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Inflammatory Exudate (inflammatory + exudate)
Selected AbstractsSemi-quantitative analysis of soft-tissue reactions in fine needle aspirates from tissue cysticercosisCYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2003K. Kapila Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA) has a well-documented role in the diagnosis of cysticercosis. However, little is discussed about the associated inflammatory response in the host tissues. Aspirates from 182 cases of subcutaneous cysticercosis were semiquantitated for the type and degree of inflammatory response, and the amount and preservation of the parasite. Tissue sections were reviewed where available. In the FNA where no parasite was observed but a confirmatory tissue diagnosis was available, it was found that eosinophils (52%), epithelioid cell granulomas (30%), palisading histiocytes (33%) and giant cells (28%) were seen less frequently than in those where larval fragments were identified in the aspirated material in varying quantities, the response being 88,92% eosinophils, 50,70% palisading histiocytes, 68,80% epithelioid cell granulomas and 46,74% giant cells. Repair cells were maximally seen when readily identifiable larval fragments were seen in the aspirate. Bizarre cells were equally distributed in these aspirates. The tissue response in FNA from subcutaneous cysticercosis can be varied and eosinophils are found to increase with the presence of the degenerating parasite. In soft-tissue aspirates, palisading histiocytes with epithelioid cell granulomas with or without giant cells and an inflammatory exudate with predominantly eosinophils alerts one to search diligently for a parasite. [source] Preclinical pharmacology of robenacoxib: a novel selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 1 2009J. N. KING This manuscript reports the results of preclinical studies in the rat with robenacoxib, a novel selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor. Robenacoxib selectively inhibited COX-2 in vitro as evidenced from COX-1:COX-2 IC50 ratios of 27:1 in purified enzyme preparations and >967:1 in isolated cell assays. Binding to COX-1 was rapid and readily reversible (dissociation t1/2 << 1 min), whilst COX-2 binding was slowly reversible (t1/2 = 25 min). In vivo, robenacoxib inhibited PGE2 production (an index of COX-2 inhibition) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated air pouches (ID50 0.3 mg/kg) and for at least 24 h in zymosan-induced inflammatory exudate (at 2 mg/kg). Robenacoxib was COX-1 sparing, as it inhibited serum TxB2 synthesis ex vivo (an index of COX-1 inhibition) only at very high doses (100 mg/kg but not at 2,30 mg/kg). Robenacoxib inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema (ID50 0.40,0.48 mg/kg), LPS-induced fever (ID50 1.1 mg/kg) and Randall,Selitto pain (10 mg/kg). Robenacoxib was highly bound to plasma protein (99.9% at 50 ng/mL in vitro). After intravenous dosing, clearance was 2.4 mL/min/kg and volume of distribution at steady-state was 306 mL/kg. Robenacoxib was preferentially distributed into inflammatory exudate; the AUC for exudate was 2.9 times higher than for blood and the MRT in exudate (15.9 h) was three times longer than in blood (5.3 h). Robenacoxib produced significantly less gastric ulceration and intestinal permeability as compared with the reference nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac, and did not inhibit PGE2 or 6-keto PGF1, concentrations in the stomach and ileum at 30 mg/kg. Robenacoxib also had no relevant effects on kidney function at 30 mg/kg. In summary, results of preclinical studies in rats studies suggest that robenacoxib has an attractive pharmacological profile for potential use in the intended target species, cats and dogs. [source] Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of marbofloxacin in calf serum, exudate and transudateJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 3 2002F. SHOJAEE ALIABADI Aliabadi, F. S., Lees, P. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of marbofloxacin in calf serum, exudate and transudate. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.25, 161,174. Marbofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drug used in cattle for the treatment of respiratory infections. In this investigation the pharmacokinetics (PK) of marbofloxacin were determined after intravenous and intramuscular dosing at a dosage of 2 mg/kg. In addition the ex vivo pharmacodynamics (PD) of the drug were determined in serum and three types of tissue cage fluid (transudate, inflammatory exudate generated by carrageenan and exudate generated by lipopolysaccharide). Marbofloxacin PK was characterized by a high volume of distribution after dosing by both routes (1.28 L/kg intravenous and 1.25 L/kg intramuscular). Corresponding area under the concentration,time curve (AUC) and elimination half-life (t½el) values were 9.99 and 10.11 ,g h/mL and 4.23 and 4.33 h, respectively. Values of AUC for carrageenan-induced exudate, lipopolysaccharide-induced exudate and transudate were, respectively, 8.28, 7.83 and 7.75 ,g h/mL after intravenous and 8.84, 8.53 and 8.52 ,g h/mL after intramuscular dosing. Maximum concentration (Cmax) values were similar for the three tissue cage fluids after intravenous and intramuscular dosing. For in vivo PK data values of AUC: minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (AUIC) ratio for serum were 250 and 253, respectively, after intravenous and intramuscular dosing of marbofloxacin against a pathogenic strain of Mannheimia haemolytica (MIC=0.04 ,g/mL). For all tissue cage fluids AUIC values were >194 and >213 after intravenous and intramuscular dosing, and Cmax/MIC ratios were 9 or greater, indicating a likely high level of effectiveness in clinical infections caused by M. haemolytica of MIC 0.04 ,g/mL or less. This was confirmed by both in vitro (serum) and ex vivo (serum, exudate and transudate) measurements, which demonstrated a concentration-dependent killing profile for marbofloxacin against M. haemolytica. Ex vivo, after 24-h incubation, virtually all bacteria were killed (<10 cfu/mL) in all samples collected up to 9 h (serum), 24 h (carrageenan-induced exudate and transudate) and 36 h (lipopolysaccharide-induced exudate). Application of the sigmoid Emax equation to the ex vivo antibacterial data provided, for serum, AUIC24 h values of 37.1 for bacteriostasis, 46.3 for bactericidal activity and 119.6 for elimination of bacteria. These data may be used as a rational basis for setting dosing schedules which optimize clinical efficacy and minimize the opportunities for emergence of resistant organisms. [source] Morphologic and morphometric analyses of acetic acid-induced colitis in rats after treatment with enemas from Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. (Aroeira do Sertão)PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 3 2002Lusmar Veras Rodrigues Abstract The present work showed the effects of Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All., popularly known as ,aroeira' (AE), in the form of enemas prepared from the stem bark, on several morphologic and morphometric parameters after acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Enemas from 5-ASA were used as standard while the vehicle, carboxymethylcellulose, was used as a control. The results of the morphological evaluation showed that on day 1 acetic acid produced significantly more necrosis in the groups treated with AE (10% and 20%) or 5-ASA than the controls. However, on day 60, there were more caliciform and absorptive cells in the treated groups compared with the controls. A significantly higher number of eosinophil and mononuclear cells and also collagen deposition in the controls compared with the treated groups were observed on day 60. However, a higher number of polymorphonuclear cells was detected on day 60 only in the AE treated group but not in the 5-ASA group. These data indicate that animals treated with AE or 5-ASA showed complete epithelial tissue regeneration, while in the controls chronic inflammatory exudate persisted and tissue regeneration occurred through fibrosis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory activity and gastric safety of acemetacinBRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 6 2007A E Chávez-Piña Background and purpose: Acemetacin is regarded as a pro-drug of indomethacin and induces significantly less gastric damage but the reasons for this greater gastric safety of acemetacin are unclear. The anti-inflammatory effects of acemetacin have been attributed, at least in part, to its hepatic biotransformation to indomethacin. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of acemetacin and indomethacin in an in vivo model of acute inflammation and to examine the importance of biotransformation of acemetacin (to indomethacin) to its anti-inflammatory actions. Experimental approach: The zymosan airpouch model was used in rats. Indomethacin or acemetacin (2.7,83.8 ,mol kg,1) were administered orally or directly into the pouch. Leukocyte infiltration, prostaglandin (PG) E2 and leukotriene (LT) B4 levels in exudates, and whole blood thromboxane (TX) B2 synthesis were measured. Key results: Acemetacin was rapidly converted to indomethacin after its administration. Both acemetacin and indomethacin elicited comparable, dose-dependent reductions of leukocyte infiltration and of PGE2 and TXB2 synthesis. However, indomethacin induced more gastric damage than acemetacin and elevated LTB4 production in the airpouch. Conclusions and implications: The similar effects of acemetacin and indomethacin on leukocyte infiltration and PG synthesis are consistent with rapid biotransformation of acemetacin to indomethacin. Some of this biotransformation may occur extra-hepatically, for instance in inflammatory exudates. Acemetacin probably exerts actions independent of conversion to indomethacin, given the different effects of these two drugs on LTB4 production. Such differences may contribute to the relative gastric safety of acemetacin compared to indomethacin. British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 930,938; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707451; published online 17 September 2007 [source] | ||||||||||