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Intestinal Contents (intestinal + content)
Selected AbstractsEffects of long-term oral administration of polymeric microcapsules containing tyrosinase on maintaining decreased systemic tyrosine levels in ratsJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2004Binglan Yu Abstract There is no effective treatment for melanoma, a fatal skin cancer occurring with increasing frequency. Dietary tyrosine restriction lowers systemic tyrosine and suppresses the growth of melanoma in mice, but this is not tolerated by human resulting in nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. We report here the successful use of oral polymeric microcapsules containing tyrosinase to lower the systemic tyrosine level in the rats. We found that microencapsulated tyrosinase incubated with intestinal content of rats selectively lowered the tyrosine level. We then studied the daily oral administration of microencapsulated tyrosinase in rats of one dose a day, two doses a day, and three doses a day over a period of up to 22 days. With three doses a day, the tyrosine levels in the test group decreased to 68.8% of the control group by day 4 and then decreased to 52.6% after this and remained at this level throughout the 22 days test period. This is the level shown earlier by other workers using dietary restriction of tyrosine to result in suppression of growth of melanoma. However, unlike dietary tyrosine restriction, oral tyrosinase microcapsules did not result in adverse effects nor significant differences in growth (weight gain) when compared to the control group. This approach can also be used for the lowering of systemic tyrosine in hypertyrosinemia, an inborn error of metabolism. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 93: 831,837, 2004 [source] The intake of dietary fiber from grape seeds modifies the antioxidant status in rat cecumJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 11 2005Isabel Goñi Abstract The aim of this study was to measure the antioxidant activity and polyphenolic compounds in cecum and feces of rats fed with a grape seed concentrate. The grape concentrate was rich in indigestible compounds (dietary fiber, polyphenols and other associated compounds) which presented significant antioxidant activity. Polyphenols extracted by aqueous,organic solvents (extractable polyphenols, EPs) and non-extractable polyphenols (NEPs) exhibited high antioxidant capacity as measured by the ABTS method. High correlations were found between antioxidant capacity values and EP (r2 = 0.9608) and NEP content (r2 = 0.9179). EPs and NEPs exhibited considerable antioxidant activity within the large intestine. Significant antioxidant activity was also found in feces derived from excreted EPs and NEPs. The grape fiber concentrate enhanced the antioxidant status in the large intestine. The antioxidant activity in the intestinal content should be considered when assessing the effects of dietary components on bowel diseases. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Effect of diets containing a purified soybean trypsin inhibitor on growth performance, digestive proteases and intestinal histology in juvenile sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2010Ester Santigosa Abstract Juvenile sea bream were fed on diets containing 0.0, 2.0 or 4.0 g kg,1 of a soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) for 30 days. The growth performance, total protease activity and intestinal histology were studied after 0, 15 and 30 days of dietary treatment. No significant differences were found in the weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion rate in fish fed on inhibitor-supplemented diets when compared with those fed on an inhibitor-free diet. Only the SGR at day 15 decreased significantly with protease inhibitor inclusion, although this effect was not observed at day 30. In relation to proteolytic activity at day 15, the total protease activity in the distal intestine decreased in fish fed on inhibitor-supplemented diets. Zymograms of these extracts showed that the SBTI reduced the intensity of some proteolytic fractions in the distal intestine. A noticeable reduction in the protease activity of the intestinal content in fish fed on the highest level of soybean inhibitor (4.0 g kg,1) was also observed. However, at day 30, the inhibition effect on these active bands was not detected, and the total protease activity was similar to that in fish fed on an inhibitor-free diet. Histological examination revealed no perceptible differences in the intestinal structure between any of the diet groups. In addition, all fish were maintained under experimentation for 10 more days and fed on an inhibitor-free diet to determine whether the possible effects caused by the protease inhibitor could be reverted. The administration of SBTI-supplemented diets did not affect sea bream growth performance or intestine histology after 30 days, and only a decrease in the total alkaline protease activity was found at day 15. [source] Use of probiotics to control furunculosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 6 2002A Irianto Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the intestinal contents of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, on tryptone soya agar and De Man Rogosa and Sharpe agar, of which 11 of 177 (6% of the total) of the isolates were antagonistic to Aeromonas salmonicida. Four of these cultures, which were identified tentatively as A. hydrophila, Vibrio fluvialis, Carnobacterium sp. and an unidentified Gram-positive coccus, were beneficial to fish when fed singly or as an equi-mixture. Feed supplemented with the putative probiotics indicated survival of the organisms in the gastrointestinal tract for 7 days. Feeding with the probiotics for 7 and 14 days led to better survival following challenge with A. salmonicida. There was no indication of serum or mucus antibodies to A. salmonicida, but there was an increased number of erythrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes and leucocytes, and enhanced lysozyme activity in the fish. [source] Isolation and characterization of metabolites of centpropazine in rat liver, intestine, and red blood cell homogenatesJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 9 2002Bhattaram V. Atul Abstract The potential sites for metabolism of centpropazine (CPZ) (an antidepressant) were evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The isolation and identification of the major metabolites formed in the presence of rat liver S9 fraction, intestine, and red blood cells under aerobic conditions were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. CPZ was found to be extensively metabolized to seven possible metabolites by liver S9 fraction in the presence of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate generating system at 37°C. Both intestinal wall and red blood cells were also found to metabolize the compound. This metabolite structure was confirmed by comparison with that of its synthetic standard. The drug was stable in intestinal contents. On the basis of our finding, we propose the in vitro metabolic pathways for CPZ. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 91:2067,2075, 2002 [source] Stability of oleuropein in the human proximal gutJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2009Constantinos Markopoulos Abstract Objectives We aimed to assess the intralumenal stability of oleuropein in human gastric and small intestinal contents. We additionally aimed to assess the stability characteristics of oleuropein in media simulating the intralumenal conditions. Methods The intralumenal stability of oleuropein was assessed in aspirates from the stomach and the upper small intestine of healthy volunteers collected under both fasted and fed state conditions and in media simulating the intralumenal environment. Key findings Oleuropein degraded in aspirates collected in the fasted state. When the initial concentration was about 50 ,g/ml (close to expected intragastric concentration after single dose of commercially available products of oleuropein) the mean zero-order half-life of oleuropein in aspirates collected from the fasted small intestine was estimated to be 3.14 ± 0.08 h at 37°C (i.e. after oral administration in the fasted state, a substantial fraction of oleuropein degrades before reaching the intestinal mucosa). In contrast, oleuropein was stable in aspirates collected from the fed stomach; in small intestinal contents aspirated in the fed state the estimated zero-order degradation half-life was at least 12 h. Conclusions These data suggest that oleuropein should not have substantial intralumenal stability problems when administered in the fed state. Data collected in media simulating the intragastric and intraintestinal environment suggest that pH affects the stability of oleuropein only at low pH values (of about 2). At higher pHs degradation characteristics are at least partly affected by the presence of other scavengers of reactive oxygen species in the medium. [source] Taurocholic acid-induced secretion in normal and cystic fibrosis mouse ileumJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 5 2001J. Hardcastle Bile acids cause secretion throughout the intestinal tract and this process contributes to maintaining the fluidity of intestinal contents. In cystic fibrosis (CF) defective intestinal secretion can lead to excessive dehydration of the luminal contents and the development of clinical symptoms. This study was designed to investigate bile acid-induced secretion in mouse ileum and to determine whether this process was defective in CF. Taurocholic acid-induced secretion was monitored as a rise in short-circuit current (SCC) in ileal sheets from normal (Swiss MF1) and transgenic CF mice. Taurocholic acid increased the SCC in both intact and stripped ileal sheets from Swiss MF1 mice. This effect was due to a stimulation of electrogenic Cl, secretion as it was inhibited by Cl, -free conditions, serosal furosemide (frusemide), mucosal diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPC) and increased serosal K+ concentration, without being affected by reduced mucosal Na+ concentration. Taurocholic acid-induced secretion was inhibited by tetrodotoxin, indicating the involvement of a neural pathway, but this did not include capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons or muscarinic cholinoreceptors. Mucosal mast cells also contributed to the response. Responses in tissues from transgenic wild-type mice were similar to those obtained with Swiss MF1 animals, but ilea from CF mice exhibited a lower basal SCC with significantly reduced secretory responses to acetylcholine and taurocholic acid. We concluded that taurocholic acid induces ileal secretion by a mechanism that entails activation of enteric nerves and degranulation of mucosal mast cells. Impaired bile acid-induced secretion in CF may contribute to luminal dehydration. [source] Improvement in site-specific intestinal absorption of furosemide by Eudragit L100-55JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2001T. Terao Furosemide (frusemide) is a weakly acidic diuretic drug. Its absorption is poor and variable, in part due to its restricted sites of absorption, mainly the stomach. The narrow absorption window of this drug can be explained by pH partition theory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of widening the absorption window of furosemide by controlling the pH in distal portions of the gastrointestinal tract with officially used additives. Methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit L100,55), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HP-55) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (AS-MF) were selected as additives. The pH of suspensions of these additives was about 4, and the pH was adjusted to about 6,7 by the addition of NaOH. The Eudragit L100,55 suspension was found to be the most resistant to NaOH titration. When Eudragit L100,55 was used in an in-situ ileal loop experiment in rats, the pH of the intestinal contents was significantly reduced, from 7.9 ± 0.1 to 5.7 ± 0.1, and the plasma concentration of furosemide 15 min after administration was about 3 times higher than that in controls, 1.81 ± 0.42 ,g mL,1 vs 0.63 ± 0.08 ,g mL,1. However, the plasma concentration of [14C] mannitol was not changed by the co-administration of Eudragit L100,55. Furthermore, the AUC of furosemide was significantly increased by a factor of about 1.6 relative to that in controls by the co-administration of Eudragit L100,55, to 21.4 ± 4.0 ,g h mL,1 from 13.3 ± 3.9 ,g h mL,1, and the gastrointestinal pH in the midgut and ileum was significantly reduced, with most of the furosemide remaining in these segments at 2 h following the oral administration of furosemide with Eudragit L100,55 to rats. These findings clearly demonstrate that the addition of Eudragit L100,55 can increase the absorption of furosemide in distal portions of the gastrointestinal tract. In conclusion, it is feasible to widen the absorption window of furosemide by controlling the pH in distal portions of the gastrointestinal tract by the co-administration of Eudragit L100,55. [source] Anti-infectious activity of synbiotics in a novel mouse model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infectionMICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 5 2010Enkhtuya Lkhagvadorj ABSTRACT The anti-infectious activity of synbiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection was evaluated using a novel lethal mouse model. Groups of 12 mice treated with multiple antibiotics were infected orally with a clinical isolate of MRSA at an inoculum of 108 CFU on day 7 after starting the antibiotics. A dose of 400 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was injected intraperitoneally on day 7 after the infection. A dose of 108 CFU Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult and 10 mg of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) were given orally to mice daily with the antibiotic treatment until day 28. The intestinal population levels of MRSA in the mice on multiple antibiotics were maintained stably at 108 CFU/g of intestinal contents after oral MRSA infection and the subsequent 5-FU treatment killed all the mice in the group within 14 days. B. breve administration saved most of the mice, but the synbiotic treatment saved all of the mice from lethal MRSA infection. The synbiotic treatment was effective for the treatment of intestinal infection caused by four MRSA strains with different toxin productions. There was a large difference among the six Bifidobacteria strains that were naturally resistant to the antibacterial drugs used. B. breve in combination with GOS is demonstrated to have valuable preventive and curative effects against even fatal MRSA infections. [source] Quantitative real-time PCR monitoring of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens with oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum strain Lq80 to weaning pigletsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2008Shunsuke TAKAHASHI ABSTRACT Levels of fecal or intestinal lactobacilli, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens, and the prevalence of clostridial alpha toxin gene and heat-stable toxin (ST) gene of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were monitored in weaned piglets before (day 0) and during (days 7, 14, and 21) the administration of Lactobacillus plantarum strain Lq80. Lactobacilli were enumerated in a culture-dependent method. The remainders were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. In this quantitative real-time PCR method, the detection limit was proved to be as low as 103 cells/g feces or intestinal contents. Number of lactobacilli increased from day 0 to day 7 (P < 0.05), to day 14 (P < 0.05), and to day 21 (P = 0.07) in the Lq80-administered group. L. plantarum contributed to as low as 10% of the lactobacillal population in the Lq80-administered group. The number of E. coli and C. perfringens, and the prevalence of alpha toxin gene in feces or intestinal contents of the Lq80-administered group decreased, at least in the first week of the postweaning period. Oral administration of L. plantarum strain Lq80 can stimulate the growth of indigenous lactobacilli and decrease ST-producing ETEC and C. perfringens in the intestine of postweaning piglets. [source] Effect of Thymus vulgaris essential oil on intestinal bacterial microbiota of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and bacterial isolatesAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 10 2010Paola Navarrete Abstract The application of natural and innocuous compounds has potential in aquaculture as an alternative to antibiotics. We evaluated the effect of diet supplementation with Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TVEO) on the allochthonous microbial composition of rainbow trout. DNA was extracted directly from the intestinal contents, and the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR. The bacterial composition was analysed using temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis (TTGE). No significant changes (P>0.05) were detected in the TTGE profiles of TVEO-treated trout compared with the controls. The Dice similarity index revealed a high stability (Cs >70%) of the intestinal microbiota in both groups during the 5-week period. Sequence analyses of the TTGE bands revealed the same bacterial composition in both groups, with most bacteria belonging to the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. The in vitro antibacterial activity of TVEO was assessed using a range of normal intestinal isolates and fish pathogens. The inhibitory concentrations for all the tested bacteria were higher than the TVEO levels used in trout, which may explain the in vivo results. [source] Microbial community diversity associated with the intestinal mucosa of farmed rainbow trout (Oncoryhnchus mykiss Walbaum)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2009Daniel L Merrifield Abstract Bacterial communities from the intestinal tract of rainbow trout were investigated to assess transient and resident microbial communities using both culture-based and culture-independent techniques. Viable counts attached to the intestinal mucosa were in the range of log 4.77,5.38 and log 6.67,6.79 CFU g,1 in the intestinal contents. Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae constituted nearly 80% of the allochthonous population but <60% of the autochthonous populations. This coincided with an elevated mucosal level of a group of Gram-positive rods from ,2% in the digesta to 25,35% on the mucosa. This group was identified by 16S rRNA as Arthrobacter aurescens and Janibacter spp. HTCC2649. Analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis banding patterns showed complex communities in all intestinal regions. Similarity coefficients showed that mucosal communities were ,70% similar to digesta communities and yet due to the presence of bands found uniquely either in the digesta or on the mucosa, the communities are distinctly different. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed mucosal bacterial populations and highlighted a possible localized colonization between mucosal folds. The study highlights the complexity of resident microbial communities that have not been fully explored in previous rainbow trout studies; this is especially true with probiotic/prebiotic investigations. [source] | ||||||||||||||||