Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Insecurity
Kinds of Insecurity Selected AbstractsTHE GEOGRAPHY OF INSECURITY: SPATIAL CHANGE AND THE FLEXIBILIZATION OF LABOR IN METRO MANILAJOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Issue 4 2009GAVIN SHATKIN ABSTRACT:,There has been considerable attention in the urban studies literature to the implications of spatial change associated with globalization for the urban poor in advanced economies, but much less so in developing countries despite the fact that this is where most urbanization is occurring. This article attempts to address this issue in the context of Metro Manila, a globalizing city of 10.7 million that sits in a larger mega-urban region of some 17 million. It does so through an analysis of data collected through two methods: a sample survey of six low-income settlements in the Metro Manila region that collected information about housing conditions, income, and employment of household members, commuting, and household heads',opinions regarding spatial change; and in-depth interviews with a subset of respondents that were intended to generate narratives and stories that would elucidate the experience of households with spatial change. The study identifies three main issues confronting the surveyed households: the social impacts of the flexibilization of labor in the Metro Manila region, gender and age differences in access to employment, and the prevalence of extremely long commutes on the urban fringe. The article concludes that the issues faced by Metro Manila households are in many ways quite distinct from those in cities in advanced economies. It further argues that these differences have important implications both for urban policy and practice in addressing equity issues, and for theories of globalization and issues of spatial change and social equity in cities. [source] FOOD INSECURITY IN BUHAYA: THE CYCLE OF WOMEN'S MARGINALIZATION AND THE SPREAD OF POVERTY, HUNGER, AND DISEASEANNALS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE, Issue 1 2009Valerie Githinji This chapter focuses on how the marginalization of Bahaya women increases poverty, thus exacerbating issues of hunger and related disease in a region characterized by a history of environmental degradation, agricultural change and decline, rural poverty and disease. In the past several decades, diminishing sizes of banana farms, an overall decline in cattle, decreasing soil fertility, and an increase in food crop pathogens have posed challenges to achieving adequate agricultural yields in Buhaya of northwestern Tanzania. This situation has resulted in an increase in poverty, food insecurity, nutrition insecurity, and related disease. Culturally, women are the primary agriculturalists and producers and providers of food in Buhaya. However, Bahaya cultural practices hinder women from achieving equal representation in society, thus blocking their access to self advancement and resources such as money, land, education, and agricultural inputs. These constraints marginalize and hinder women from fulfilling their social role as primary farmers and provisioners of food, nutrition, and care. As patriarchal practices and ecological challenges work to constrain women's roles, poverty, food scarcity, and disease increase, affecting and weakening the foundation of Bahaya society and culture. [source] Land Tenure Insecurity and Inequality in NicaraguaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 5 2005Rikke J. Broegaard This article uses empirical data from a case study in rural Nicaragua to demonstrate the need for a conceptualization of tenure security as seen from the perspective of the landholder. A large group of farmers in the case study area perceive their tenure situation as being insecure despite the fact that they possess a legal title to their land. The article argues that more attention must be paid to aspects such as inequalities of wealth and power, lack of enforcement and lack of impartiality on the part of the formal institutions when addressing tenure security in an institutionally unstable setting, such as that found in Nicaragua. The article contributes to the ongoing discussion by arguing that future research on how to increase rural land tenure security should explore the concept of tenure security as experienced by farmers. [source] Poverty, Food Insecurity, HIV Vulnerability and the Impacts of AIDS in sub-Saharan AfricaIDS BULLETIN, Issue 5 2008Stuart Gillespie First page of article [source] Insecurity, Conflict and the New Global DisorderIDS BULLETIN, Issue 2 2001Susan Willett Summaries The current neoliberal preoccupation with the benefits of globalisation, which have been hailed as the great panacea for all the world's economic problems, has done little for the 1.3 billion people whose economic circumstances have stagnated or deteriorated in poverty over the last ten years. The neoliberal idea that somehow the benefits of global economic growth will ,trickle down' to the world's poor, has been challenged by the stark reality of the experience in the world's poorest societies. Deep polarisation of wealth that has become a structural feature of the global economy has been identified as one of the major threats to future peace and security in the coming millennium. Conflict theorists have for some time been at pains to point out that the unequal distribution of wealth and the failure to meet basic human needs constitute a source of structural violence that lies at the heart of the many conflicts. Endemic poverty is a basic factor that undermines human security. It not only leaves basic needs unmet, but creates the conditions for conflict and violence, as groups compete for access to scarce and often diminishing resources. Facing extremes of economic deprivation and threats to basic human security (life, food, shelter, income), the widespread resort to arms within a growing number of least developed economies can be understood as a Darwinian bid for survival. [source] Insecurity related to working life by age groups in Finland and Estonia in the 1990sINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 3 2000Raija Väisänen This article compares the reasons for insecurity related to working life in different age groups in Finland and Estonia, and the coping strategies evident in the two countries. Insecurity related to working life is more common in Finland than in Estonia. The differences between the two countries are more distinct with respect to experienced work-related insecurity than to an experienced lack of well-being linked to work. This shows that feelings of insecurity are affected not only by external factors, but also by internal factors linked to a person's earlier development. The most common causes of insecurity for people of working age are unemployment, mental strain and difficulties in interpersonal relationships at the work place. The individual's willingness to find means of coping at work is more clearly evident in Estonia than in Finland. People of working age in Finland are more likely to attempt to change the external conditions of work than are their Estonian counterparts. [source] Migrants, Refugees and Insecurity.INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 4 2000Current Threats to Peace? Since the early 1980s, international migration has moved beyond humanitarian, economic development, labour market and societal integration concerns, raising complex interactive security implications for governments of migrant sending, receiving and transit countries, as well as for multilateral bodies. This article examines the effects of international migration on varied understandings and perceptions of international security. It discusses why international migration has come to be perceived as a security issue, both in industrialized and developing countries. Questions are raised on the migration-security nexus and the way in which the concepts ,security' and ,migration' are used. The real and perceived impacts of international migration upon national and regional security, both in industrialized and developing countries, are analysed. The policies developed by governments and multilateral agencies since the mid-1980s to mitigate the destabilizing effects of certain kinds of international population movement and human displacement are examined. The conclusions stress the need for the establishment of a comprehensive framework of international cooperation among origin and receiving countries and international organizations to address the destabilizing implications of international migration. [source] Food Insecurity: FAO ReportAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 4 2009Article first published online: 4 JUN 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Creative Destruction, Economic Insecurity, Stress, and Epidemic ObesityAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Jon D. Wisman The percentage of Americans who are obese has doubled since 1980. Most attempts to explain this "obesity epidemic" have been found inadequate, including the "Big Two" (the increased availability of inexpensive food and the decline of physical exertion). This article explores the possibility that the obesity epidemic is substantially due to growing insecurity, stress, and a sense of powerlessness in modern society where high-sugar and high-fat foods are increasingly omnipresent. Those suffering these conditions may suffer less control over other domains of their lives. Insecurity and stress have been found to increase the desire for high-fat and high-sugar foods. After exploring the evidence of a link between stress and obesity, the increasing pace of capitalism's creative destruction and its generation of greater insecurity and stress are addressed. The article ends with reflections on how epidemic obesity is symptomatic of a social mistake,the seeking of maximum efficiency and economic growth even in societies where the fundamental problem of material security has been solved. I confess I am not charmed with the ideal of life held out by those who think that the normal state of human beings is that of struggling to get on; that the trampling, crushing, elbowing, and treading on each other's heels, which form the existing type of social life, are the most desirable lot of humankind, or anything but the disagreeable symptoms of one of the phases of industrial progress. (Mill 1848: 748) Thus we have been expressly evolved by nature,with all our impulses and deepest instincts,for the purpose of solving the economic problem ["the struggle for subsistence"]. If the economic problem is solved, mankind will be deprived of its traditional purpose . . . Will this be a benefit? If one believes at all in the real values of life, the prospect at least opens up the possibility of benefit. Yet I think with dread of the readjustment of the habits and instincts of the ordinary man, bred into him for countless generations, which he may be asked to discard within a few decades. (Keynes 1932: 366) [source] Gender, Violence and Global Politics: Contemporary Debates in Feminist Security StudiesPOLITICAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 2 2009Laura J. Shepherd In this essay I develop a critique of the war/peace dichotomy that is foundational to conventional approaches to IR through a review of three recent publications in the field of feminist security studies. These texts are Cynthia Enloe's (2007) Globalization and Militarism, David Roberts' (2008) Human Insecurity, and Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women's Violence in Global Politics by Laura Sjoberg and Caron Gentry (2008). Drawing on the insights of these books, I ask first how violence is understood in global politics, with specific reference to the gendered disciplinary blindnesses that frequently characterise mainstream approaches. Second, I demonstrate how a focus on war and peace can neglect to take into account the politics of everyday violence: the violences of the in-between times that international politics recognises neither as ,war' nor ,peace' and the violences inherent to times of peace that are overlooked in the study of war. Finally, I argue that feminist security studies offers an important corrective to the foundational assumptions of IR, which themselves can perpetuate the very instances of violence that they seek to redress. If we accept the core insights of feminist security studies , the centrality of the human subject; the importance of particular configurations of masculinity and femininity; and the gendered conceptual framework that underpins the discipline of IR , we are encouraged to envisage a rather different politics of the global. [source] Economic Insecurity and the Globalization of ProductionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2004Kenneth Scheve A central question in the international and comparative political economy literatures on globalization is whether economic integration increases worker insecurity in advanced economies. Previous research has focused on the role of international trade and has failed to produce convincing evidence that such a link exists. In this article, we argue that globalization increases worker insecurity, but that foreign direct investment (FDI) by multinational enterprises (MNEs) is the key aspect of integration generating risk. FDI by MNEs increases firms' elasticity of demand for labor. More-elastic labor demands, in turn, raise the volatility of wages and employment, all of which tends to make workers feel less secure. We present new empirical evidence, based on the analysis of panel data from Great Britain collected from 1991 to 1999, that FDI activity in the industries in which individuals work is positively correlated with individual perceptions of economic insecurity. This correlation holds in analyses accounting for individual-specific effects and a wide variety of control variables. [source] Investigation of the Multidimensional Model of Job Insecurity in China and the USAAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Cynthia Lee Il y a plus d'une décennie, Ashford, Lee, and Bobko (1989) ont développé un outil de mesure standard permettant évaluer des niveaux individuels d'insécurité au travail. Les années suivantes, des chercheurs se sont demandé si la totalité des mesures composant cet instrument était nécessaire. Nous avons donc examiné l'utilité des différentes dimensions du test multidimensionnel de l'Insécurité au travail de Ashford et al. (1989) aux Etats Unis et en Chine, en éprouvant et élargissant les conclusions antérieures. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'éliminer les dimensions "caractéristiques du travail" et "impuissance" de l'instrument multidimensionnel initial est prématuré dans les deux cultures. D'autres recherches s'avèrent donc nécessaires pour déterminer l'utilité de cet outil dans sa version complète. Les implications de nos résultats sont discutées. Over a decade ago, Ashford, Lee, and Bobko (1989) developed a standard measure for those interested in assessing levels of individual job insecurity. In ensuing years, some researchers have questioned whether the entire measure is necessary. We examined the usefulness of the components of Ashford et al.'s (1989) multidimensional measure of job insecurity in both the United States and China, as well as replicating and extending prior findings regarding antecedents and consequences. Our results suggest that the call to eliminate job features or powerlessness from the fully composite measure of job insecurity is premature in both cultures. We call for more research on the utility of the fully operationalised measure. Implications of our findings are discussed. [source] One Nation's Electoral Support: Economic Insecurity versus Attitudes to ImmigrationAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, Issue 4 2001Murray Goot While acknowledging that our study represents "a considerable advance on other studies of One Nation, its electoral support and social foundations", and "correctly identifies the importance of conservative social attitudes of One Nation supporters", Turnbull and Wilson take issue with three things: one of our key findings, based on the 1998 Australian Election Study (AES), that the vote for One Nation was driven by attitudes to immigration (among other things) rather than by a sense of economic insecurity; our argument around the fundamental difference between explaining the One Nation vote and distinguishing it from the vote secured by any of the other parties; and our refusal to cringe before the "comparative evidence about neo-populist parties" or to defer to the superior wisdom of that political scientist extraordinaire, Australia's present Prime Minister, John Howard.17 None of the points they make in relation to any of these things is even partly persuasive; for the most part, th y are marred by errors of logic, fact, or interpretation. Each, however, is important - or potentially so. They merit, therefore, a response. [source] Exit, Voice and Loyalty Reactions to Job Insecurity in Sweden: Do Unionized and Non-unionized Employees Differ?BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Issue 2 2001Magnus Sverke Although job insecurity has received growing recognition in connection with the transformation of working life, little is known about how unionization affects its consequences. Data from Swedish health care employees indicate that job insecurity is related primarily to coping strategies in the exit and voice domains. Union members were less inclined to make use of the exit and voice options compared with their non-unionized co-workers, and more typically expressed loyalty to the organization. The collective support derived from union membership may make individual voice expressions less important, a finding that has to be replicated in countries with lower unionization rates. [source] High Involvement Work Systems and Job Insecurity in the International Iron and Steel IndustryCANADIAN JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES, Issue 1 2001Nicolas Bacon The different factors behind globalization and the emergence of high involvement work practices do not necessarily carry similar implications for labour. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of high involvement work systems upon workers in the steel industry. The authors present results from a series of cross-national sun>eys conducted in 1998 with 39 national trade unions from over 30 countries measuring issues such as job security, ownership changes, numerical flexibility, and union density. The findings are consistent with U.S. data reported by Osterman (1998) indicating that new work practices provide no defense against an environment of heightened Insecurity. Résumé Les différents facteurs qui encouragent la mondialisa-tion et le dévoloppement de nouvelles pratiques de travail, dites "high involvement" (travail en équipes, rotation des fonctions, plus grande autonomie des employés) n'entraînent pas nécessairement des consequences semblables pour la main d'oeuvre. Nous examinons dans cette étude les effets de ces pratiques "high involvement" sur les travailleurs métallurgiques. Les auteurs publient les résultas de sondages interna-tionaux effectués en 1998 auprès de 39 syndicats dans plus de 30 pays, permettant de mesurer la sécurité d'em-ploi, les changements de propriétaire, la flexibilité numérique et la concentration syndicate. Leurs résultats s'accordent avec des donnés provenant des E-U tels que dans Osterman (1988), et démontrent que ces nouvelles de travail ne sont pas une défense contre un environe-ment plus hostile que jamais. [source] From Poverty to Food Insecurity and Child Overweight: A Family Stress ApproachCHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES, Issue 2 2010Karen McCurdy Abstract, Food insecurity and child overweight represent major public health problems in the United States, especially for children living in poverty. Recent research has greatly expanded our knowledge regarding the antecedents of these health concerns, yet the causal mechanisms connecting poverty to food insecurity and to child overweight remain unclear. This article reviews the research through the perspective of family stress theory and proposes a developmental model to explain how poverty and its related economic stress affect specific parental resources and behaviors that, in turn, may account for food insecurity and overweight in young children. It proposes maternal depression and family food behaviors,such as the acquisition, provision, and distribution of food in the household,as key mediators linking poverty to food insecurity and child overweight. [source] A Framework for Understanding the Association Between Food Insecurity and Children's Developmental OutcomesCHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES, Issue 2 2008Godwin S. Ashiabi ABSTRACT,Food insecurity, defined as limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways, is still a problem in the United States. It is associated with poor parenting practices, poor health, and socioemotional and cognitive/academic difficulties in children. This review synthesizes some of these findings and suggest links among these outcomes. In this endeavor, it describes the concept of food insecurity and propose a mediational framework to anchor our discussions. Finally, it examines the implications of the review for research and policy. [source] Emanuel Miller Lecture: Attachment insecurity, disinhibited attachment, and attachment disorders: where do research findings leave the concepts?THE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 5 2009Michael Rutter Background:, Despite the evidence on anomalous attachment patterns, there has been a tendency to interpret most of these as reflecting differences in security/insecurity. Methods:, Empirical research findings are reviewed in relation to attachment/insecurity as evident in both infancy and later childhood, disorganised attachment, inhibited attachment disorder, and disinhibited attachment disorder. Findings:, Substantial differences are found in the correlates and meaning of these different features, as well as in the patterns associated with conditions such as autism, psychopathy, and Williams syndrome. Conclusions:, It is seriously misleading to view all of these patterns through the lens of security/insecurity. This heterogeneity in social relationship features necessarily has implications for the assessment measures for social relationships that need to be used. [source] Attachment, Perceived Conflict, and Couple Satisfaction: Test of a Mediational Dyadic ModelFAMILY RELATIONS, Issue 5 2009Audrey Brassard Attachment insecurities (anxiety and avoidance) are often associated with relationship dissatisfaction, but the mediators have been unclear. We examined the mediating role of perceived conflict in 274 French-Canadian couples who completed measures of attachment insecurities, perception of conflict, and relationship satisfaction. Partners' own attachment anxiety and avoidance predicted their experience of conflict. In addition, women's anxiety predicted men's experience of conflict, and men's avoidance predicted women's experience of conflict. The associations between attachment insecurities and relationship dissatisfaction were partially mediated by conflict. [source] The Artist in Contemplation: Love and Creation in Schiller's Philosophische BriefeGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 1 2007Jennifer Driscoll Colosimo ABSTRACT In addition to documenting the development of the author's philosophical world-view from his student days to his first years as an independent artist, Schiller's Philosophische Briefe provide a unique view into his continued endeavour to define and defend the artist's role in society. The examination of the artistic nature forms a remarkable subtext throughout the entire Philosophische Briefe project. It is certainly not Schiller's conscious intent to expose his own doubts and insecurities regarding the moral tendency of his profession. Indeed, his stance in the foreword to the work is so urgently self-assured that he betrays himself primarily by protesting too much. However, the frame narrative and the internal philosophical essay, the Theosophie des Julius, reveal just how much his early philosophy centres on the justification of the artist, and how tenuous this justification is. This article addresses the representation of the artist in each of the three sections that compose the Philosophische Briefe, with reference to other works of the same period that relate thematically. Taken together, these representations illuminate some of the key reasons why Schiller felt compelled to defend his life's pursuit, and against what or whom. [source] ,Selbstgefühl, Todesschicksal', and the end of ,Parteidichtung': Herybert Menzel's Anders kehren wir wieder (1943)GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 4 2001Martin Travers The ,Parteidichtung' published in the Third Reich is commonly viewed as formally rigid and thematically trite political propaganda. Such a judgement accurately describes the work produced by poets such as Heinrich Anacker, Baldur von Schirach and Hans Baumann, a group of writers known as the ,Junge Mannschaft'. Theirs was a functional poetry, written to be narrated, sung, or chanted on private and public occasions, with the aim of mobilising readers and performers alike in the direction of the ,national revolution' and, later, in support for Germany's efforts in the Second World War. Viewed within this context, Herybert Menzel's volume of poetry, Anders kehren wir wieder (1943), is a remarkable achievement: written by one of the leading voices within the ,Junge Mannschaft', this is a book that speaks not of self-confident bravura and unshakeable faith in the mission of National Socialist Germany, but of personal loss, doubt, and of the travails and insecurities brought about by war, sentiments made even more effective by being framed in the near-Expressionist style used by the author. The very existence of Menzel's Anders kehren wir wieder seems to suggest that even within the genre of officially sanctioned National Socialist literature important idiosyncratic voices could be heard. [source] Royal ecclesiastical supremacy and the Restoration church*HISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 209 2007Jacqueline Rose The nature and extent of the royal supremacy over the Church of England proved contentious in Restoration England, especially when Charles II and James II sought to use their ecclesiastical prerogative to legitimate Nonconformist worship. Although the supremacy was a long-established institutional fact of the English church-state, it could be presented in diverse ways. This article outlines six versions of royal supremacy which were expressed, arguing that it was a contested and multiform entity which was manipulated by polemicists for their own purposes. Its location in the monarch alone, in crown-in-parliament, or in delegation to a lay vicegerent was unclear. Its character could be presented as purely jurisdictional or partly sacerdotal. The Declaration of Indulgence of 1672 led to the paradox of Nonconformists upholding the supremacy while the established church limited it. The political and religious insecurities of the Cabal era (1667,73) highlighted tensions and divergences which had been latent in concepts of the supremacy since its establishment under the Tudors. It is therefore vital to contextualize Restoration arguments in Reformation debates. Recognizing that ,royal',supremacy' was neither invariably monarchical nor inevitably absolute is significant for our understanding of the character of both the Restoration ecclesiastical polity and those who governed it. [source] The International Relations of Middle-earth: Learning from The Lord of the RingsINTERNATIONAL STUDIES PERSPECTIVES, Issue 4 2008Abigail E. Ruane This article demonstrates how by using J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings (LOTR) as a text in the classroom instructors can relay the international relations (IR) "Great Debates" and feminist "waves" to students through the framework of "where you stand depends on where you sit." It overviews how J.R.R. Tolkien's acclaimed trilogy is relevant to learning about IR and then presents a number of "cuts" into using LOTR to inform IR teaching of both problem solving and critical theory. It begins by parsing the three "Great Debates" of IR theory and three "waves" of feminist theory in terms of different worldviews by relating them to characters from the trilogy. Next, the paper suggests that a critical evaluation of this analysis conveys that concerns, goals, and understandings of problems and insecurities are influenced (although not determined) by context, such as gender, race, class, sexuality, and postcolonial position. It concludes by suggesting that further use of popular culture and the humanities can help IR teaching both illustrate and critically reflect on IR scholarship. [source] Reframing applied disease stigma research: a multilevel analysis of diabetes stigma in GhanaJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Ama de-Graft Aikins Abstract Research suggests that rural and urban Ghanaians living with uncontrolled diabetes,typified by extreme weight loss,experience HIV/AIDS-related stigma. This paper reports a multilevel analysis of this stigma within the broader context of diabetes handicap in two rural communities. Two key findings emerge. First, the content of stigma constitutes social representations of HIV/AIDS, and to internalized and projected collective attributions of protracted illness to witchcraft or sorcery. Thus the stigma experienced by people with uncontrolled diabetes is not specific to the disease category ,diabetes' and distant others affected by it. Second, extreme biophysical disruption, which precipitates misperceptions, stigma and/or discrimination, is both cause and consequence of financial destitution and psychosocial neglect. Both forms of handicap have deeper pre-stigma roots in poverty and the socio-psychological and cultural impact of long-term illness. Thus the actuality or threat of diabetes stigma has to be understood in terms of diabetes handicap, which in turn has to be understood as a product of shared responses to long-term illness in communities constantly negotiating financial, health and psychological insecurities. The scope for multifaceted/multilevel intervention is considered taking into account the biophysical and psychological impact of illness and the socio-psychological and structural realities of diabetes care in Ghana. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] PERCEPTION OF IRRADIATED FOODS AMONG STUDENTS (SECONDARY, UNIVERSITY [FOOD SCIENCE AND NONFOOD SCIENCE]) AND ADULTS IN ARGENTINAJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 3 2008ALEJANDRA FLORES ABSTRACT A survey on beliefs and purchase intent of irradiated foods was conducted among 300 Argentine students, covering secondary/high school, food science and nonfood science university, and 100 nonstudent adults. Other factors considered were the type of information provided (introductory, process description and benefits) and the city of residence (small agricultural city and big city). The most important benefits were considered to be microorganism reduction and improved sanitation. On the other hand, insecurity and doubts were the main reasons why respondents would not buy these foods. Only 14% said they would definitely buy irradiated foods. Considering their doubts and insecurities, it is probable that if these respondents see a food labeled as "irradiated," they would not choose to buy it. Within developing countries such as Argentina, the promotion of this technology by government agencies would be very costly, and at present, these costs would not seem to be justified. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The negative perceptions of consumers would hinder the successful implementation of food irradiation. The doubts or insecurities that consumers of developing countries have are similar to those that consumers of developed countries have. Most respondents answered that irradiated foods should be labeled as such. If food irradiation was to be pursued further, the place to start would be in food science curricula as this is the basis of future professionals in charge of researching its use and/or implementing the process. [source] Law, Patriarchies, and State Formation in England and Post-Colonial Hong KongJOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY, Issue 2 2001Carol A. G. Jones The rise of the modern state is often associated with the demise of particularistic ties and authoritarian patriarchy. Classically, particularism gives way to universalism, patronage, hierarchy, and deference to the ,equalities' of contract. But history is not a one-way street nor is patriarchy all of one kind. Society's legal arrangements, structure, custom, power, affect, and sex swing back and forth between values of distance, deference, and patronage and those stressing greater egalitarianism in personal and political relations. Though they vary in type, patriarchy and particularism as cultural systems do not disappear but ebb, flow, and are revived, their oscillation driven by particular economic goals and political insecurities. [source] Mothers' Attachment Style, Their Mental Health, and Their Children's Emotional Vulnerabilities: A 7-Year Study of Children With Congenital Heart DiseaseJOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 1 2008Ety Berant ABSTRACT The long-term contribution of mothers' attachment insecurities to their own and their children's psychological functioning was examined in a 7-year prospective longitudinal study of children with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD). Sixty-three mothers of newborns with CHD participated in a three-wave study, beginning with the CHD diagnosis (T1), then 1 year later (T2), and again 7 years later (T3). At T1, the mothers reported on their attachment style and mental health. At T2, the mental health measure was administered again, along with a marital satisfaction scale. At T3, participants completed these two measures again, and their children reported on their self-concept and completed the Children's Apperception Test. Maternal avoidant attachment at T1 was the best predictor of deterioration in the mothers' mental health and marital satisfaction over the 7-year period, especially in a subgroup whose children had severe CHD. In addition, mothers' attachment insecurities (both anxiety and avoidance) at the beginning of the study were associated with their children's emotional problems and poor self-image 7 years later. [source] Does It Take a Village?LATIN AMERICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY, Issue 4 2006Fear of Crime in Latin America, Policing Strategies ABSTRACT How can policymakers reduce public fear of crime in Latin America? This study compares the effectiveness of "zero tolerance" and community-based policing strategies in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. At the micro level, it assesses the links between fear of crime and social identity characteristics, contextual factors, the media, community participation, and other insecurities. It finds that citizens' economic, political, and social insecurities are the main determinants of their fear of crime. At the macro level, the study compares levels of public insecurity and finds that cities that employ community-based strategies to fight crime register lower levels of public fear of crime. [source] "For God and for the Crown": Contemporary Political and Social Attitudes among Orange Order Members in Northern IrelandPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2007James W. McAuley The Protestant Orange Order is the largest organization in civil society in Northern Ireland. From 1905 until 2005, the Order was linked to the Ulster Unionist Party, until recently the dominant local political force. However, widespread Unionist disenchantment with the 1998 Good Friday Agreement led to a shift in the votes of Orange Order members, in common with other Protestants, to the anti-Agreement Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), which traditionally has had no links to the Order. This article examines the political, religious, and cultural attitudes of Orange Order members that prompted such a switch. It suggests that a combination of cultural and political insecurities over the fate of Protestant-British-Unionism has led to a realignment of Orangeism towards the stronger brand of Protestant and Unionist politics offered by the DUP. [source] The incidence of anxiety and depression among employees,the role of psychosocial work characteristicsDEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 11 2009Helene Andrea Ph.D. Abstract Background: Anxiety and depression are prevalent among employees and are associated with functional disability and work impairment. To date, little is known about the incidence and possible risk factors for developing anxiety and depression in the working population. Study aims were to (a) determine the incidence of subclinical anxiety and depression in a general working population and (b) identify the psychosocial work characteristics associated with the onset of subclinical anxiety and depression. Methods: This prospective study is based on 3,707 employees participating in the Maastricht Cohort Study on Fatigue at Work. Psychosocial work characteristics were measured in May 2000; anxiety and depression were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in April 2002. Results: The cumulative 23-month incidence for subclinical anxiety and depression was 4.6 and 3.3%, respectively. High psychological job demands increased the risk for both subsequent anxiety and depression. Moreover, low social support was predictive for the onset of anxiety, whereas job insecurity increased the risk for the onset of depression. These prospective associations were independent of potential confounding variables and the other psychosocial work characteristics. Conclusions: Adverse psychosocial work characteristics are significant predictors for the onset of subclinical anxiety and depression in the general working population. These findings encourage intervention studies testing whether modifying the psychosocial work environment reduces both anxiety and depressive symptoms among employees. Depression and Anxiety 26:1040,1048, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||