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Inflammatory Changes (inflammatory + change)
Selected AbstractsMAGNIFYING COLONOSCOPY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFLAMMATORY CHANGES IN ULCERATIVE COLITISDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 3 2006Satoshi Sugano Background:, Endoscopic observation is the most effective method for the evaluation of staging in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, in cases with very mild inflammatory activity, histopathological diagnosis may also be required. Unfortunately, biopsy-related accidents are not uncommon. As an alternative, we have used a magnifying colonoscope commonly used for tumor diagnosis to examine in detail the colon mucosa of UC patients in clinical remission, and then compared these findings relative to conventional endoscopy using histopathological diagnosis. Subjects and Methods:, Among UC cases examined by colonoscopy between April 2000 and April 2005, 27 cases without hematochezia for at least 1 month were enrolled in this study. Following observations of inflammatory changes using conventional colonoscopy, magnifying observation and biopsies at a total of 144 sites were evaluated. Using histopathological standards, acute-phase inflammation was indicated by the presence of neutrophil infiltration, whereas chronic-phase inflammation was indicated by infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils. Results:, Indicators of significant inflammation by conventional observation was erosion. Under magnification, inflammation appears as superficial defects in mucosa and small whitish spots. When the presence of infiltrating neutrophils was used as a positive histological marker for inflammation, there was no difference in the accuracy of diagnosis by conventional observation (95.1%) versus magnifying observation (97.2%). In contrast, when lymphocyte infiltration was used as a marker, the accuracy of diagnosis increased significantly (88.2%) using magnifying observation relative to conventional observation (61.1%). Conclusions:, Magnifying endoscopy can be used effectively in the evaluation of minute mucosal changes in cases of UC remission. [source] Inflammatory change of fatty liver induced by intraportal low-dose lipopolysaccharide infusion deteriorates pancreatic insulin secretion in fructose-induced insulin-resistant ratsLIVER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 8 2008Po-Shiuan Hsieh Abstract Background: This study tested whether subacute inflammatory change of fatty liver induced by portal endotoxaemia is detrimental to pancreatic insulin secretion in fructose-fed rats (FFRs) with fatty liver. Methods: Rats were randomly assigned into two groups with a regular or fructose-enriched diet for 8 weeks. Rats, after fructose feeding for 4 weeks, were further divided into three subgroups: on fructose diet alone, on fructose diet combined with intraportal saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion (n=8 per group) for the next 4 weeks. In another set of experiments, the liver and pancreatic tissues were obtained for histological examination in these four groups. Pancreatic insulin secretion was evaluated by in vivo hyperglycaemic clamp study. Results: Fasting plasma insulin concentrations and homoeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, an insulin resistance score, were significantly increased in FFRs but failed to change in rats with LPS treatment. The 4-week intraportal LPS infusion significantly increased circulating aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and C-reactive protein levels but did not alter endotoxin levels in FFRs. The increased white blood cell count was also noted in rats after intraportal LPS infusion for 2 and 4 weeks. The attenuated first-phase and second-phase insulin responses in FFRs shown in hyperglycaemic clamp were further deteriorated in those with intraportal LPS infusion. Increased histopathological scores of liver and pancreas shown in FFRs were further increased in those combined with portal endotoxaemia. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the chronic subacute inflammatory change of fatty liver induced by mild portal endotoxaemia could deteriorate insulin secretion in a rodent model of metabolic syndrome and fatty liver. [source] Interleukin-1 modulates periprosthetic tissue formation in an intramedullary model of particle-induced inflammationJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 3 2005Noah J. Epstein Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in wear-debris associated total joint replacement failure. We hypothesized that the absence of the IL-1 type-1 receptor would mitigate the inflammatory response to titanium particles and decrease periprosthetic inflammatory tissue in a murine intramedullary rod model. Methods: An intramedullary rod with and without commercially pure titanium particles was placed in the femora of 24 wild type mice (WT) and 24 mice lacking a functional type-1 receptor to IL-1. Femora were analyzed histologically and by ELISA of organ culture explant supernatants. Results: The presence of titanium particles in WT mice stimulated increased expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) relative to rod only controls. In contrast, IL-6 and MCP-1 expression were diminished in IL-lrl-KO mice exposed to titanium particles. Additionally, the formation of a periprosthetic fibro-inflammatory membrane in IL-lrl-KO mice was blunted at 2 weeks when compared to that in wild-type mice. Inflammatory changes and the quality of periprosthetic bone of IL-lrl-KO mice was similar to WT mice in response to titanium particles. Conclusions: These results implicate IL-1 as an important modulator in the local inflammatory response to intramedullary titanium particles. MCP-1 appears to be significantly modulated in IL-lrl-KO mice in response to titanium particles. This may be responsible, in part, for the diminished periprosthetic membrane observed in IL-lrl-KO mice at 2 weeks. Expansion of this murine model of intramedullary particle-induced inflammation to other gene targets may contribute to a more mechanistic understanding of wear-debris associated prosthesis failure. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [source] Sensory-predominant, painful, idiopathic neuropathy: Inflammatory changes in sural nervesMUSCLE AND NERVE, Issue 3 2002Praful Kelkar MD Abstract Sensory-predominant, painful, idiopathic neuropathies are a common clinical problem. In this retrospective study of 11 patients with such a neuropathy, we found axonal loss in 9, with multifocal axonal loss in 4 patients; there were large perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates (>50 cells) in 4 and smaller infiltrates (10,20 cells) in 4. These findings suggest that some cases of this neuropathy may be due to autoimmune vasculopathy and therefore may respond to immunotherapy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 413,416, 2002 [source] Inflammation and Sleep Disordered Breathing in Children: A State-of-the-Art Review,PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 12 2008Aviv D. Goldbart MD Abstract Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) represents a spectrum of breathing disorders, ranging from snoring to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), that disrupt nocturnal respiration and sleep architecture. OSAS is a common disorder in children, with a prevalence of 2,3%. It is associated with neurobehavioral, cognitive, and cardiovascular morbidities. In children, adenotonsillectomy is the first choice for treatment and is reserved for moderate to severe OSAS, as defined by an overnight polysomnography. In adults, OSAS is the result of mechanical dysfunction of the upper airway, manifesting as severity-dependent nasal, oropharyngeal, and systemic inflammation that decrease after continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Inflammatory changes have been reported in upper airway samples from children with OSAS, and systemic inflammation, as indicated by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels, has been shown to decrease in children with OSAS after adenotonsillectomy. Anti-inflammatory treatments for children with mild OSAS are associated with major improvements in symptoms, polysomnographic respiratory values, and radiologic measures of adenoid size. Inflammation is correlated to some extent with OSAS-related neurocognitive morbidity, but the role of inflammatory markers in the diagnosis and management of OSAS, and the role of anti-inflammatory treatments, remains to be clarified. This review examines the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of sleep-disordered breathing in pediatric patients and the potential therapeutic implications. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1151,1160. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Inflammatory changes associated with circadian variation in pulmonary function in subjects with mild asthmaCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 2 2004E. A. B. Kelly Summary Background Nocturnal enhancement of airway inflammation has been demonstrated in patients with asthma who have a significant drop in pulmonary function at night. Objective To investigate the circadian changes in airway inflammation and their relationship with variations in pulmonary function in subjects with mild atopic asthma. Methods Twelve asthma subjects were admitted to the hospital for two separate 24-h visits. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed at 04:00 hours during one visit, and at 16:00 hours during another visit. BAL cells were analysed for lymphocyte phenotype and the capacity to secrete cytokines following ex vivo stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Results The numbers of BAL lymphocytes and the percentage of CD4+ T cells were higher at 04:00 hours compared with 16:00 hours. At 04:00 hours, the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was inversely correlated with BAL lymphocytes and CD4+ cells. PHA-induced generation of IL-5 by BAL cells correlated with BAL eosinophils and CD4+ cells. Moreover, there was a linear relationship between the relative change (16:00,04:00 hours) in IL-5 and circadian variation in FEV1. Conclusions These data suggest that the circadian variation in lung function in asthma is associated with increased airway CD4+ lymphocyte numbers and their capacity to generate IL-5. Furthermore, in mild asthma, these circadian changes appear to fall into a continuous range, suggesting that day/night variations in airway inflammation and lung function occur on a continuum, rather than as an all-or-none phenomenon. [source] Xanthogranulomatous orchitis with scrotal fistulasINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 8 2004DENIZ DEM Abstract Xanthogranulomatous orchitis is an extremely rare inflammatory change of testis which is difficult to distinguish from testicular tumor. We report on a 21-year-old man who presented with left testicular swelling and pyogenic discharge from the scrotum. Testicular tumor markers were normal. Scrotal ultrasonography showed a testicular tumor in the left testis. Because of severe adhesion between the scrotum and intrascrotal structures, radical orchiectomy combined with hemiscrotectomy was performed to exclude possible malignancy. Histopathological findings showed xanthogranulomatous orchitis. [source] Inflammatory change of fatty liver induced by intraportal low-dose lipopolysaccharide infusion deteriorates pancreatic insulin secretion in fructose-induced insulin-resistant ratsLIVER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 8 2008Po-Shiuan Hsieh Abstract Background: This study tested whether subacute inflammatory change of fatty liver induced by portal endotoxaemia is detrimental to pancreatic insulin secretion in fructose-fed rats (FFRs) with fatty liver. Methods: Rats were randomly assigned into two groups with a regular or fructose-enriched diet for 8 weeks. Rats, after fructose feeding for 4 weeks, were further divided into three subgroups: on fructose diet alone, on fructose diet combined with intraportal saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion (n=8 per group) for the next 4 weeks. In another set of experiments, the liver and pancreatic tissues were obtained for histological examination in these four groups. Pancreatic insulin secretion was evaluated by in vivo hyperglycaemic clamp study. Results: Fasting plasma insulin concentrations and homoeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, an insulin resistance score, were significantly increased in FFRs but failed to change in rats with LPS treatment. The 4-week intraportal LPS infusion significantly increased circulating aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and C-reactive protein levels but did not alter endotoxin levels in FFRs. The increased white blood cell count was also noted in rats after intraportal LPS infusion for 2 and 4 weeks. The attenuated first-phase and second-phase insulin responses in FFRs shown in hyperglycaemic clamp were further deteriorated in those with intraportal LPS infusion. Increased histopathological scores of liver and pancreas shown in FFRs were further increased in those combined with portal endotoxaemia. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the chronic subacute inflammatory change of fatty liver induced by mild portal endotoxaemia could deteriorate insulin secretion in a rodent model of metabolic syndrome and fatty liver. [source] Predictors of early rescreening in the National Cervical Screening Program, AustraliaAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 4 2001Heather Mitchell Objective: To identify variables that predict early rescreening after a negative Pap smear report. Methods: Cohort study using the records of a statewide Cervical Cytology Registry in Victoria, Australia. The cohort comprised 31,082 women who had a negative Pap smear report during the first half of 1996 and who were rescreened within the subsequent 36 months. Early rescreening was defined as a further Pap smear within 21 months. Results: The strongest predictor of early rescreening was a recommendation at the time of issuing the negative Pap smear report by the laboratory for retesting before two years (adjusted odds ratio = 3.81, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 3.58,4.05). Mention of reactive or inflammatory change as part of the negative Pap smear report was also a powerful predictor (adjusted odds ratio = 1.67, 95% Cl 1.50,1.85). Significant predictors associated with the women were young age, high socio-economic status and residence in the capital city. Significant predictors associated with the practitioner were if either the index or subsequent smear was collected by an obstetrician/gynaecologist or a hospital-based clinic, or if the practitioner collecting the index smear was a female. The population-attributable risk per cent associated with the laboratory recommendation was 27%. Conclusions: This data suggests that a multi-faceted strategy targeting pathology laboratories, practitioners and women may be needed to reduce early rescreening. Implications: Early rescreening is wasteful of health resources. New screening programs should be designed to avoid this problem [source] Fungiform papillary glossitis: atopic disease in the mouth?BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2005R. Marks Summary Background, Asthma, eczema and hay fever are the classical manifestations of atopic disease. Geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) has also been reported to be a manifestation. Anecdotally, atopic people frequently report irritation of the tongue by heat and certain foods, which may be more common than realized. Objectives, To determine whether atopic people have an increased likelihood of a sensitive tongue manifest as inflamed fungiform papillae and a history of irritation by certain foods. Patients/methods, A descriptive classification of inflammation of the fungiform papillae on the tongue was developed using a 9-point analogue scale where 1 was considered normal and 9 was considered to be severely inflamed. An opportunistic sample of participants were classified as atopic or not on the basis of a personal history of asthma, eczema or hay fever. An examination of the tongue was performed using the classification and then a questionnaire was administered on whether they burnt their tongue easily with hot food and whether they were irritated by certain foods. Results, There were 200 participants aged 20 years and over of whom 104 (52%) were classified as atopic on the basis of the personal history. There was a significant positive association between increasingly inflamed fungiform papillae and the likelihood of being atopic. There was also a positive association between increasing inflammation of the fungiform papillae and a history of both burning the tongue easily and irritation of the tongue by food. There was an increased likelihood of a history of irritation of the tongue with certain foods amongst atopic participants and they were also more likely to burn their tongue with hot food than those who were nonatopic. Conclusion, Atopic people are more likely than the normal community to have inflammation of the fungiform papillae of their tongue which correlates with a history of a sensitive tongue manifest as irritation by heat and certain foods. These data suggest that atopic disease may occur in the mouth as a common inflammatory change on the tongue,fungiform papillary glossitis. [source] Studies on dentin grafts to bone defects in rabbit tibia and mandible; development of an experimental modelDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Lars Andersson This property may possibly be used as an alternative or supplement to bone grafting to defective areas after trauma prior to treatment with osseointegrated implants. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate if dentin can be used as a graft in bone defects in an experimental rabbit model. Materials and Methods:, Eight New Zealand White Rabbits were used to prepare bone cavities either in the angle of the mandible or tibia. Six of the eight tibial and six of the eight mandibular bone defects were filled with dentin blocks from human premolars which were extracted for orthodontic treatment. Two mandibular and two tibial bone cavities were used as controls and all the rabbits were sacrificed after 3 months. Radiographic and histological examinations were performed. Results:, There was a difference in healing pattern between the mandibular and tibial defects. In the mandible, the dentin blocks were resorbed to a larger extent and more often surrounded by fibrous tissue, probably due to the fact that the dentin blocks were mobile because of the thin mandibles and muscular activity in that area. Only some dentin blocks were ankylosed with the mandibular bone. In the tibia however, all dentin blocks were fused to bone over a large area. Osseous replacement resorption was seen. In control cavities, bone formation was seen but was never complete. No signs of inflammatory changes were seen in any fused grafts. Conclusions:, Dentin grafts have a potential to be incorporated in bone without inflammation and can be used as bone inducer and later replaced by bone. Thus, rabbit tibia served as a better model for further studies of this phenomenon when compared to the mandible. [source] Healing of 208 intraalveolar root fractures in patients aged 7,17 yearsDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Miomir Cvek Abstract , This retrospective study consisted of 208 root-fractured, 168 splinted and 40 not splinted incisors in young individuals (aged 7,17 years) treated in the period 1959,1973 at the Pedodontic Department, Eastman Institute, Stockholm. Clinical and radiographic analyses showed that 69 teeth (33%) had developed hard tissue (fusion) healing of fragments. Interposition of periodontal ligament (PDL) and bone between the fragments was found in 17 teeth (8%). Interposition of PDL alone was found in 74 teeth (36%). Finally, non-healing with pulp necrosis and inflammatory changes between fragments was seen in 48 teeth (23%). Various clinical factors were analyzed for their relationship to the healing outcome with respect to healing/no healing and type of healing (hard tissue versus interposition of bone and/or PDL). Immature root and positive pulp sensitivity at time of injury was found to be significantly related to both pulp healing and hard tissue repair of the fracture. The same applied to concussion or subluxation of the coronal fragment compared to luxation with displacement (extrusive or lateral luxation). This relation was also represented by the variable millimeter diastasis between fragments before and after repositioning. Repositioning appeared to enhance the likelihood of both pulp healing and hard tissue repair. A positive effect of splinting, splinting methods (cap splints or orthodontic bands with an arch wire) or splinting periods could not be demonstrated on either pulp healing or type of healing (hard tissue versus interposition of bone and/or PDL). In conclusion, the findings from this retrospective study have cast doubts on the efficacy of long-term splinting and the types of splint used for root fracture healing. It is suggested that the role of splinting and splinting methods be examined in further studies. [source] Inflammatory events as detected in cervical smears and squamous intraepithelial lesionsDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Anne M. E. Roeters M.D. Abstract The Dutch cytological coding system, KOPAC, enables to code for eight inflammatory events, that is koilocytosis (related to human papillomavirus (HPV)), Trichomonas, dysbacteriosis [related to bacterial vaginosis (BV)], Candida, Gardnerella, Actinomyces, Chlamydia, and non-specific inflammation (leucocytosis). This study presents an analysis of 1,008,879 smears. Of each smear, the age of the woman and the reason for smear taking (screening or indication) was available. The cytoscores (per mille) for these codes were calculated. For the screening smears, the cytoscores were for koilocytosis (HPV) 2.6, for Trichomonas vaginalis 1.9, for dysbacteriosis 31.4, for Candida albicans 9.8, for Gardnerella vaginalis 0.7, for Actinomyces 6.9, for Chlamydia 0.8, and for non-specific inflammatory changes 66.4. For the calculation of the Odds Ratio (OR), normal smears were used as a reference. The cytoscores for Chlamydia and Gardnerella covaried with high grade SIL (HSIL), with an OR of 7 and 12, respectively. In addition, the OR for Trichomonas vaginalis, for dysbacteriosis, and for leucocytosis proved to be significantly high in the indication smears. This study provides an oversight of HSIL and the full range of cervical infections as detected by cytology, proving that this infectious byproduct of screening can be very valuable. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] MAGNIFYING COLONOSCOPY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFLAMMATORY CHANGES IN ULCERATIVE COLITISDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 3 2006Satoshi Sugano Background:, Endoscopic observation is the most effective method for the evaluation of staging in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, in cases with very mild inflammatory activity, histopathological diagnosis may also be required. Unfortunately, biopsy-related accidents are not uncommon. As an alternative, we have used a magnifying colonoscope commonly used for tumor diagnosis to examine in detail the colon mucosa of UC patients in clinical remission, and then compared these findings relative to conventional endoscopy using histopathological diagnosis. Subjects and Methods:, Among UC cases examined by colonoscopy between April 2000 and April 2005, 27 cases without hematochezia for at least 1 month were enrolled in this study. Following observations of inflammatory changes using conventional colonoscopy, magnifying observation and biopsies at a total of 144 sites were evaluated. Using histopathological standards, acute-phase inflammation was indicated by the presence of neutrophil infiltration, whereas chronic-phase inflammation was indicated by infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils. Results:, Indicators of significant inflammation by conventional observation was erosion. Under magnification, inflammation appears as superficial defects in mucosa and small whitish spots. When the presence of infiltrating neutrophils was used as a positive histological marker for inflammation, there was no difference in the accuracy of diagnosis by conventional observation (95.1%) versus magnifying observation (97.2%). In contrast, when lymphocyte infiltration was used as a marker, the accuracy of diagnosis increased significantly (88.2%) using magnifying observation relative to conventional observation (61.1%). Conclusions:, Magnifying endoscopy can be used effectively in the evaluation of minute mucosal changes in cases of UC remission. [source] INTRADUCTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR THE STAGING OF BILE DUCT CARCINOMADIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 2005Kiichi Tamada Intraductal ultrasonography is useful in the staging of extrahepatic bile duct cancer including tumor depth infiltration, pancreatic parenchymal invasion, portal vein invasion, and right hepatic artery invasion. However, it has limitations in assessing lymph node metastases. The assessment of longitudinal cancer extension along the bile duct is a promising aspect of this area. However, a thickening of the bile duct wall may represent either inflammatory changes that may result from mechanical irritation by a biliary drainage catheter or other factors, or the longitudinal extension of the cancer. [source] Laparoscopic findings of liver cirrhosis due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitisDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 4 2003Teruki Miyake A 42-year-old Japanese man was admitted to our hospital for investigation of abnormal liver function tests. He had no history of drug use, and drank little alcohol. Body mass index was 30. Serum was negative for viral markers and autoantibodies. Laparoscopy revealed diffuse small nodules on the liver surface. Liver biopsy revealed small nodules with pericellular fibrosis and macrovesicular fat deposition throughout the acini. Some inflammatory changes were observed. Liver cirrhosis due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was diagnosed. NASH displays similar histological and laparoscopic characteristics to alcoholic liver diseases. [source] Human herpes virus 6B: A possible role in epilepsy?EPILEPSIA, Issue 11 2008William H. Theodore Summary Human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) infection is nearly ubiquitous in childhood and may include central nervous system invasion. There are two variants, HHV6A and HHV6B. Usually asymptomatic, it is associated with the common, self-limited childhood illness roseola infantum and rarely with more severe syndromes. In patients with immune compromise, subsequent reactivation of viral activity may lead to severe limbic encephalitis. HHV6 has been identified as a possible etiologic agent in multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, and encephalitis. A preponderance of evidence supports an association between HHV6 and febrile seizures. An ongoing multicenter study is investigating possible links between HHV6 infection, febrile status epilepticus, and development of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Investigation of temporal lobectomy specimens showed evidence of active HHV6B but not HHV6A replication in hippocampal astrocytes in about two-thirds of patients with MTS but not other causes of epilepsy. It has been suggested that HHV6B may cause "excitotoxicity" by interfering with astrocyte excitatory amino acid transport. Although conventional inflammatory changes are not found in most MTS specimens, inflammatory modulators may play a role in neuronal injury leading to MTS as well. If the link between early viral infection, complex or prolonged febrile seizures, and later development of intractable temporal lobe epilepsy is confirmed, new therapeutic approaches to a common intractable epilepsy syndrome may be possible. [source] Increased osteopontin expression following intranigral lipopolysaccharide injection in the ratEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 7 2005Joanna Iczkiewicz Abstract Nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease is characterized by glial cell activation leading to inflammatory changes. Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein that is induced by inflammatory mediators and which we have previously shown to be present in the substantia nigra. However, the role of OPN in the nigral inflammation is not known. We now report on the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced glial cell activation in the substantia nigra of rats on OPN expression. LPS administration induced dopaminergic cell death as shown by reduced nigral tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. There was a corresponding time-dependent increase in both OPN mRNA, which was maximal at 48 h, and protein levels, which peaked at 72 h before returning to control levels by 120 h. This increase was accompanied by marked reactive gliosis as shown by increased OX-42, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ED1 immunoreactivity. OX-42-positive cells increased in a time-dependent manner, peaking at 72 h before returning to control levels at 120 h. Similarly, ED1-positive cells were present in their greatest numbers at 24 h but then gradually declined. These changes mirrored the alterations occurring in OPN protein and OPN mRNA, respectively. In contrast, GFAP-positive cells only started to increase in number at 120 h. Colocalization studies showed that OPN was present in both ED1- and OX-42-positive cells but not in GFAP-positive cells. These data confirm that intranigral injection of LPS induces a rapid and marked gliosis that accompanies the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurones and suggest that, after glial cell activation, enhanced expression of OPN occurs linked to increased numbers of microglia and/or macrophages. This suggests that OPN may be functionally important in the control of inflammatory changes. [source] Local and systemic interleukin-18 and interleukin-18-binding protein in children with inflammatory bowel diseaseINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 1 2008Steven T. Leach Abstract Background: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is increased in the inflamed mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). The balance between this pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine and its natural inhibitor, IL-18-binding protein (IL-18BP), may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: Serum and mucosal biopsies were collected from children with IBD, from children with celiac disease, and from controls. Biopsies were maintained in culture for 24 hours, and supernatant was collected. Serum and supernatant IL-18 and IL-18BPa concentrations were measured by immunoassay. Disease activity score (PCDAI) and standard serum inflammatory markers (albumin, platelets, ESR, and CRP) were recorded. Results: Serum IL-18 was greater in children with CD (537 pg/mL) than in controls (335 pg/mL; P < 0.05) but not in children with ulcerative colitis (UC) or IBD type unclassified (IBDU). Mucosal IL-18 was greater in children with CD and UC/IBDU than in controls (P < 0.01). Serum IL-18BPa was increased in children with CD compared with that in controls (3.9 versus 2.6 ng/mL; P < 0.05), but was not elevated in children with UC/IBDU. Furthermore, calculated free-serum IL-18 was elevated in CD, but not UC/IBDU, compared with that in controls (P = 0.001). Total and free-serum IL-18 were elevated in severe CD relative to in mild/moderate disease. Conclusions: IL-18, produced in the colons of children with IBD, may contribute to local inflammatory changes. Systemic IL-18 level may be a useful indicator of gut inflammation. Furthermore, free IL-18 is greatly elevated in children with CD, suggesting that compensatory increases in IL-18BPa are insufficient. Further exploration of the role of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of IBD is now required. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007) [source] Down-regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules and leukocyte adhesion by treatment with superoxide dismutase is beneficial in chronic immune experimental colitisINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 10 2005Joaquim Seguí PhD Abstract Modulation of adhesion molecule expression that govern trafficking of leukocytes into the inflamed intestine is envisioned as a new strategy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study was designed to determine the impact of reducing oxidative stress on adhesion molecules expression and leukocyte recruitment in experimental chronic colitis. For that purpose, colitic interleukin-10 knockout and wild-type mice were studied. Groups of animals were treated with Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) 13 mg/kg/d or vehicle for either 7 or 14 days. Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 were determined; leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in colonic venules were studied with intravital microscopy; and changes in colon pathology and biomarkers of colitis severity were determined. Development of colitis was associated with a marked increase in endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 expression, which were significantly reduced by treatment with SOD1. The increase in leukocyte rolling and adhesion in colonic venules of colitic mice were significantly reduced by administration of SOD1. This treatment markedly reduced colonic lipid hydroperoxidation, myeoloperoxidase activity, and plasma levels of serum amyloid A protein and resulted in significant, although modest, reductions in histologic damage score. The therapeutic value of SOD1 when administered prophylactically was assessed in the dextran sulfate sodium model of colitis with similar positive results. These results indicate that SOD1 affords significant amelioration of colonic inflammatory changes in experimental colitis. Down-regulation of adhesion molecule expression, reduction of lipid hydroperoxidation, and recruitment of leukocytes into the inflamed intestine contribute to this beneficial effect. [source] Determination of pulp vitality in vivo with pulse oximetryINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 9 2008E. Calil Abstract Aim, To evaluate the use of pulse oximetry as a test for pulp vitality, by comparing in the same patient, the levels of oxygen saturation of the index finger and of the maxillary central incisor and canine teeth without clinically detectable pulp inflammation. Methodology, Seventeen male and female patients aged between 26 and 38 years participated and a total of 32 maxillary central incisor and 32 canine teeth were analysed. Selection criteria required the teeth to have healthy crowns, or with restorations no more than 2 mm in diameter and no clinical and radiographical signs or symptoms of pulp or periapical inflammatory changes. The negative control group consisted of 10 root filled teeth. Measurements were first taken from the index finger of patients. Their teeth were then subjected to a thermal test with refrigerant gas and then to a vitality test with pulse oximetry. Data were analysed by Pearson's and paired t- tests. Results, There were no significant statistical correlations between blood oxygen levels in the index finger and in the teeth of the patient (P > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the oxygen levels between the two tooth groups studied and the index finger (P , 0.002). Mean oxygen values in the index finger of patients were 95% (SD = 1.6), oxygen values in the maxillary central incisor were 91.29% (SD = 2.61) and mean oxygen values in maxillary canine were 90.69% (SD = 2.71). Conclusion, The method determined consistently the level of blood oxygen saturation of the pulp in maxillary central incisor and canine teeth and can therefore be used for pulp vitality testing. Further studies are required to assess the effectiveness and validity of pulse oximetry in determining pulp vitality in traumatized teeth. [source] Dry type leishmanial lymphadenitis presented as two large parotid and cervical massesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 7 2007I. Esfandiarpour MD Background, Cutaneous leishmanisis (CL) is a common disease in Iran, particularly in Kerman and Bam and Kerman province. Lymphadenitis resulting from leishmania tropica (dry type) with, or without, cutaneous lesion is rare. Localized leishmanial lymphadenitis (LLA) is a specific clinico-pathologic presentation of inflammatory changes caused by leishmanial parasites or antigen within an isolated lymph node without any systemic manifestation. Case report, A 55-year-old Iranian woman presented with two slow growing large nodules (masses) on the left preauricular and the left cervical areas. The nodules were large, painless, mobile, multilobulated, and associated with a small skin papule on the left-side of the cheek distal to the masses. Results, Histopathologic examination of both the skin lesion and the lymph nodes suggested the leishmanial etiology of skin papule and lymphadenitis. The Leishman-bodies (amastigotes) were demonstrated in two lymph nodes and a skin lesion. The clinical picture plus pathological finding and the response to meglumine-antimoniate confirmed LLA. Conclusion, Lymph node involvement is another rare manifestation of dissemination of infection with dermotropic leishmania. This presentation of CL should not be treated with the ordinary local treatments such as curettage, cryotherapy or surgical excision. [source] Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis associated with developmental delay and generalized convulsionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Ahmad A. Alrobaee MD A 2-year-old Saudi boy was seen in our dermatology clinic with symmetrical, brown, linear macules over the legs, trunk, and arms (Figs 1,3). He was a product of a full-term vaginal delivery following an uneventful first pregnancy in a 22-year-old mother. The birth weight was 2.3 kg. The hyperpigmented macules followed the lines of Blaschko and were noticed a few months after birth; they had enlarged with body growth until the age of 18 months. There was no family history of a similar condition and the boy's parents were unrelated. No blistering or inflammatory changes preceded the hyperpigmentation. The palms, soles, nails, scalp, mucous membranes, and teeth were normal. In addition to the hyperpigmented macules, the patient started to have generalized convulsions at the age of 2 months. Figure 1. Linear hyperpigmented macules following the lines of Blaschko Figure 2. Close up view of the hyperpigmented macules Figure 3. Trunk: Hyperpigmented macules in whorled distribution Physical examination revealed delayed developmental milestones, microphthalmia, depressed nose, and high arched palate with no other abnormalities. Blood tests were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed changes suggestive of a demyelinating process at the parieto-occipital white matter. Echocardiography revealed an atrial septal defect. Electroretinography (ERG), visual evoked potentials (VEP), and auditory evoked potentials (AEP) were normal. Electroencephalogram (EEG) showed multifocal epileptic discharge in the posterior region. A punch skin biopsy taken from the hyperpigmented lesions showed an increase in the melanin content of the basal layer with no incontinence of pigment or melanophages in the dermis. [source] Effects of surfactant replacement on alveolar overdistension and plasma cytokines in ventilator-induced lung injuryACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 3 2010H. WU Background: Overdistension of the lung causes ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) accompanied by surfactant abnormalities and inflammatory changes. We investigated the effects of surfactant replacement on overdistension of the terminal airspaces and plasma cytokine levels in VILI. Methods: VILI was induced by high-pressure ventilation (HPV) in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, followed by ventilation for 2 h in the maintenance mode (tidal volume=10 ml/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure=7.5 cmH2O) with or without surfactant replacement. The sizes of the terminal airspaces were determined after fixing the lungs at an airway pressure of 10 cmH2O on deflation. Cytokine levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The mean ratio of the largest terminal airspace size class (,64,000 ,m2) was increased from 13.4% to 32.0% by HPV (P<0.05). After maintenance-mode ventilation, the ratio decreased to 16.1% with surfactant replacement (P<0.05), but increased to 44.6% without surfactant replacement (P<0.05). Mean macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) levels in the plasma increased from <0.02 to 6.9 ng/ml with HPV (P<0.05), and further increased to ,11.8 ng/ml, regardless of surfactant replacement after maintenance-mode ventilation. Similar tendencies were observed in the interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels. Tumor necrosis factor-, levels were almost negligible during the experiment. Conclusion: In rats with VILI, surfactant replacement reversed overdistension of the terminal airspaces that may induce barotrauma, but not upregulation of MIP-2, IL-6, and IL-10 within 2 h. [source] Acute isolated tuberculous appendicitisJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 3 2006G. Wyrobiec MD Summary Non-pulmonary tuberculosis is found with different frequencies in different countries of the world. It is said to constitute about 4% of all tuberculosis cases in Poland, about 25% in England and Wales and about 17% in the USA. It seems that these differences are the result of differences in rates of diagnosis and registration of new tuberculosis cases. This in turn is influenced by public health funding in the individual countries. In this work, we present a case of acute, isolated, tuberculous inflammation of the appendix. We call attention to the fact that pre-operative diagnosis is practically impossible. Clinical symptoms do not point to inflammatory changes. Only surgical evaluation, and especially the result of histopathological examination make it to possible to establish the final diagnosis to initiation of anti-tuberculous treatment. [source] Comparison of the sonographic features of acalculous and calculous submandibular sialadenitisJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 6 2001Alex Sik-Chung Ching FRCR Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the sonographic features of acalculous and calculous sialadenitis of the submandibular gland. Methods A retrospective review of sonograms of the neck was performed in 25 patients with submandibular sialadenitis: 8 with acalculous and 17 with calculous disease. The submandibular glands were assessed for size, shape, border, and echogenicity; presence of dilated ducts or other intraglandular lesions; inflammatory changes in adjacent tissues; lymphadenopathy; and involvement of other salivary glands. Results In the group with acalculous sialadenitis, 4 (50%) of the 8 patients had unilateral disease, and 11 (92%) of 12 glands were rounded. In all cases (100%), multiple hypoechoic lesions were diffusely distributed throughout the submandibular glands against a heterogeneous parenchymal background. The lesions ranged from 3 to 15 mm and were oval or round. Confluent lesions were noted in 2 glands (17%). There was no sonographic evidence of duct dilatation, calculi, or abnormal lymph nodes. All patients with calculous sialadenitis had unilateral disease; 9 had a main duct calculus (53%), 7 had intraglandular calculi (41%), and 1 had both (6%). In 14 (82%) of 17 glands, normal shape was maintained, and 11 (65%) of 17 had duct dilatation. Conclusions Acalculous submandibular sialadenitis differs from the calculous form of the disease. The former has characteristic sonographic features, including a round gland with numerous hypoechoic lesions in a heterogeneous parenchymal background. Sonographic imaging in conjunction with fine-needle aspiration is useful for detection of this disorder. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:332,338, 2001. [source] Hobnail hemangiomas (targetoid hemosiderotic hemangiomas) are true lymphangiomasJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2004Folker E. Franke Background:, Hobnail hemangioma (targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma) is a small benign vascular tumor of the superficial and mid-dermis. In contrast to its well-characterized histology, it has been unclear whether this tumor arises from blood vessel endothelial cells (BECs) or lymphatic vessel endothelial cells (LECs). Methods:, We analyzed 10 hobnail hemangiomas by immunohistochemistry, using the recently described lymphatic endothelial cell marker, D2-40. For comparison, CD31, CD34, and ,-smooth muscle actin expression were studied in consecutive sections of the paraffin-embedded tissues. Results:, In all analyzed vessels, D2-40 labeled exclusively LECs, whereas BECs were consistently negative. In contrast to capillary BECs, either neighboring the tumors or intermingled, neoplastic endothelial cells of all 10 hobnail hemangiomas were strongly labeled by D2-40. Conclusions:, The results suggest a lymphatic origin for hobnail hemangiomas. This view is further supported by the CD34 negativity of endothelial cells and the lack of actin-labeled pericytes in hobnail hemangiomas, both characteristic of lymphatic vessels. Moreover, our analysis revealed that microshunts between neoplastic lymphatic vascular channels and small blood vessels occur, explaining some features of hobnail hemangiomas, such as aneurysmatic microstructures, erythrocytes within and beneath neoplastic vascular spaces, inflammatory changes, scarring, and interstitial hemosiderin deposits. [source] Intertriginous epidermal dysmaturation from pegylated liposomal doxorubicinJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2003Joseph C. English III Background:, A new formulation of doxorubicin (pegylated liposomal doxorubicin) has been developed to attenuate the systemic side effects produced by this agent. Although pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has a much lower risk for cardiotoxicity, it has been associated with cutaneous side effects that differ from, and may also be more frequent than, those produced by the free form of the drug. Methods:, We report a case of interface dermatitis with keratinocyte dysmaturation, limited to the intertriginous areas, in a patient who received pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, and we review the literature. Results:, It is possible that the enhanced delivery of doxorubicin in liposomal form promotes cutaneous side effects of the drug. We consider the possible mechanisms for keratinocyte dysmaturation produced by this form of doxorubicin. Conclusions:, Our findings further suggest that inflammatory changes seen on biopsy may not always allow a reliable histopathologic distinction between this chemotherapy effect and graft-versus-host disease. [source] Vascular endothelial growth factor secretion from mesenteric adipose tissue and from creeping fat in Crohn's diseaseJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 9 2006Andreas Schäffler Abstract Background:, Creeping fat represents a characteristic feature of Crohn's disease (CD), and adipose tissue secretes adipocytokines and chemokines/growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Because VEGF serum levels and mucosal VEGF expression is elevated in CD patients, the aim of the present paper was to investigate creeping fat-derived VEGF secretion in CD. Material and Methods:, Adipose tissue was obtained from creeping fat of 10 patients with CD. Mesenteric adipose tissue was resected from 13 patients with colon cancer (CC) and from seven patients with diverticulitis (DIV). Three fat tissue specimens per well, and several wells (6,8) per patient were incubated ex vivo for 24 h. The release of VEGF into the supernatant was measured by ELISA. Results:, There was stable VEGF secretion from mesenteric adipose tissue of patients with CC or DIV and from creeping fat of patients with CD. Whereas the VEGF secretion rate was not different between patients with CD (465 ± 98 pg/g fat per 24 h) and CC (399 ± 48 pg/g fat per 24 h), VEGF secretion was significantly reduced in patients suffering from DIV (115 ± 41 pg/g fat per 24 h; P < 0.0001 and P = 0.001, respectively). The CD patients treated with steroids had significantly lower VEGF secretion rates (294 ± 42 pg/g fat per 24 h) than CD patients not receiving steroids (607 ± 105 pg/g fat per 24 h; P = 0.001). Conclusions:, Creeping fat is an important source of VEGF secretion. The characteristics of the inflammatory changes in CD might be due to the lack of VEGF downregulation that is seen in DIV. [source] Histopathological diagnosis of microscopic colitisJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 5 2006ukasz Liszka Abstract A typical symptom of microscopic colitis (MC) is chronic watery diarrhea with normal endoscopic findings and characteristic inflammatory changes in histopathology. Treatment of the disease is mainly empiric. MC has two main subtypes: lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis. There are also untypical histopathological forms of MC: MC with giant cells, MC not otherwise specified (NOS) and cryptal lymphocytic coloproctitis. Some other histopathological changes in MC have been observed, especially Paneth cell hyperplasia or epithelial degeneration. Eosinophilic colitis, acute colitis, amyloidosis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease should be taken into consideration in differential diagnosis. The most reliable biopsy material for histopathological examination are samples obtained from transverse colon. Some studies proved that treatment of MC makes it possible to reduce not only clinical, but also histopathological, manifestations. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||