			Home About us Contact

Individuals Only (individual + only)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	40%
Life Sciences	40%

Selected Abstracts

Substance use and common child mental health problems: examining longitudinal associations in a British sample

ADDICTION, Issue 8 2010
Anna Goodman
ABSTRACT Aims To examine the longitudinal associations in both directions between mental health and substance use in adolescence. Design Three-year longitudinal cohort. Setting Britain (nationally representative sample). Participants 3607 youths aged 11,16 years at baseline. Measurements Externalizing and internalizing mental health problems were measured using brief questionnaires (parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and diagnostic interviews, including clinician-rated diagnoses of mental disorder. Substance use was measured by youth self-report, and included regular smoking, frequent alcohol consumption, regular cannabis use and ever taking other illicit drugs. Findings Externalizing (specifically behavioural) problems at baseline independently predicted all forms of substance use, with a particularly strong effect on smoking. In all cases this association showed a dose,response relationship. In contrast, although internalizing problems had a strong univariable association with smoking, this disappeared after adjusting for comorbid externalizing problems. There was little or no evidence that baseline substance use predicted mental health at follow-up. Conclusions Externalizing problems predict adolescent substance use, and adjusting for comorbid externalizing problems is vital when investigating the effects of internalizing problems. A dose,response effect of externalizing problems is seen across the full range. Programmes seeking to prevent adolescent substance use by reducing externalizing problems may therefore wish to consider population-wide interventions rather than targeting individuals only at the negative extreme. [source]

A genome-wide quantitative trait loci scan of neurocognitive performances in families with schizophrenia

GENES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR, Issue 7 2010
Y.-J. Lien
Patients with schizophrenia frequently display neurocognitive dysfunction, and genetic studies suggest it to be an endophenotype for schizophrenia. Genetic studies of such traits may thus help elucidate the biological pathways underlying genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. This study aimed to identify loci influencing neurocognitive performance in schizophrenia. The sample comprised of 1207 affected individuals and 1035 unaffected individuals of Han Chinese ethnicity from 557 sib-pair families co-affected with DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition) schizophrenia. Subjects completed a face-to-face semi-structured interview, the continuous performance test (CPT) and the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST), and were genotyped with 386 microsatellite markers across the genome. A series of autosomal genome-wide multipoint nonparametric quantitative trait loci (QTL) linkage analysis were performed in affected individuals only. Determination of genome-wide empirical significance was performed using 1000 simulated genome scans. One linkage peak attaining genome-wide significance was identified: 12q24.32 for undegraded CPT hit rate [nonparametric linkage z (NPL-Z) scores = 3.32, genome-wide empirical P = 0.03]. This result was higher than the peak linkage signal obtained in the previous genome-wide scan using a dichotomous diagnosis of schizophrenia. The identification of 12q24.32 as a QTL has not been consistently implicated in previous linkage studies on schizophrenia, which suggests that the analysis of endophenotypes provides additional information from what is seen in analyses that rely on diagnoses. This region with linkage to a particular neurocognitive feature may inform functional hypotheses for further genetic studies for schizophrenia. [source]

Aggressive behavior, related conduct problems, and variation in genes affecting dopamine turnover

AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 3 2010
Elena L. Grigorenko
Abstract A number of dopamine-related genes have been implicated in the etiology of violent behavior and conduct problems. Of these genes, the ones that code for the enzymes that influence the turnover of dopamine (DA) have received the most attention. In this study, we investigated 12 genetic polymorphisms in four genes involved with DA functioning (COMT, MAOA and MAOB, and D,H) in 179 incarcerated male Russian adolescents and two groups of matched controls: boys without criminal records referred to by their teachers as (a) "troubled-behavior-free" boys, n=182; and (b) "troubled-behavior" boys, n=60. The participants were classified as (1) being incarcerated or not, (2) having the DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD) or not, and (3) having committed violent or nonviolent crimes (for the incarcerated individuals only). The findings indicate that, although no single genetic variant in any of the four genes differentiated individuals in the investigated groups, various linear combinations (i.e., haplotypes) and nonlinear combinations (i.e., interactions between variants within and across genes) of genetic variants resulted in informative and robust classifications for two of the three groupings. These combinations of genetic variants differentiated individuals in incarceration vs. nonincarcerated and CD vs. no-CD groups; no informative combinations were established consistently for the grouping by crime within the incarcerated individuals. This study underscores the importance of considering multiple rather than single markers within candidate genes and their additive and interactive combinations, both with themselves and with nongenetic indicators, while attempting to understand the genetic background of such complex behaviors as serious conduct problems. Aggr. Behav. 36:158,176, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Repeatability of hematocrits and body mass of Gray Catbirds

JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010
Margret I. Hatch
ABSTRACT Hematocrits may provide information about the physiological condition of birds, but, to be a useful measure, information is needed concerning how hematocrits vary among individuals and over time. We examined the repeatability of hematocrits in a population of Gray Catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) in Pennsylvania at several time scales and also examined the repeatability of body mass, another measure commonly used as an indicator of condition. Both hematocrit (r= 0.64) and mass (r= 0.65) were repeatable (P < 0.01) for first captures between years and between first and second captures within a year (r= 0.41 and r= 0.50, respectively; P < 0.01), but not repeatable (P > 0.05) between captures in different months within a year (r= 0.11 for both). Repeatability of both measures differed by sex and age. Females exhibited repeatability of hematocrit and body mass only between years, while male hematocrits were repeatable between years and between first and second captures within a season. Male mass was repeatable for all time periods. Hematocrits of younger birds were repeatable between captures within a season and their body mass was repeatable between months and weeks while hematocrits of older birds were not repeatable and their body mass was repeatable only between captures in a season. Our results indicate that hematocrits and body mass had similar repeatability coefficients overall, but that hematocrits of Gray Catbirds were a consistent trait of individuals only across years. Because repeatability between captures and months depended on sex and age, we conclude that the hematocrit is a useful measure of individual performance only in limited circumstances. RESUMEN El hematocrito podría proveer información sobre la condición física de las aves pero para ser una medida útil se necesita información sobre como el hematocrito varia entre individuos y a través del tiempo. Examinamos la repetibilidad del hematocrito en una población de Dumetella carolinensis en Pennsylvania durante diferentes escalas temporales. También examinamos la repetibilidad del peso corporal, otra medida comúnmente usada como indicador de la condición del individuo. El hematocrito (r= 0.64) y el peso corporal (r= 0.65) eran repetibles (P < 0.01) para las primeras capturas entre años y entre la primera y segunda captura dentro del año (r= 0.41 y r= 0.50, respectivamente; P < 0.01), pero no eran repetibles (P > 0.05) entre capturas realizadas en diferentes meses dentro del año (r= 0.11 para los dos). La repetibilidad de las dos medidas difiere por sexo y edad. Las hembras se caracterizaron por tener repetibilidad del hematocrito y del peso corporal solo entre años, mientras que el hematocrito de los machos era repetible entre años y entre la primera y segunda captura dentro de la temporada. El peso corporal de los machos era repetible durante todos los periodos a través del tiempo. El hematocrito de las aves mas jóvenes era repetible entre capturas dentro de la temporada y su peso corporal era repetible entre meses y semanas, mientras que el hematocrito de las aves mayores no era repetible y su peso corporal era repetible solo entre capturas dentro de la temporada. Nuestros resultados indican que los hematocritos y el peso corporal en general tuvieron coeficientes de repetibilidad similares, pero que los hematocritos de D. carolinensis eran un rasgo consistente de los individuos solo entre años. Por la razón que la repetibilidad entre capturas y meses dependía del sexo y edad, concluimos que el hematocrito es una medida útil del performance individual solo en circunstancias limitadas. [source]

Assessing the performance of doctors in teams and systems

MEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 10 2002
Elizabeth A Farmer
Introduction, Increasing attention is being directed towards finding ways of assessing how well doctors perform in clinical practice. Current approaches rely on strategies directed at individuals only, but, in real life, doctors' work is characterised by multiple complex professional interactions. These interactions involve different kinds of teams and are embedded within the overall context and systems of care. In addition to individual factors, therefore, we propose that the performance of doctors in health care teams and systems will also impact on the overall quality of patient care. Assessing these dimensions, however, poses a number of challenges. Strategies, Taking a profile of a National Health Service, UK surgeon as an example, the team structures to which he or she may relate are illustrated. These include formal teams such as those found in the operating theatre, and those formed through various professional and collegial partnerships. The authors then propose a model for assessing doctors' performances in teams and systems, which incorporates the educational principles of continuous feedback to enhance future performance. Discussion, To implement the proposed model, a wide range of professional, educational and regulatory bodies must collaborate. This raises a number of important implications for the future roles and relationships of these bodies, which are discussed. A strong and constructive partnership will be essential if the full potential of a more inclusive and representative assessment approach is to be realised. [source]