CO2 after oral administration of 14C-putrescine correlated with intestinal DAO activity. However, the influence of food composition and the mucosal adaptation after intestinal resection have not been elucidated. Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed normal chow or an elemental diet (ED) for 2 weeks. Resected rats underwent 50% jejunectomy or 50% ilectomy. Expired 14CO2 levels, following oral administration of 14C-putrescine were measured in all rats, and compared with the intestinal DAO activity and other mucosal parameters. Results: In the ED group, the 14CO2 levels reached a peak earlier, and values were 2.9-fold higher than in the group fed with normal chow. Mucosal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and DAO activity in the ED group were also higher than in the group fed normal chow, although the mucosal wet weight was significantly lower in the ED group. In the resection groups, all expired 14CO2 values increased during measurement. The peak 14CO2 values in the jejunectomy group shifted earlier in the postoperative period. The mucosal DAO activity in both the resection groups was higher than it was in the control group at the fifth and 10th postoperative day. However, there were no differences among the three groups at the 15th postoperative day. Conclusions: Our studies suggested that expired 14CO2 after oral administration of 14C-putrescine correlates with mucosal DAO activity, and that it also reflects intestinal function. [source] Understanding the role of tryptophan and serotonin metabolism in gastrointestinal functionNEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY & MOTILITY, Issue 12 2009D. Keszthelyi Abstract, Tryptophan is the precursor of a wide array of metabolites, which are involved in a variety of aspects of human nutrition and metabolism. Accumulating evidence suggests a role of tryptophan metabolites, especially serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamin) in intestinal (patho) physiology, although mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. Alterations of serotonin metabolism may give rise to gastrointestinal dysfunction. Recently, it has been postulated that other metabolites of tryptophan, mostly of the kynurenine pathway, also play a role in regulating gut function. This review analyses the current knowledge of the interrelationship between tryptophan metabolic pathways and summarizes the existing scientific evidence regarding the role of tryptophan metabolites in intestinal function and in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases. [source] Profiling human gut bacterial metabolism and its kinetics using [U- 13C]glucose and NMRNMR IN BIOMEDICINE, Issue 1 2010Albert A. de Graaf Abstract This study introduces a stable-isotope metabolic approach employing [U- 13C]glucose that, as a novelty, allows selective profiling of the human intestinal microbial metabolic products of carbohydrate food components, as well as the measurement of the kinetics of their formation pathways, in a single experiment. A well-established, validated in vitro model of human intestinal fermentation was inoculated with standardized gastrointestinal microbiota from volunteers. After culture stabilization, [U- 13C]glucose was added as an isotopically labeled metabolic precursor. System lumen and dialysate samples were taken at regular intervals. Metabolite concentrations and isotopic labeling were determined by NMR, GC, and enzymatic methods. The main microbial metabolites were lactate, acetate, butyrate, formate, ethanol, and glycerol. They together accounted for a 13C recovery rate as high as 91.2%. Using an NMR chemical shift prediction approach, several minor products that showed 13C incorporation were identified as organic acids, amino acids, and various alcohols. Using computer modeling of the 12C contents and 13C labeling kinetics, the metabolic fluxes in the gut microbial pathways for synthesis of lactate, formate, acetate, and butyrate were determined separately for glucose and unlabeled background substrates. This novel approach enables the study of the modulation of human intestinal function by single nutrients, providing a new rational basis for achieving control of the short-chain fatty acids profile by manipulating substrate and microbiota composition in a purposeful manner. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] FLR-2, the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit, is involved in the neural control of intestinal functions in Caenorhabditis elegansGENES TO CELLS, Issue 10 2009Akane Oishi The intestine plays an essential role in organism-wide regulatory networks in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In Caenorhabditis elegans, class 1 flr genes (flr-1, flr-3 and flr-4) act in the intestine and control growth rates and defecation cycle periods, while class 2 flr genes (flr-2, flr-5, flr-6 and flr-7) are characterized by mutations that suppress the slow growth of class 1 flr mutants. This study revealed that flr-2 gene controls antibacterial defense and intestinal color, confirming that flr-2 regulates intestinal functions. flr-2 encoded the only glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit in C. elegans and was expressed in certain neurons. Furthermore, FLR-2 bound to another secretory protein GHI-1, which belongs to a family of lipid- and lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins. A ghi-1 deletion mutation partially suppressed the short defecation cycle periods of class 1 flr mutants, and this effect was enhanced by flr-2 mutations. Thus, FLR-2 acts as a signaling molecule for the neural control of intestinal functions, which is achieved in a functional network involving class 1 and class 2 flr genes as well as ghi-1. These results are informative to studies of glycoprotein hormone signaling in higher animals. [source] Cadmium-induced hormetic effect in differentiated Caco-2 cells: ERK and p38 activation without cell proliferation stimulationJOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Marc Mantha Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that enters the food chain. Following oral ingestion, the intestinal epithelium may in part protect against Cd toxicity but is also a target tissue. Using human enterocytic-like Caco-2 cells, we have previously shown differences in sensitivity to Cd according to the differentiation status. The present study focuses on Cd effects on differentiated cells. Concentration and time-dependent increases in MTT (3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) activity were observed in post-confluent cultures exclusively, with a twofold maximal stimulation in 21-day-old cells exposed to 10,µM Cd for 24,h. No concomitant increase in [methyl- 3H] thymidine incorporation was noted and Cd did not modify cell distribution in the cell-cycle phases. However, Cd-induced increase in MTT activity was inhibited by cycloheximine as well as by inhibitors of ERK1/2 and p38, but not by that of JNK. Consistently, Cd increased the levels of ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. Inhibition of Ras-GTP or PI3K enhanced the stimulatory effect of Cd, whereas mTOR inhibition had no effect. Inhibition of G protein-phospholipase and PKC decreased MTT stimulation. These results show a hormesis-like stimulation of Cd on MTT activity in differentiated intestinal cells exclusively. This effect is not related to cell proliferation but more likely to increased protein synthesis which involves ERK1/2 and p38 cascades and possibly PLC-, signaling pathways. Because growth-related differentiation of intestinal cells is linked to the selective and sequential activation of MAPKs, the impacts that these Cd-induced perturbations in signaling pathways may have on intestinal functions clearly deserve to be investigated. J. Cell. Physiol. 224:250,261, 2010 © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Intestinal Villus Histological Alterations in Piglets fed Dietary Charcoal Powder Including Wood Vinegar Compound LiquidANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 1 2004A. Mekbungwan Summary To investigate the effects of dietary charcoal powder including wood vinegar compound liquid (CWVC, 4 : 1) on intestinal villus histology, piglets were fed 0, 1, 3 and 5% dietary CWVC diets for 30 days. Feed intake and body weight gain were measured during the experimental period. At the end of the experiments, intestinal villus height, epithelial cell area and cell mitosis were examined using light microscopy (LM), and the duodenal villus tip surface was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Feed efficiency tended to be improved in the CWVC group. The 3% CWVC group showed the highest value, followed by 1% CWVC group of most LM parameters in most intestinal parts, but the 5% CWVC group showed the almost similar value compared with the control. In addition, on the duodenal villus tip surface, the 3% CWVC group showed a clearer cell outline, larger cells and cells protuberated further into the lumen than those of the 1% CWVC group. However, the 5% CWVC group showed faint SEM features than the 1% CWVC group. The present trend of improved feed efficiency after feedings of dietary CWVC demonstrates that the CWVC could be incorporated into piglet diets up to 3% level, and that the CWVC might activate intestinal functions both at villus and cellular levels. [source] | |||||||||||||