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Institutions
Kinds of Institutions Terms modified by Institutions Selected AbstractsNEW BASES FOR PERCUTANEOUS CAVAL FILTER PLACEMENT ON SITE IN GERIATRIC INSTITUTION IN PATIENTS AGED 75 AND OLDERJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 5 2005Alain F. Le Blanche MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] THE ECONOMIC INSTITUTION OF INTERNATIONAL BARTERTHE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 479 2002Dalia Marin Starting with the international debt crisis in the 1980s, international barter increased substantially. More recently, barter has emerged in Russia and South East Asia. This paper examines how barter can help highly indebted countries to finance imports if they cannot use standard credit arrangements. We argue that payment in goods is easier to enforce than payment in money. However, debtors may pay with inferior quality products. We rank goods with respect to these incentive properties and derive the economic institution of commodity money which explains the trade pattern in barter. Our theoretical predictions are consistent with data on barter contracts. [source] CENTRAL BANKS: FROM POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT TO MARKET-DEPENDENT INSTITUTIONSECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2009Pedro Schwartz Responses to the financial crisis are undermining the Chinese walls painfully built between monetary and fiscal authorities. Central banks and state treasuries are working side by side as lenders of last resort. Central banks are helping economic ministers with purchases of public debt and discounting of private paper. Regulation and control of financial institutions is now a political football. Central banks must be seen again as market-dependent institutions in a world of currency competition. Privatisation in law or in fact is back on the table. [source] MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS AND MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2007Mwangi S. Kimenyi The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) may have noble objectives but there are concerns that the associated transfer of resources from wealthy to poor countries could be counter-productive in terms of long-term economic performance. Reforming the institutions of governance and removing barriers that hinder the efficient functioning of markets are the most effective ways for poor countries to achieve MDGs. Poor countries can also improve living standards by relying on market forces rather than monopolistic public agencies for the delivery of services. [source] THE QUALITY OF INSTITUTIONS AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 3 2007CHRISTIAN DAUDE Using bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) stocks around the world, we explore the importance of a wide range of institutional variables as determinants of the location of FDI. While we find that better institutions have overall a positive and economically significant effect on FDI, some institutional aspects matter more than others do. Especially, the unpredictability of laws, regulations and policies, excessive regulatory burden, government instability and lack of commitment play a major role in deterring FDI. For example, the effect of a one standard deviation improvement in the regulatory quality of the host country increases FDI by a factor of around 2. These results are robust to different specifications, estimation methods, and institutional variables. We also present evidence on the significance of institutions as a determinant of FDI over time. [source] POLITICAL MONETARY CYCLES UNDER ALTERNATIVE INSTITUTIONS: THE INDEPENDENT TREASURY AND THE FEDERAL RESERVEECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 3 2005Jac C. Heckelman The theory of opportunistic political business cycles predicts incumbent politicians will alter their economic policies to spur short-run growth to attract additional votes for the upcoming election. There has not been much emphasis on the possibility of historical political business cycles prior to the Keynesian Revolution. No study has yet undertaken a systematic approach to testing for policy cycles during this period. Our study will bridge this gap by considering cycles in monetary policy for the periods of 1879,1914 until the start of Fed operations, and 1914,1932 until abandonment of the gold standard. To properly test for political cycles, it is necessary to develop reaction functions for the Treasury and compare against the reaction function later held by the Fed. This also reveals that creation of an independent monetary authority to be insulated from political pressures changed the manner in which policy was directed, aside from political issues. The evidence is not consistent, however, with monetary cycles closely tied to electoral concerns. [source] CULTIVATING JUST PLANNING AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SOUTH CENTRAL FARM STRUGGLE IN LOS ANGELESJOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2009CLARA IRAZÁBAL ABSTRACT:,The South Central Farm (SCF) in Los Angeles was a 14-acre urban farm in one of the highest concentrations of impoverished residents in the county. It was destroyed in July 2006. This article analyzes its epic as a landscape of resistance to discriminatory legal and planning practices. It then presents its creation and maintenance as an issue of environmental justice, and argues that there was a substantive rationale on the basis of environmental justice and planning ethics that should have provided sufficient grounds for the city to prevent its dismantling. Based on qualitative case study methodology, the study contributes to the formulation of creation and preservation rationales for community gardens and other "commons" threatened by eventual dismantlement in capitalist societies. [source] 2007 JNU CONFERENCE ON INSTITUTIONSPACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 1 2009Manmohan Agarwal No abstract is available for this article. [source] INTERNATIONALISATION AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS.PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 3 2008COMPARING EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE - by Mark Thatcher No abstract is available for this article. [source] INSTITUTIONS, BANKING DEVELOPMENT, AND ECONOMIC GROWTHTHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 4 2009M. Sami NABI O16; O17; O41 Does the institutional environment affect the causal relationship between banking development and economic growth? In the theoretical section of this paper, we develop an endogenous growth model where the institutional environment is captured through two indicators: judicial system efficiency and easiness of informal trade. We show that an improvement in the institutional environment has two effects. First, it intensifies the causality direction from banking to economic growth through a reduction in defaulting loans. Second, it reduces the interest rate spread. In the empirical section of the paper, we find bidirectional causality when analyzing 22 Middle Eastern and North African countries over the period 1984,2004. The first causality, which runs from banking development to economic growth, is more intense in countries with more developed institutional environment. The second causality runs from economic growth to banking and indicates that a more developed economy has a more developed banking system. [source] SHOULD INSTITUTIONS PRIORITIZE RECTIFICATION OVER AID?THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 241 2010Thomas Douglas Should an institutional scheme prioritize the rectification or compensation of harms it has wrongfully caused over provision of aid to persons it has not harmed? Some who think so rely on an analogy with the view that persons should give higher priority to rectification than to aid. Inference from the personal view to the institutional view would be warranted if either (i) the correct moral principles for institutional assessment are nearest possible equivalents of the correct personal moral principles, or (ii) the moral principles which ground the personal view also ground the institutional view. Neither claim can be justified. I briefly assess some alternative ways of defending the view that institutions should prioritize rectification over aid. [source] PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR A SAMPLE OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN INDIAANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2008Alain De CROMBRUGGHE ABSTRACT,:,We use regression analysis to study the determinants of self-sustainability of a sample of microfinance institutions in India. These institutions stand out by their ability and willingness to report financial and operational data to Sa Dhan, a know-how sharing organization. We investigate particularly three aspects of sustainability: cost coverage by revenue, repayment of loans and cost-control. Our results suggest that the challenge of covering costs on small and partly unsecured loans can indeed be met, without necessarily increasing the size of the loans or raising the monitoring cost. The analysis suggests other ways to improve the financial results, like a better targeting of the interest rate policy or increasing the number of borrowers per field officer especially in collective delivery models. [source] REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNANCE TRANSFORMATIONS IN LIBERALISING ELECTRICITY INDUSTRIESANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2006Eva Niesten ABSTRACT,:,The European liberalising electricity industries are still heavily regulated. A prominent form of regulation is directed at the energy companies' forms of governance. European and national regulations prohibit the vertically integrated structures that characterised these companies for almost a century. Detailed rules on unbundling, independence of the transmission and distribution system operators, and network access influence to a large extent the type of new governance structures that are adopted. This paper takes the institutional organisation of regulation into account to explain the regulatory influence on governance changes at the level of the firm. Examples of the Dutch and French electricity industries illustrate that the new forms of governance are heavily influenced by the institutional organisation of regulation. [source] STATE-LEVEL BASIC WAGES IN AUSTRALIA DURING THE DEPRESSION, 1929,35: INSTITUTIONS AND POLITICS OVER MARKETSAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Peter Sheldon Australia; basic wage; depression; institutions; state tribunal State wage-fixation tribunals developed quite particular patterns of basic wage fixation during the Depression. They declined to follow the Commonwealth Court's 10 per cent wage cut, thereby confining its effect to about half the workforce and creating distinctly different State and Commonwealth basic wage patterns in each capital city. Further, tribunals' uneven patterns of basic wage adjustment to deflation meant that in some states, the real State basic wage increased. Patterns of state institutional behaviour and state politics therefore help explain the stickiness of real average wage levels during the Depression. [source] Think Globally, Publish Virtually, Act Locally: A U.S.-Saudi International Museum PartnershipCURATOR THE MUSEUM JOURNAL, Issue 1 2005Paul Michael Taylor ABSTRACT This paper examines an on-going cooperative project between the National Museum of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, undertaken within the framework of the International Partnership Among Museums (IPAM) program of the American Association of Museums. The project,Written in Stone: Epigraphy from the National Museum of Saudi Arabia,is a virtual Web exhibition of inscriptions dating from the late second millennium B.C. to the nineteenth century AD. It is undoubtedly representative of many special-purpose cooperative projects (for exhibitions, research, or other purposes) that are taking place across international boundaries between pairs or groups of museums in various countries. Such collaborations provide examples of how partner institutions can take advantage of the opportunities that globalization and standardization of museum practices offer. [source] A Development Delivery Institution for the Tribal Communities: Experience of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in IndiaDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 4 2010Pulak Mishra This article examines the varied impacts of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) as a development delivery institution for the tribal communities vis-à-vis other social groups across the Indian States, using the framework of new institutional economics. A number of State-specific, socio-economic institutional factors seem to be responsible for these variations. The article therefore suggests institutional reforms and convergence of the development initiatives of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs with the NREGS in order to realise the optimal potential of the scheme, and, in particular, to ensure greater livelihood opportunities for these marginalised groups and their entitlement to productive resources with greater socio-economic and political empowerment. [source] Structure and development of decision-support systems and their use by the State Plant Protection Services in Germany,EPPO BULLETIN, Issue 1 2000B. Kleinhenz To ensure continuing work on decision-support systems (DSSs) and the elaboration of new systems according to the needs of the Plant Protection Services of the federal states of Germany, these services have installed ZEPP (Central Institution for Decision Support Systems and Programmes in Crop Protection). At the national level, ZEPP guarantees a permanent supply of meteorological data, organizes and co-ordinates trials, incorporates scientific progress into the existing DSSs and, in close co-operation with universities and federal research stations, develops new systems for important pests. The PASO desktop system includes a data bank that administers all relevant meteorological files and field data. It allows for automated simulation runs and forecasts, serving as input for timely warnings by different media. Depending on the individual decision-support modules, results are presented as tables and/or graphs. [source] Attitude and tendency of cheating behaviours amongst undergraduate students in a Dental Institution of IndiaEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 2 2010M. Monica Abstract Honesty and integrity are key characteristics expected of a doctor, although academic misconduct amongst medical students is not new. Academic integrity provides the foundation upon, which a flourishing academic life rests. The aim of this study was to investigate the attitude of undergraduate dental students about the seriousness of cheating behaviours and to determine the rate of malpractice amongst these students. A self designed closed ended questionnaire was distributed to 300 undergraduate students in a Dental Institution in India, to rate the seriousness of six cheating behaviours and to assess the rate of malpractice. The response rate was 100%. Two of the six cheating behaviours were considered by at least 61% of the students as very serious cheating behaviours. Almost 70% of the students agreed that they have involved in malpractice in examinations at least once. The majority also felt that cheating in examinations will not have any significant effect on their future. This study has revealed that cheating is an important issue, which needs to be addressed for the benefit of the society at large. [source] Acquiring a Community: The Acquis and the Institution of European Legal OrderEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 4 2003Hans Lindahl The emblematic manifestation of this passage, in the framework of the European legal order, is the acquis communautaire: what is the nature of the process that leads from acquired community to acquiring a community? In a first, preparatory, step, it will be argued that determinate conceptions of truth, time and the giving and taking of reason underlie the process of acquiring a European community. These findings are confronted, in a second step, with Antonio Negri's theory of the multitude as a constituent power, which opposes revolutionary self-determination to representation. Deconstructing this massive opposition, this paper explores three ways in which representation is at work in revolutionary self-determination. As will become clear in the course of the debate, instituting (European) community turns on the interval linking and separating law ,and' disorganised civil society. [source] Capital Allocation and Risk Performance Measurement In a Financial InstitutionFINANCIAL MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS & INSTRUMENTS, Issue 5 2000Stuart M. Turnbull This paper provides an analytical and practical framework, consistent with maximizing the wealth of existing shareholders, to address the following questions: What are the costs associated with economic capital? What is the tradeoff between the probability of default and the costs of economic capital? How do we take into account the time profile of economic capital when assessing the performance of a business? What is the appropriate measure of profitability, keeping the probability of default constant? It is shown that the capital budgeting decision depends not only on the covariance of the return of a project with the market portfolio, but also on the covariance with the bank's existing assets. This dependency arises from the simple fact that the economic capital is not additive. [source] Zur Geschichte der Geowissenschaften im Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin.FOSSIL RECORD-MITTEILUNGEN AUS DEM MUSEUM FUER NATURKUNDE, Issue 1 2004Teil 6: Geschichte des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Instituts und Museums der Universität Berlin 1910--200 Abstract Die Entwicklung des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Instituts und Museums der Universität Berlin von einer Institution, die Geologie zusammen mit Paläontologie als eine Einheit vertrat, über eine Institution, die eine geotektonische Ausrichtung hatte, zu einer auf Paläontologie konzentrierten Institution wird nachvollzogen. Die beiden Institutsdirektoren am Anfang des 20sten Jahrhunderts waren Vertreter der allumfassenden Geologie des 19ten Jahrhunderts, während die beiden folgenden Direktoren eine Geologie ohne Paläontologie vertraten. Das führte zu einer Trennung der beiden Richtungen, und nach der III. Hochschulreform der DDR 1968 verblieb allein die sammlungsbezogene Paläontologie am Museum. Nach der Wiedervereinigung wurde ein Institut für Paläontologie mit biologischer Ausrichtung mit zwei Professuren, einer für Paläozoologie und einer für Paläobotanik, eingerichtet. The development of the Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut und Museum of the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt University (formerly Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität) in Berlin from a geology-paleontology institution to a pure paleontology institution is described. The first two directors of the department in the beginning of the 20th century, Prof, von Branca and Prof. Pompeckj, represented a 19th century concept of a geology, which included paleontology, even vertebrate paleontology as the crown jewel of geology. They fought sometimes vigorously against a separation of paleontology from geology. The next two directors. Prof. Stille and Prof, von Bubnoff, were the leading geologists in Germany; to be a student of Stille was a special trade mark in geology of Germany. They represented a geology centered on tectonics. The separation of paleontology as separate section was prepared. The destructions of the Second World War, the following restaurations and the division of Germany into two States influenced strongly their directorships. The education of geologists at the Museum für Naturkunde ended with the III. University Reform of the German Democratic Republik in 1968. Paleontology was represented by the international renown vertebrate paleontologist, Prof. Dr. W. Gross, up to 1961. Since 1969, paleobotany was strengthened by the inclusion of the paleobotany unit of the Akademie der Wissenschaften into the museum. After reunification of Germany n 1990, the department was rebuild as a Institut für Palaontologie with close connection to biology, a unique situation in Germany. Two professorships, one for paleozoology, Prof. Schultze. and one for paleobotany, Prof. Mai, were established. The number of curators increased to ten from one under the first director of the 20th century. [source] Women Working in a Greedy Institution: Commitment and Emotional Labour in the Union MovementGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 4 2000Suzanne Franzway This paper seeks to move beyond the restrictions of limited representations of women's participation in the union movement. Through a focus on the union movement as a ,greedy institution', it is argued that women's union involvement requires complex and dynamic negotiations with its gendered discourses and practices. As a greedy institution, the union movement demands considerable depth of commitment and loyalty, as well as high levels of work and emotional labour. Based on a study of a network of women union officials, this paper discusses the ways women interpret three main aspects of trade union work: commitment, workload and emotional labour. I argue that the strategies the women officials employ do not remain static within a limited frame of gender difference from men. Rather, they must engage with the effects of male dominance of the union movement as well as the difficulties associated with union activism, family, service to members, leadership, and care in order to take up the political opportunities available in this greedy institution. [source] The Court in England, 1714,1760: A Declining Political Institution?HISTORY, Issue 297 2005HANNAH SMITH Although recent studies of eighteenth-century English politics have moved beyond viewing political activity solely in parliamentary terms and consider the extra-parliamentary dimensions to political life, the royal court has not been included in this development. This article seeks to reassess the political purpose of the court of George I, and particularly that of George II, by analysing how the court functioned both as an institution and as a venue. Although the court was losing ground as an institution, with the royal household declining in political importance, the article argues that the household should not be the only means of measuring the court's political role. Through analysing the court's function as a venue for political brokerage and as a type of political theatre, it is argued that the court retained a political significance throughout the period from 1714 to 1760. The article examines the importance of the court as a place where certain forms of patronage might be obtained, and as a location for political negotiation by ministers and lower-ranking politicians. Moreover, it also analyses how the court was employed as a stage for signalling political opinion through attendance, ceremony, gesture, and costume. [source] An overview of the Turkish dairy sectorINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2008SERTAÇ GÖNENÇ The livestock sector and dairy subsector have great importance for Turkey, in terms of both nutrition and economy. The share of the livestock sector in the total agricultural production value has varied between 25% and 30% in the last three decades. Raw milk production is characterized by small-scale farms, with an average of three heads of dairy cattle per farm. Turkey's dairy industry was established and developed by the State with the opening of the Turkish Dairy Industry Institution (TSEK) in 1963 as a state-owned enterprise (SOE). TSEK facilitated modernization of the sector, created a dairy market and played a role in stabilizing the consumer and producer prices. In 1995, a liberalization movement in the agricultural sector started in Turkey and the TSEK enterprises were privatized. After privatization, producer prices decreased between 11.51% and 18.45% and consumer prices of dairy products increased in general. Today, the dairy processing sector has a dual structure that on one hand comprises many small- and medium-sized enterprises, while on the other features seven large holding companies that hold the largest market share (CR4 71). This study aims to show that the restructuring of the agricultural SOEs in the first place resulted in undesirable impacts, and thus that the planning and implementation of the privatization of the state enterprises in the dairy sector should be taken as a strategy in the medium term, using the experiences of other developing countries. [source] Agreement between self-reported and pharmacy data on medication use in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth CohortINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METHODS IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH, Issue 2 2010Marianne Haapea Abstract Objective: To compare self-reported (SR) medication use and pharmacy data for major psychoactive medications and three classes of medications used for different indications, and to determine the socio-economic factors associated with the congruence. Methods: Postal questionnaire data collected in 1997 were compared with the register of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland on the reimbursed prescriptions purchased during 1997. Altogether 7625 subjects were included in this study. Drugs were categorized according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system. Results: Kappa values were 0.77, 0.68, 0.84, 0.92 and 0.55 for antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antidiabetics and beta-blocking agents, respectively. Prevalence-adjusted and bias-adjusted kappa values were almost perfect (0.98,1.00). Reliability of antipsychotics use was better for married subjects than for those who were not married; and of antidepressants use for highly educated and married subjects than for those who were less educated and were not married. Altogether 414 (5.4%) responders and 285 (7.1%) non-responders had used at least one of the selected medications. Conclusion: Agreement between the SR and pharmacy data was moderate for psychoactive medication use. Even though data collected by postal questionnaire may underestimate the prevalence of medication use due to non-participation it can be assumed accurate enough for study purposes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Systems for accreditation in blood transfusion servicesISBT SCIENCE SERIES: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT, Issue 1 2009S. Hindawi Accreditation is a non-governmental, voluntary process that evaluates institutions, agencies, and educational programs. It is defined as the process whereby an agency or association grants public recognition to Institutes or Blood Banks for having met certain established standards as determined through initial and periodic evaluations that usually involve submitting a self-evaluation report, site inspection by a team of experts, and evaluation by an independent board or commission. To be accredited Institution and or Blood Transfusion Services should establish and maintain quality systems involving all activities that determine the quality policy objectives & responsibilities taking into account the principles of good manufacturing practice (GMP). There are many Established systems for accreditation which can help any institution to know its strengths, weaknesses and opportunities through an informed review process. Any assessment and subsequent accreditation is made with reference to a set of standards so that the standing of an institution can be compared with that of other similar institutions. In summery the accreditation is a continuous process for improvement of quality and safety of participating institutes or facilities and we should encourage all health institutes to be involved in one or another system for accreditation. There is a need for a local or regional accreditation system for health institutes especially for blood transfusion services to help in the development and improvement of the quality of their services. [source] Interview with a Quality Leader,Karen Davis, Executive Director of The Commonwealth FundJOURNAL FOR HEALTHCARE QUALITY, Issue 2 2009Lecia A. Albright Dr. Davis is a nationally recognized economist, with a distinguished career in public policy and research. Before joining the Fund, she served as chairman of the Department of Health Policy and Management at The Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, where she also held an appointment as professor of economics. She served as deputy assistant secretary for health policy in the Department of Health and Human Services from 1977 to 1980, and was the first woman to head a U.S. Public Health Service agency. Before her government career, Ms. Davis was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC; a visiting lecturer at Harvard University; and an assistant professor of economics at Rice University. A native of Oklahoma, she received her PhD in economics from Rice University, which recognized her achievements with a Distinguished Alumna Award in 1991. Ms. Davis is the recipient of the 2000 Baxter-Allegiance Foundation Prize for Health Services Research. In the spring of 2001, Ms. Davis received an honorary doctorate in human letters from John Hopkins University. In 2006, she was selected for the Academy Health Distinguished Investigator Award for significant and lasting contributions to the field of health services research in addition to the Picker Award for Excellence in the Advancement of Patient Centered Care. Ms. Davis has published a number of significant books, monographs, and articles on health and social policy issues, including the landmark books HealthCare Cost Containment, Medicare Policy, National Health Insurance: Benefits, Costs, and Consequences, and Health and the War on Poverty. She serves on the Board of Visitors of Columbia University, School of Nursing, and is on the Board of Directors of the Geisinger Health System. She was elected to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1975; has served two terms on the IOM governing Council (1986,90 and 1997,2000); was a member of the IOM Committee on Redesigning Health Insurance Benefits, Payment and Performance Improvement Programs; and was awarded the Adam Yarmolinsky medal in 2007 for her contributions to the mission of the Institute of Medicine. She is a past president of the Academy Health (formerly AHSRHP) and an Academy Health distinguished fellow, a member of the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, and a former member of the Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research National Advisory Committee. She also serves on the Panel of Health Advisors for the Congressional Budget Office. [source] Efficacy of a 0.5% chlorhexidine gel on the control of gingivitis in Brazilian mentally handicapped patientsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 6 2003C. M. Pannuti Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a 0.5% chlorhexidine gel on the reduction of interdental gingival bleeding. Material and Methods: Forty-three mentally handicapped subjects, living in an institution (Casas André Luiz, Brazil), were enrolled in a double-blind randomised clinical trial. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: test (chlorhexidine gel) and control (placebo gel). The gel was applied with trays, twice a day, over a period of 8 weeks. The interdental bleeding index (IBI) was recorded before and after the period in which the gel was used. Results: Statistical analysis showed that baseline IBI scores were similar (p=0.82) for test and control groups (55.6% and 54.5%, respectively). After 8 weeks, a statistically significant (p<0.001) decrease in IBI means took place in the test group (33.2%). The control group presented a small increase (60.6%) in IBI scores. The difference between groups was significant at the end of the study (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results indicated that the use of a 0.5% chlorhexidine gel was effective in reducing interdental gingival bleeding in special patients. Zusammenfassung Die Effizienz von 0,5% Chlorhexidin-Gel bei der Gingivitisprophylaxe von geistig behinderten Kindern in Brasilien Ziel: Die Evaluation der Effektivität von 0,5% Chlorhexidin-Gel bei der Reduktion der approximalen Gingivablutung Material und Methoden: Dreiundvierzig behinderte Kinder einer Institution (Casas André Luiz, Brasilien), wurden in eine randomisierte klinische Doppel-Blind-Studie aufgenommen. Die Teilnehmer wurden randomisiert in zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt: Test (Chlorhexidin-Gel) und Kontrolle (Plazebo-Gel). Während einer Periode von 8 Wochen wurde das Gel zweimal täglich mit Tiefziehschienen appliziert. Der Approximalraum-Blutungs-Index (IBI) wurde vor und nach der Periode, in der das Gel verwendet wurde, erhoben. Ergebnisse: Die statistische Analyse zeigte, dass die Ausgangswerte für den IBI für die Test- und die Kontrollgruppe ähnlich (p=0.82) waren (55,6% bzw. 54,5%). Nach 8 Wochen ergab sich in der Testgruppe ein statistisch signifikanter (p<0,001) Abfall der IBI Mittelwerte (33,2%). Die Kontrollgruppe präsentierte sich mit einer geringen Erhöhung (60,6%) der IBI-Werte. Bei Beendigung der Studie waren die Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen signifikant (p<0,001). Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass bei speziellen Patienten die Verwendung von 0,5% Chlorhexidin-Gel in der Reduktion der approximalen Gingivablutung effektiv war. Résumé Efficacité d'un gel de chlorhexidine à 0.5% sur le contrôle de la gingivite chez des patients brésilien handicapés mentaux. Objectif: Evaluer l'efficacité d'un gel de chlorhexidine à 0.5% sur la réduction du saignement gingival interdentaire. Matériel et Méthodes: 43 sujets handicapés mentaux vivant dans une institution (Casas André Luiz, Brésil), furent enrôlés dans une étude randomisée en double aveugle. Les sujets furent aléatoirement divisés en deux groupes: test (gel de chlorhexidine) et contrôle (gel placebo). Le gel fut appliqué avec des plaques 2 fois par jour pendant 8 semaines. L'indice de saignement interdentaire (IBI) fut enregistré avant et après la période d'utilisation du gel. Résultats: L'analyse statistique a montré que les notes d'IBI initiales étaient similaires (p=0.82) pour les groupes test et contrôle (55.6% et 54.5%, respectivement). Après 8 semaines, une diminution statistiquement significative (p<0.001) de l'IBI moyen apparut dans le groupe test (33.2%). Le groupe contrôle présentait une petite augmentation (60.6%) des notes d' IBI. La différence entre les groupes était significative à la fin de l'étude (p<0.001). Conclusion: Ces résultats indiquent que l'utilisation d'un gel de chlorhexidine à 0.5%était efficace pour réduire le saignement gingival interdentaire chez des patients spéciaux. [source] Role of executive dysfunction in predicting frequency and severity of violenceAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 5 2010Megan Hancock Abstract The adverse consequences of violence on society are tremendous. The proportion of offenders incarcerated for violent offenses is large, and the cost of keeping these offenders incarcerated is startling. Understanding and treating the causal underpinnings of violent crime is of utmost importance for individuals and society as a whole. Several factors have been identified as potential contributors to violent crime, including cognitive deficits in executive functioning [Hoaken et al., 2007]. To investigate this further, 77 offenders from Fenbrook Institution, a federal facility, were tested on a battery of executive functioning measures. Offenders were found to have broad and pervasive dysfunction in their executive abilities. In addition, specific scores from the battery were found using regression techniques, to predict the frequency and severity of past violent offending but not nonviolent offending. This speaks of the possibility of a new type of correctional rehabilitation program, one that focuses on the rehabilitation of basic executive functions. Aggr. Behav. 36:338,349, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] ,A Benevolent Institution for the Suppression of Evil': Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent and the Limits of PolicingJOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY, Issue 3 2003Stephen Skinner The study of law in literature stimulates critical reflection about law and the limits of its institutions by expanding contextual analysis to include the emotive discourses of fiction. This article starts from the premisses that the orthodox separation of literary expression from social scientific writing is not immutable and that different temporal settings are not barriers to exploring themes that traverse them. It uses Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent, a story of policing and anarchism in late nineteenth-century London, in order to discuss the limits of policing today. This novel is read in parallel with two modern police studies to show how it prefigures current concerns, portraying policing as an imperfect totem of security, immaterial to the individual's emotional crises, which, by extension, can be seen to illustrate the limits of law itself. This article thus raises methodological and theoretical issues of general interest to the study of law in society and suggests how reading literature can thicken' legal analysis by offering experience of the emotional beyond that law ignores. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||