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Infant Formula (infant + formula)
Kinds of Infant Formula Selected AbstractsEnterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella in Powdered Infant Formula: meeting reportINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis No abstract is available for this article. [source] Composition and Oxidative Stability of a Structured Lipid from Amaranth Oil in a Milk-Based Infant FormulaJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2010Ashanty M. Pina-Rodriguez ABSTRACT:, Amaranth oil can be enzymatically modified to match breast milk fat analog requirements. We have developed a structured lipid (SL) from amaranth oil that, in combination with milk fat, delivers recommended amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with palmitic acid specifically esterified at the,sn- 2 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) backbone. The aim of this study was to study the final fatty acid (FA) contribution and oxidation stability of an infant formula prepared using the structured lipid DCAO (DHA-containing customized amaranth oil). DCAO was included as complementary fat in a "prototype" infant formula, and prepared in parallel with a "control" infant formula under the same processing conditions. The same ingredients but different complementary fat sources were used. A blend of the most commonly used vegetable oils (palm olein, soybean, coconut, and high-oleic sunflower oils) for infant formula was used instead of DCAO in the "control" formula. Additionally, "prototype" and "control" infant formulas were compared to a "commercial" product in terms of FA composition. The oxidative stability index (OSI) of the extracted fats from "prototype,""control," and "commercial" infant formulas were evaluated and compared to the OSI of the substrate fat replacers used. DCAO was the least stable compared to other fat analogs. The use of commercial antioxidants in DCAO containing products should prevent oxidation and therefore increase their stability. [source] Fermentation Capabilities of Bifidobacteria Using Nondigestible Oligosaccharides, and Their Viability as Probiotics in Commercial Powder Infant FormulaJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2005Darío Pérez-Conesa ABSTRACT The species Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum biotype infantis (Spanish type culture collection), and Bifidobacterium longum (Morinaga nutritional foods) were evaluated in vitro in the presence of 4 commercial nondigestible oligosaccharides (NDO) (short-chain fructooligosaccharides [SCFOS] [degree of polymerization, DP: 2,3], inulin [DP: 10,0], oligofructose [DP: 2,0] and 4,-galactosyllactose [4,-GOS] [DP: 3,]). Each species was incubated anaerobically in tryptone phytone yeast (TPY) broth for 7 d with NDO. Every 24 h, bifidobacteria growth was evaluated by means of broth turbidity as optical density at 600 nm. Moreover, another sample was collected for pH culture measurement. Results showed that inulin was the substrate with the least effect on the stimulation of bifidobacteria growth and pH decrease. On the last day of incubation, the substrate 4,-GOS stimulated bacterial growth more strongly and produced a larger decrease in culture broth pH than the other substrates. On the other hand, B. bifidum and B. longum showed a greater growth with 4,-GOS. In a 2nd study, these 2 bifidobacteria species were added to a powder follow-on probiotic infant formula. The viability of the bifidobacteria during the formula's period of consumption was evaluated in 2 studies of 6 and 14 d. Both corresponded to the minimum and maximum time of consumption of the formula according to the manufacturer's directions. It was found that, although in both studies bifidobacteria counts decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with time, they were always above the recommended addition level (106 colony-forming units [CFU]/g) at the time of sale for dairy products by the Intl. Standard of Fédération Internationale de Laiterie/International Dairy Federation (FIL/IDF). Moreover, because the pH of the reconstituted formula was always close to neutrality (from 6.74 to 7.06), the number of bacteria did not drop below the recommended level. [source] Effect of heat treatment on Cronobacter spp. in reconstituted, dried infant formula: preparation guidelines for manufacturersLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2009P.-C. Chen Abstract Aim:, To explore safe guidelines for manufacturers and consumers to prepare, handle and store dry infant formula (DIF) to protect infants against Cronobacter spp. Methods and Results:, Selected strains (2.45, FSM 293, ATCC-12868, FSM-271) screened from 68 strains of Cronobacter spp. were used to study growth and survival in commercial DIF. Prototype growth patterns in Enterobacteriaceae enrichment broth (EEB) containing a cocktail comprised of ATCC 12868, ATCC 29004, ATCC 29544 and ATCC 51329 showed a rapid increase in cell count (2·0 log10 to 6·2 log10 CFU ml,1). Infant formula provided a better protective environment for the cells of Cronobacter strains than did buffered peptone water. Experiments on survival in inoculated (104,106 CFU ml,1) reconstituted infant formula (RIF), preparation temperature, the effect of preparation volume (one-serving or two-serving) and effect of storage at room temperature for up to 10 h provided information to develop consumer guidelines for DIF preparation and handling. Conclusions:, Reconstituted DIF in water at >70°C in larger volumes, minimizing storage time before feeding and storing unused reconstituted formulate at <4°C, may reduce the risk of Cronobacter infection in infants. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteremia in premature babies has been linked to contaminated milk powder and DIF; better handling practices may improve the safety of these foods for neonates. [source] Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and perinatal developmentACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 4 2001B Koletzko This paper reports on the conclusions of a workshop on the role of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in maternal and child health The attending investigators involved in the majority of randomized trials examining LC-PUFA status and functional outcomes summarize the current knowledge in the field and make recommendations for dietary practice. Only studies published in full or in abstract form were used as our working knowledge base. Conclusions: For healthy infants we recommend and strongly support breastfeeding as the preferred method of feeding, which supplies preformed LC-PUFA. Infant formulas for term infants should contain at least 0.2% of total fatty acids as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 0.35% as arachidonic acid (AA). Since preterm infants are born with much less total body DHA and AA, we suggest that preterm infant formulas should include at least 0.35% DHA and 0.4% AA. Higher levels might confer additional benefits and should be further investigated because optimal dietary intakes for term and preterm infants remain to be defined. For pregnant and lactating women we consider it premature to recommend specific LC-PUFA intakes. However, it seems prudent for pregnant and lactating women to include some food sources of DHA in their diet in view of their assumed increase in LC-PUFA demand and the relationship between maternal and foetal DHA status. [source] Oxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formulas compared to human milk , A preliminary studyMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 12 2008Marie-Caroline Michalski Abstract Information about lipid oxidation in fresh and stored human milk compared with infant formulas is scarce. We aimed to assess n -6 and n -3 PUFA oxidation in these milks by measuring the 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE) content. Human milk samples (n = 4), obtained from volunteer mothers, were analyzed fresh and after 1 wk at 4°C or 24 h at 18°C. Vitamin E and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by HPLC and fatty acid profile by GC. The 4-HHE and 4-HNE contents were measured by GC-MS. Infant formulas (n = 10) were tested; their fat droplet size was measured by laser light scattering and observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Human milk samples contained 31.0 ± 6.3 g/L of lipids and 1.14 ± 0.26 mg/L of vitamin E. Fat droplets were smaller in infant formulas than reported in human milk. The (4-HHE/n -3 PUFA) ratio was 0.19 ± 0.01 ,g/g in fresh human milk (unchanged after storage) versus 3.6 ± 3.1 ,g/g in dissolved powder formulas and 4.3 ± 3.8 ,g/g in liquid formula. (4-HNE/n -6 PUFA) was 0.004 ± 0.000 ,g/g in fresh milk (0.03 ± 0.01 ,g/g after storage) versus 1.1 ± 1.0 ,g/g in dissolved powder formulas and 0.2 ± 0.3 ,g/g in liquid formula. Infant formulas also contained more MDA than human milk. n -3 PUFA were more prone to oxidation than n -6 PUFA. Whether threshold levels of 4-HHE and 4-HNE would be of health concern should be elucidated. [source] Characterisation of soybean glycinin and ,-conglycinin fractionated by using MgCl2 instead of CaCl2INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Chong Liu Summary A simple two step precipitation method was used to investigate the effect of MgCl2 instead of CaCl2 on fractionation of soybean glycinin and ,-conglycinin. Compositional and physicochemical properties of the resulting protein fractions were characterised. The optimised procedure, in terms of protein yield, purity, phytate content and physicochemical properties, was obtained when the addition of 5 mm MgCl2 was used. After application of 5 mm MgCl2, the phytate content of the glycinin-rich and ,-conglycinin-rich fractions was about 0.4% and 1.3%, respectively, but the addition of 5 mm CaCl2 increased the phytate content of the glycinin-rich fraction to 1.25% and decreased that of ,-conglycinin-rich fraction to 0.67%. Low phytate protein product was suitable for use in infant formula and acidic food. The solubility of the glycinin-rich fractions with MgCl2 was significantly higher than that with CaCl2 at pH < 4.5. Application of MgCl2 improved thermal stability of the ,-conglycinin-rich fraction. [source] EFFECT OF BIFIDOBACTERIUM BREVE ON THE GROWTH OF ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII IN REHYDRATED INFANT MILK FORMULAJOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 1 2008T.M. OSAILI ABSTRACT The effect of Bifidobacterium breve on the survival and growth of Enterobacter sakazakii in rehydrated infant milk formula stored at 4,45C was studied. A commercial culture of B. breve and a five-strain cocktail E. sakazakii were mixed with rehydrated formula and stored up to 8 h. The populations of B. breve and E. sakazakii at each storage time/temperature were determined. There was a two-way interactive effect between B. breve numbers and temperature on the number of E. sakazakii in the rehydrated formula at 3,8 h of storage. E. sakazakii did not grow in the rehydrated formula at 4C. At 12 and 20C, the numbers of E. sakazakii in the presence of B. breve were lower than those in the formula without B. breve at 8 h of storage, and at 45C, when the bacteria were combined, a similar result was obtained at 6- and 8-h storage. The presence of B. breve in the formula appeared to enhance the growth of E. sakazakii at 37C in the rehydrated formula stored at 2,8 h. Other more competitive inhibitory probiotic cultures would be more appropriate to control E. sakazakii growth in unrefrigerated rehydrated milk-based formula. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Results obtained showed that the probiotic organisms Bifidobacterium breve did not reduce Enterobacter sakazakii levels in rehydrated infant formula if held >2 h at >30C. At 37C, B. breve stimulated the growth of the pathogen after 2 h. Choice of probiotic bacteria for inclusion in these products to improve infant gut microflora should be based on their neutral or negative influence on E. sakazakii survival/growth to reduce the risk to health associated with the contamination of these products during manufacture. [source] Composition and Oxidative Stability of a Structured Lipid from Amaranth Oil in a Milk-Based Infant FormulaJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2010Ashanty M. Pina-Rodriguez ABSTRACT:, Amaranth oil can be enzymatically modified to match breast milk fat analog requirements. We have developed a structured lipid (SL) from amaranth oil that, in combination with milk fat, delivers recommended amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with palmitic acid specifically esterified at the,sn- 2 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) backbone. The aim of this study was to study the final fatty acid (FA) contribution and oxidation stability of an infant formula prepared using the structured lipid DCAO (DHA-containing customized amaranth oil). DCAO was included as complementary fat in a "prototype" infant formula, and prepared in parallel with a "control" infant formula under the same processing conditions. The same ingredients but different complementary fat sources were used. A blend of the most commonly used vegetable oils (palm olein, soybean, coconut, and high-oleic sunflower oils) for infant formula was used instead of DCAO in the "control" formula. Additionally, "prototype" and "control" infant formulas were compared to a "commercial" product in terms of FA composition. The oxidative stability index (OSI) of the extracted fats from "prototype,""control," and "commercial" infant formulas were evaluated and compared to the OSI of the substrate fat replacers used. DCAO was the least stable compared to other fat analogs. The use of commercial antioxidants in DCAO containing products should prevent oxidation and therefore increase their stability. [source] Single Laboratory Method Performance Evaluation for the Analysis of Total Food Folate by Trienzyme Extraction and Microplate AssayJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 5 2007L. Chen ABSTRACT:, Single laboratory method performance parameters, including the calibration curve, accuracy, recovery, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ), were evaluated for the analysis of total food folate by the trienzyme extraction and microplate assay with Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus. Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1546 (meat homogenate), SRM 2383 (baby food composite), SRM 1846 (infant formula), Certified Reference Material (CRM) 121 (wholemeal flour), and CRM 485 (mixed vegetables), representing a broad selection of food matrices, were used to evaluate the performance of the method. A generated 4-parameter logistic equation of the calibration curve was y= (0.0705 , 1.0396)/(1 + (x/0.0165) 1.3072) + 1.0396 (P < 0.0001). The test of parallelism demonstrated that matrix components in the food extracts did not affect the accuracy. Measured values of the SRMs and CRMs were within their certified or reference values. Recoveries for all reference materials met the requirements of the AOAC guidelines for single laboratory validation. Precision measured as repeatability, including simultaneous and consecutive replicates for each SRM and CRM, met the Horwitz criterion. LOD and LOQ values were 0.3 and 0.6 ,g/100 g, respectively. The results showed that trienzyme digestion using ,-amylase, PronaseR, and conjugase from chicken pancreas coupled with a 96-well microplate assay provided a highly accurate, reproducible, and sensitive method for the determination of folate in a variety of foods. [source] Fermentation Capabilities of Bifidobacteria Using Nondigestible Oligosaccharides, and Their Viability as Probiotics in Commercial Powder Infant FormulaJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2005Darío Pérez-Conesa ABSTRACT The species Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum biotype infantis (Spanish type culture collection), and Bifidobacterium longum (Morinaga nutritional foods) were evaluated in vitro in the presence of 4 commercial nondigestible oligosaccharides (NDO) (short-chain fructooligosaccharides [SCFOS] [degree of polymerization, DP: 2,3], inulin [DP: 10,0], oligofructose [DP: 2,0] and 4,-galactosyllactose [4,-GOS] [DP: 3,]). Each species was incubated anaerobically in tryptone phytone yeast (TPY) broth for 7 d with NDO. Every 24 h, bifidobacteria growth was evaluated by means of broth turbidity as optical density at 600 nm. Moreover, another sample was collected for pH culture measurement. Results showed that inulin was the substrate with the least effect on the stimulation of bifidobacteria growth and pH decrease. On the last day of incubation, the substrate 4,-GOS stimulated bacterial growth more strongly and produced a larger decrease in culture broth pH than the other substrates. On the other hand, B. bifidum and B. longum showed a greater growth with 4,-GOS. In a 2nd study, these 2 bifidobacteria species were added to a powder follow-on probiotic infant formula. The viability of the bifidobacteria during the formula's period of consumption was evaluated in 2 studies of 6 and 14 d. Both corresponded to the minimum and maximum time of consumption of the formula according to the manufacturer's directions. It was found that, although in both studies bifidobacteria counts decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with time, they were always above the recommended addition level (106 colony-forming units [CFU]/g) at the time of sale for dairy products by the Intl. Standard of Fédération Internationale de Laiterie/International Dairy Federation (FIL/IDF). Moreover, because the pH of the reconstituted formula was always close to neutrality (from 6.74 to 7.06), the number of bacteria did not drop below the recommended level. [source] Effect of formula thickened with locust bean gum on gastric emptying in infantsJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 12 2006Reiko Miyazawa Aim: We investigated the effects of milk-based formulas thickened with two different concentrations of locust bean gum on gastric emptying in infants with recurrent regurgitation episodes. Methods: Thirty-nine infants with three or more episodes of regurgitation per day but no complications who were fed mainly with infant formula were studied. We first compared gastric emptying in infants fed with formulas thickened with two different concentrations of locust bean gum (HL-350, 0.35 g/100 mL; HL-450, 0.45 g/100 mL) or a regular formula (HL-00). To evaluate gastric emptying, we measured antral cross-sectional areas ultrasonographically at various time points after feeding. Next, to investigate the clinical effect of thickened formulas on regurgitation episodes, 27 infants with episodes were assigned randomly to receive HL-350 and HL-00 or HL-450 and HL-00 for 1 week each. Results: Antral cross-sectional areas at 60, 90, 120 and 150 min with HL-450, and at 60 min with HL-350, were greater than with HL-00. The median gastric emptying rate at 120 min with HL-450 (52.8%) was lower than with HL-00 (97.9%; P = 0.0019), while HL-350 (80.3%) and HL-00 did not differ significantly. The mean number of regurgitation episodes was significantly smaller when infants were fed with either HL-350 or HL-450 than with HL-00. Conclusions: HL-450, a thickened formula with typical commercially available concentrations of locust bean gum, slowed gastric emptying in infants with gastroesophageal reflux. [source] Effect of pea and soya bean interaction on zinc dialyzability in weaning foodsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 10 2005F Rincón Abstract Higher values are reported for Zn dialyzability of homogenized infant formulas when pea content is high and soya bean content is low, but also when the reverse is the case, ie low pea content and high soya bean content. This apparent paradox is examined in terms of a potential antagonistic effect of the pea × soya bean interaction on Zn dialyzability. The antagonistic effect is traced to the linear combined effect of the two ingredients on pH over a narrow interval around 5.90 and on calcium content. This combined effect may account for the difference in results between in vivo and in vitro studies reported by several authors. The combination of certain vegetables in an infant formula may, in certain circumstances, enhance Zn dialyzability, contradicting the general view that increased legume content diminishes Zn dialyzability due to an increase in phytic acid levels. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Inactivation of Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) in infant formula using lactic acid, copper sulfate and monolaurinLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010M.A. Al-Holy Abstract Aims:, To investigate the effect of lactic acid (LA), copper (II), and monolaurin as natural antimicrobials against Cronobacter in infant formula. Methods and Results:, The effect of LA (0·1, 0·2 and 0·3% v/v), copper (II) (10, 50 and 100 ,g ml,1) and monolaurin (1000, 2000, and 3000 ,g ml,1) suspended into tween-80Ô or dissolved in ethanol against Cronobacter in infant formula was investigated. Reconstituted infant formula and powdered infant formula were inoculated with five strains of Cronobacter spp. at the levels of c. 1 × 106 CFU ml,1 and 1 × 103 CFU g,1, respectively. LA at 0·2% v/v had a bacteriostatic effect on Cronobacter growth, whereas 0·3% v/v LA resulted in c. 3 log10 reduction. Copper (II) at the levels of 50 ,g ml,1 and 100 ,g ml,1 elicited c. 1 and 2 log10 reductions, respectively. The combination of 0·2% LA and 50 ,g ml,1 copper (II) resulted in a complete elimination of the organism. Monolaurin exhibited a slight inhibitory activity against Cronobacter (c. 1·5 log10 difference) compared to the control when ethanol was used to deliver monolaurin. Conclusions:, A complete elimination of Cronobacter was obtained when a combination of sublethal concentrations of LA (0·2%) and copper (II) (50 ,g ml,1) was used. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The use of the synergistic interactive combination of LA and copper (II) could be beneficial to control Cronobacter in the infant formula industry. [source] Effect of heat treatment on Cronobacter spp. in reconstituted, dried infant formula: preparation guidelines for manufacturersLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2009P.-C. Chen Abstract Aim:, To explore safe guidelines for manufacturers and consumers to prepare, handle and store dry infant formula (DIF) to protect infants against Cronobacter spp. Methods and Results:, Selected strains (2.45, FSM 293, ATCC-12868, FSM-271) screened from 68 strains of Cronobacter spp. were used to study growth and survival in commercial DIF. Prototype growth patterns in Enterobacteriaceae enrichment broth (EEB) containing a cocktail comprised of ATCC 12868, ATCC 29004, ATCC 29544 and ATCC 51329 showed a rapid increase in cell count (2·0 log10 to 6·2 log10 CFU ml,1). Infant formula provided a better protective environment for the cells of Cronobacter strains than did buffered peptone water. Experiments on survival in inoculated (104,106 CFU ml,1) reconstituted infant formula (RIF), preparation temperature, the effect of preparation volume (one-serving or two-serving) and effect of storage at room temperature for up to 10 h provided information to develop consumer guidelines for DIF preparation and handling. Conclusions:, Reconstituted DIF in water at >70°C in larger volumes, minimizing storage time before feeding and storing unused reconstituted formulate at <4°C, may reduce the risk of Cronobacter infection in infants. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteremia in premature babies has been linked to contaminated milk powder and DIF; better handling practices may improve the safety of these foods for neonates. [source] Cronobacter (,Enterobacter sakazakii'): current status and future prospectsLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2009J.W. Chenu Abstract The genus Cronobacter accommodates the 16 biogroups of the emerging opportunistic pathogen known formerly as Enterobacter sakazakii. Cronobacter spp. are occasional contaminants of milk powder and, consequently, powdered infant formula and represent a significant health risk to neonates. This review presents current knowledge of the food safety aspects of Cronobacter, particularly in infant formula milk powder. Sources of contamination, ecology, disease characteristics and risk management strategies are discussed. Future directions for research are indicated, with a particular focus on the management of this increasingly important bacterium in the production environment. [source] Patterns of breastfeeding in a UK longitudinal cohort studyMATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION, Issue 1 2007David Pontin Abstract Although exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of infant life is recommended in the UK, there is little information on the extent of exclusive breastfeeding. This study has taken the 1996 and 2003 World Health Organization (WHO) definitions of breastfeeding and investigated breastfeeding rates in the first 6 months of life in infants born to mothers enrolled in a longitudinal, representative, population-based cohort study , the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Information about breastfeeding and introduction of solids was available for 11 490 infants at 6 months of age (81% of live births). Exclusive breastfeeding declined steadily from 54.8% in the first month to 31% in the third, and fell to 9.6% in the fourth month mainly due to the introduction of solids to the infants. In the first 2 months, complementary feeding (breastmilk and solid/semi-solid foods with any liquid including non-human milk) was used in combination, and declined from 22% in the first month to 16.8% in the second due to a switch to exclusive commercial infant formula feeding. Replacement feeding (exclusive commercial infant formula or combined with any liquid or solid/semi-solid food but excluding breastmilk) increased steadily from 21.9% in the first month to 67.1% by the seventh. This obscured the change from exclusive commercial infant formula feeding only to commercial infant formula feeding plus solids/semi-solids, a change which started in the third month and was complete by the fifth. Using categories in the 1996 and 2003 WHO definitions, such as complementary feeding and replacement feeding, presented difficulties for an analysis of the extent of breastfeeding in this population. [source] Acceptability, feasibility and affordability of infant feeding options for HIV-infected women: a qualitative study in south-west NigeriaMATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION, Issue 3 2006Titilayo C. Abiona Abstract The objective of this study was to explore the acceptability, feasibility, affordability, safety and sustainability of replacement feeding options for HIV-infected mothers in Ile-Ife, in south-west Nigeria. Six focus group discussions were conducted with a purposive sample of mothers, fathers and grandmothers. The HIV status of all participants was unknown to investigators. All text data were analysed using the Text-based Beta Software program. With regard to the acceptability of replacement feeds, respondents perceived the stigma associated with not breastfeeding to be an important consideration. In this community, breastfeeding is the norm , even though it is not necessarily exclusive. For infected mothers who choose to breastfeed exclusively and then to wean their infants before 6 months of age, respondents did not anticipate early cessation of breastfeeding to be problematic. Respondents noted that acceptable replacement foods included infant formula, soy milk and cow's milk. Barriers to replacement feeding that were mentioned included: the high costs of replacement foods and fuel for cooking; an unreliable supply of electrical power; poor access to safe water; and poor access to storage facilities. The research confirms the difficulty of replacement feeding for HIV-infected mothers in sub-Saharan Africa. The results also provide the basis for new issues and hypothesis for future research in other communities with similar socio-cultural and economic characteristics. [source] Nutritional and Physiologic Significance of ,-Lactalbumin in InfantsNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 9 2003Bo Lönnerdal PhD ,-Lactalbumin is the major protein in breast milk (20 -25% of total protein) and has been described to have several physiologic functions in the neonatal period. In the mammary gland, it participates in lactose synthesis, thereby creating an osmotic "drag" to facilitate milk production and secretion. ,-Lactalbumin binds divalent cations (Ca, Zn) and may facilitate the absorption of essential minerals, and it provides a well-balanced supply of essential amino acids to the growing infant. During its digestion, peptides appear to be transiently formed that have antibacterial and immunostimulatory properties, thereby possibly aiding in the protection against infection. A novel folding variant ("molten globule state") of multimeric ,-lactalbumin has recently been discovered that has anti-infective activity and enhances apoptosis, thus possibly affecting mucosal cell turnover and proliferation. Cow milk also contains ,-lactalbumin, albeit less than human milk (2-5% of total protein in bovine milk), and protein fractions enriched with ,-lactalbumin may now be added to infant formula to provide some of the benefits of human ,-lactalbumin. [source] Probiotics: Considerations for Human HealthNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 3 2003Mary Ellen Sanders PhD Evidence for the role of probiotics in maintenance of health or prevention of disease is mounting and is supported in some cases by blinded, placebo-controlled human trials. Today, in an era of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and other looming microbial threats, the value of prevention of infection is recognized. Probiotics may play an important role in helping the body protect itself from infection, especially along the colonized mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic products are available in many different forms worldwide, including pills, powders, foods, and infant formula. In some cases, general health claims are made that cannot be substantiated for the specific strains and levels being used and consumers must therefore beware. [source] Enhanced levels of cow's milk antibodies in infancy in children who develop type 1 diabetes later in childhoodPEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 5 2008Kristiina Luopajärvi Background:, Early exposure to cow's milk (CM) proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Objective:, We analyzed the development of the humoral immune response to dietary CM proteins in early childhood and its relation to later T1D. Subjects and methods:, We studied a subgroup of 94 children randomized to be weaned to a CM-based infant formula in the trial to reduce insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the genetically at risk (TRIGR) pilot study. All subjects carried human leukocyte antigen-conferred T1D susceptibility and had an affected first-degree relative. After 7 years of follow-up, 8 subjects had progressed to T1D, 15 had at least one disease-associated autoantibody, and 71 remained autoantibody negative (controls). Immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA class antibodies to whole CM formula, beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), bovine serum albumin, and alpha-casein and IgG antibodies to bovine insulin (BI) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays from sequential samples. Results:, The children with later T1D showed increased IgG levels to BLG from 3 to 18 months of age (p = 0.028) and enhanced IgA levels to CM formula at the age of 9 months (p = 0.022) compared with controls. In the children with an affected father or sibling, IgG antibodies to BI were higher in autoantibody-positive subjects than in autoantibody-negative subjects at 18 months of age (p = 0.022). Conclusion:, An enhanced humoral immune response to various CM proteins in infancy is seen in a subgroup of those children who later progress to T1D. Accordingly, a dysregulated immune response to oral antigens is an early event in the pathogenesis of T1D. [source] Study design of the Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR)PEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 3 2007The TRIGR Study Group Abstract:, The hypothesis for this study is that weaning to an extensively hydrolyzed infant formula will decrease the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D), as it does in all relevant animal models for the disease. This will be tested in children who carry risk-associated human leukocyte antigen genotypes and have a first-degree relative with T1D. The trial will use a double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled intervention protocol, comparing casein hydrolysate with a conventional cow's milk (CM)-based formula. A secondary aim is to determine relationships between CM antibodies, a measure of CM exposure, and diabetes-associated autoantibodies. To achieve an 80% power for the detection of a 40% intervention-induced difference in the development of autoantibodies and subsequent diabetes, the study requires 2032 subjects. A multicenter, international, collaborative effort is necessary to achieve recruitment targets. A collaborative international study group of 78 clinical centers in 15 countries has therefore been assembled for this purpose. [source] Fluoride content of powdered infant formula meets Australian Food Safety StandardsAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 6 2009Helen Clifford Abstract Objectives: To identify the fluoride content of powdered formula for infants 0-12 months in products available from Brisbane stores in 2006/07 and compare this with the fluoride content of infant formula products available in Australia 10 years earlier. Methods: A range of available infant formula powders were collected from major supermarkets and chemists in Brisbane, Queensland. The fluoride levels in infant formula powder samples were determined using a modification of the micro-diffusion method of Silva and Reynolds1 utilising perchloric acid and silver sulphate and measured with an ion selective (fluoride) electrode/meter. Fluoride content both prior to and after reconstitution, as well as estimated daily intake according to age was calculated. Results: Formula samples contained an average of 0.49 ,g F/g of powder (range 0.24,0.92 ,g F/g). After reconstitution with water containing 0mg/L fluoride, the fluoride content averaged 7.09,g F/100mL (range 3.367,22.72 ,g F/100mL). Estimated infant fluoride intakes ranged from 0.0039 mg/kg/day for a 6-12 month old infant when reconstituting milk-based formula with non-fluoridated water (0 mg/L), to 0.1735 mg/kg/day for a 0-3 month old infant when reconstituting soy-based formula with fluoridated water (1.0 mg/L). Conclusions: Infant formula powders contain lower levels of fluoride than previously found in Australia in 1996. Implications: This confirms that infants consume only a small amount of fluoride from milk-based powdered infant formula. Although soy-based infant formulas contain more fluoride than milk-based products, the levels still comply with national food standards. [source] Reducing the Risk for Formula-Fed Infants: Examining the GuidelinesBIRTH, Issue 1 2010Elizabeth Hormann BA, HGDip, IBCLC ABSTRACT:, Early in this century, outbreaks of Enterobacter sakazakii among infants fed on powdered infant formula in Western Europe and the United States forced a rethinking of the cherished belief that artificial feeding is a very safe choice for infants in the developed world. Alarmed by these reports, the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization convened an Expert Meeting in 2004 to determine the causes and again in 2006 to develop guidelines for reducing the risk to infants from intrinsic bacterial contamination in powdered infant formula. Reducing the frequency of contamination at the manufacturing level would eliminate about 80 percent of the problem. Reconstituting the formula with water boiled and cooled to no less than 70° C is critical to destroy remaining bacteria. Arguments from the infant formula industry, some segments of the medical community, and some Western countries against this "lethal step" trivialize the scope and severity of the problem and ignore clear scientific evidence. (BIRTH 37:1 March 2010) [source] The effect of prebiotics in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemiaACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 10 2009M Bisceglia Abstract Background:, Breast milk oligosaccharides such as galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) can influence the intestinal microbial flora. The latter, in turn, can modulate several intestinal and extraintestinal functions, including bilirubin metabolism. Supplementing infant formula with a prebiotic mixture might then be a novel and safe intervention to manage mild neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. Aim:, To investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with prebiotics on moderate hyperbilirubinaemia in healthy, term infants. Methods:, A prospective, double-blind, clinical trial was performed on seventy-six consecutive newborns who were randomly assigned to receive a formula containing 0.8 g/dL of a mixture from scGOS and lcFOS (ratio 9:1), or maltodextrines as placebo for 28 days. Bilirubin levels were determined by the transcutaneous bilirubin measurement within 2 h after birth (T1), at 24, 48 and 72 h and at 5, 7, 10 and 28 days of life. The number of stool per day was also recorded. Results:, Neonates receiving prebiotics showed a larger number of stools over all the duration of dietary intervention compared to that of those on placebo (Repeated Measures ANOVA p < 0.001; day 28 3.4 ± 0.0.9 vs 1.7 ± 0.9, respectively; Dunn test p < 0.05). Neonates whose formula was supplemented with prebiotics showed a lower transcutaneous bilirubin that was statistically significant from 72 h of life (5.46 ± 1.6 vs 7.07 ± 2.49, post hoc Dunn test, p < 0.05) throughout the duration of the dietary intervention (day 28 2.41 ± 0.4 vs 2.85 ± 0.5, post hoc Dunn test, p < 0.05). Conclusion:, The addition of prebiotics to standard infant diet might represent a novel strategy to help control neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. [source] Randomized double-blind controlled trial on the effects on iron status in the first year between a no added iron and standard infant formula received for three months,ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 2 2002DP Tuthill Recent research has not only questioned the necessity of iron supplementation in human milk substitutes prior to weaning, but also suggested some potential adverse effects. This study investigated the hypothesis that infant formula need not contain added iron in the first 3 mo. Healthy term infants were recruited into a double-blind controlled trial and randomized to receive either a new no added iron formula (New; <0.1 mg Fe 100 ml,1) or a standard formula (Standard; 0.5 mg Fe 100 ml,1) for the first 3 mo of life. A breastfed reference group was also studied. Iron status was assessed at 3 and 12 mo from heel-prick capillary blood samples evaluated by full blood-count analysis, including reticulocytes and serum ferritin. In total, 149 infants were entered (51 New, 49 Standard, 49 breastfed) with no differences between the groups in gender distribution, birthweight, gestation or numbers completing the study. There were no significant differences between the principal outcome measures: mean values for haemoglobin, mean cell volume and ferritin, between the two formula-fed groups, and the proportion with a haemoglobin level <11 g dl,1 or ferritin <10 ,g l,1 did not differ. Conclusion: The use of a "no added iron" infant formula in place of an iron-fortified formula during the first 3 mo of life did not clinically affect iron status at 3 and 12 mo of age. The universal supplementation of formulae with iron during this initial period needs further consideration. [source] Changing risk factors for fluorosis among South Australian childrenCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008A. John Spencer Abstract,,, Background:, Research in the last decade has shown changing exposure patterns to discretionary fluorides and declining prevalence of fluorosis among South Australian children, raising the question of how risk factors for fluorosis have changed. Objective:, To examine and compare risk factors for fluorosis among representative samples of South Australian children in 1992/1993 and 2002/2003. Methods:, Similar sampling strategies and data collection methods were employed in the Child Fluoride Study (CFS) Marks 1 (1992/1993) and 2 (2002/2003). Participants in each CFS round were examined for fluorosis using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) Index. Exposure history was collected for fluoride in water, toothpaste, fluoride supplements and infant formula, allowing for a fluorosis risk assessment analysis. Data were re-weighted to represent the child population at each time. Changes in prevalence of fluorosis, defined as having a TF score of 1+ on maxillary central incisors, fluoride exposure and risk factors between the two rounds were evaluated. Result:, A total of 375 and 677 children participated in the 1992/1993 and 2002/2003 rounds respectively. Prevalence of fluorosis declined significantly from 45.3% to 25.9%. Reduced use of fluoride supplements and increased use of 400,550-ppm children F toothpaste were the most substantial fluoride exposure changes. Early toothpaste use, residence in fluoridated areas and fluoride supplement use were the risk factors in 1992/1993. Early toothpaste use and fluoride supplement use were not risk factors, leaving fluoridated water as the only risk factor among the common variables in 2002/2003. In an analysis stratified by the type of fluoridated toothpaste in 2002/2003, the large amount of toothpaste used was a risk factor in those who used 1000-ppm fluoridated toothpaste, and eating/licking toothpaste when toothpaste use started was a risk factor among children who used either 1000-ppm or 400,550-ppm fluoridated toothpaste. Conclusion:, Introduction of the 400,550-ppm F toothpaste and use of smaller amount of toothpaste restricted risk associated with early toothpaste use. Less use and possibly a stricter fluoride supplements regimen also restricted fluorosis risk. Periodic monitoring of risk of fluorosis is required to adjust guidelines for fluoride use in caries prevention. [source] Phthalate Esters in Foods: Sources, Occurrence, and Analytical MethodsCOMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY, Issue 1 2010Xu-Liang Cao ABSTRACT:, Phthalates are a group of diesters of ortho-phthalic acid (dialkyl or alkyl aryl esters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid). Higher-molecular-weight phthalates, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), are primarily used as plasticizers to soften polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, while the lower-molecular-weight phthalates, such as diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), are widely used as solvents to hold color and scent in various consumer and personal care products. Phthalates have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants due to volatilization and leaching from their widespread applications, and thus contamination of the environment has become another important source for phthalates in foods in addition to migration from packaging materials. Human exposure to phthalates has been an increased concern due to the findings from toxicology studies in animals. DEHP, one of the important and widely used phthalates, is a rodent liver carcinogen. DEHP, DBP, BBzP, and several phthalate metabolites, such as monobutyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate, and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, are teratogenic in animals. Since foods are the major source of exposure to phthalates, information on levels of phthalates in foods is important for human exposure assessment. The objective of this review is to identify the knowledge gaps for future investigations by reviewing levels of a wide range of phthalates in a variety of foods, such as bottled water, soft drinks, infant formula, human milk, total diet foods, and others, migration of phthalates from various food-packaging materials, and traditional and new methodologies for the determination of phthalates in foods. [source] Aspects of Infant Food FormulationCOMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY, Issue 4 2007D.K. Thompkinson ABSTRACT:, Milk is a biological fluid of exceptional complexity. It contains the nutrients for the growth and development of the newborn. The compositional structure of milk is, however, dependent on the species and tailored to sustain growth and development of its own offspring. Human milk contains specific proteins, lipids, and other components designed to be easily digestible and which have important roles to play in child development. Human infants should ideally be nursed on mother's milk, which constitutes nature's best food. However, in the event of lactation failure, insufficient milk secretion, and where mothers are suffering from transmittable diseases, human milk substitutes serve as savers of precious life during vulnerable stages of infancy. Bovine milk as such or with certain modifications has been widely used for infant feeding. There has been an ever-increasing reliance on formula feeding practices both in developed and developing countries. Bovine milk based dried formulations have become a prominent feature of infantile dietetics. Emphasis has been laid on the manufacture of formulations having compositional and biochemical characteristics similar to human milk. The technological advancement for the production of infant formula has come a long way in the manufacture of a variety of infant formulae for the dietary management of infants. This is a comprehensive review providing insight on the detailed compositional differences of various nutrients present in human milk as compared to bovine milk, their makeup, significance, and recommended levels of intake that are best suited for the growth and development of infants fed on modified/prepared infant formulations. [source] Influence of Maillard reaction conditions on the antigenicity of bovine ,-lactalbumin using response surface methodologyJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 14 2009Guanhao Bu Abstract BACKGROUND: Maillard reaction can modify functional properties of proteins. Bovine ,-lactalbumin (,-LA) is often supplemented to the new generation of infant formulae, but it is considered to be a main allergen. However, there is little information on the effect of Maillard reaction on ,-LA antigenicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of Maillard reaction on the antigenicity of ,-LA in conjugates of whey protein isolate (WPI) with glucose under different conditions of protein/sugar weight ratio (0.17,7.83), temperature (40,60 °C) and time (24,120 h) using response surface methodology. RESULTS: Conjugation of WPI with glucose markedly reduced the antigenicity of ,-LA. This reduction in antigenicity could be controlled by regulating the three independent variables weight ratio, temperature and time. A model of optimal reaction conditions for lower antigenicity of ,-LA was established. According to the model, the minimum antigenicity of ,-LA was achieved at 52.8 °C, 78 h and 5.96:1 WPI/glucose weight ratio. WPI/glucose weight ratio had the greatest effect on the antigenicity of ,-LA, while reaction temperature influenced ,-LA antigenicity to a lesser extent. CONCLUSION: Well-controlled Maillard reaction between WPI and glucose is an efficient method to reduce ,-LA antigencity. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||