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Indian Origin (indian + origin)
Selected AbstractsCOOKING BEHAVIOR OF RICE AND BLACK GRAM IN THE PREPARATION OF IDLI, A TRADITIONAL FERMENTED PRODUCT OF INDIAN ORIGIN, BY VISCOGRAPHYJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 1 2009BONG KYUNG KOH ABSTRACT Pasting profile of coarse rice, fine rice as well as black gram was carried out individually, in combination, in flour as well as in batter form, before and after fermentation by Brabender Viscoamylograph. Lowest gelatinization temperature was seen in black gram among the three commodities studied. Coarse rice registered a peak viscosity (PV) of 1,300 BU, fine rice 1,030 BU and black gram 1,080 BU. Cold paste viscosity (CPV) was highest in fine rice, lowest in black gram and intermediate in coarse rice. Breakdown (BD) was least in fine rice, highest in coarse rice and black gram lay in between. Values of total setback indicated the strong reason for use of coarse rice in parboiling as well as in idli and dosa preparations. Physical combination of black gram, with fine as well as coarse rice, reduced PV on an average to an extent of 26,30%. CPV was highest in fine rice and black gram combination compared with that of coarse rice and black gram. BD was high in the physical mix of coarse rice and black gram. In comparison with physical mix of fine rice and black gram, in the batter form before fermentation, the PV and CPV reduced by 23 and 34%, respectively, but there was no BD in this mix, indicating restricted swelling behavior in the batter before fermentation. Almost all viscographic parameters reduced before fermentation in coarse rice and black gram compared with their physical combination. Highest relative BD (BDr) was noticed in the pasting profile of black gram alone, probably because of the presence of mucilaginous principle. BDr values increased in batter form to various extents, before and after fermentation, compared with physical combination of rice and black gram. After fermentation, in coarse rice and black gram, the BDr value was low compared with that in fine rice and black gram. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Fermented products are commonly ingested in India, especially in the southern states. Nowadays, batter is sold in public for the sake of convenience, as it is a common breakfast preparation. The practice is to use coarse rice for the preparation of idli, a steamed fermented product. It is generally not known how the rice behaves before and after fermentation while cooking. Hence, this work was planned, and results indicated the scientific basis for the usage of coarse rice in the preparation of rice products. The behavior of batter prepared from fine rice has also been described, although it is not an economically viable option. [source] The human complement C9 gene: structural analysis of the 5, gene region and genetic polymorphism studiesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS, Issue 5 2001K. Witzel-Schlömp Summary C9 is the last of the human complement components creating the membrane attack complex. The single chain serum protein is encoded by a gene located on chromosome 5p13 that is composed of 11 exons. With the aid of inverse PCR, the hitherto unknown regions flanking exon 1 and the 3, part of exon 11 (3,UTR) have been sequenced. A computer-based analysis of the 300-bp region located just upstream of the AUG start codon showed homologies to known DNA modules which affect the transcriptional regulation of certain genes. The most striking of these is a sequence that may substitute the missing TATA box in initiating C9 transcription. In the 3,UTR, three successive polyadenylation signals were found. Although the C9 protein is invariant, four different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been observed at the DNA level by exon-specific PCR and direct sequencing. None of them changes the amino acid composition of the mature protein. Due to a C , T transition in exon 1 at cDNA position 17, the fifth amino acid of the leader peptide may be either an arginine or a tryptophane. Using either PCR/RFLP analysis (exons 1 and 11) or allele-specific PCR (intron 1 and exon 4), each polymorphism can be characterized without sequencing. All of the exon 1, intron 1 and exon 11 variants could be detected in small population samples of European, Thai or South American Indian origin. In contrast, the exon 4 C variant was observed only once in a European. The first three SNPs can be combined to designate eight different ,C9 alleles'. Of these, six have actually be found. These data provide strong evidence that several mutation and recombination events occurred in the course of C9 gene evolution. [source] Sails from the Roman port at Berenike, EgyptINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Felicity C. Wild A 1st-century AD midden deposit at Berenike, a major port on the trade route between the Roman Empire and India, has produced cotton textile fragments reinforced with a rectangular grid-pattern of cotton strips, interpreted as the remains of sails. Webbing fragments of cotton and linen, in some cases attached to stout cotton or linen cloth, may also have come from sails. The only published example of a Roman-Period sail is a linen sail of 1st-century BC-AD date from Thebes in Egypt, to which the Berenike fragments bear a close resemblance. The S-spun linen sails were presumably manufactured in Egypt. Most of the Berenike material, however, was of Z-spun cotton: an import, it is argued, of Indian origin. The construction of Mediterranean-type sails entirely from Indian materials has implications for the presence of Westerners on the Indian sub-continent. [source] Mainland colonization by island lizardsJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 6 2005Kirsten E. Nicholson Abstract Aim, We investigate biogeographic relationships within the lizard genus Anolis Daudin, 1802 to test the hypothesis that the mainland (Central and South American) Norops-clade species descended from a West Indian Anolis ancestor. Previous hypotheses have suggested that close island relatives of mainland Norops species (the Cuban Anolis sagrei and Jamaican A. grahami series) represent over-water dispersal from a mainland ancestor. These previous hypotheses predict that the A. sagrei and A. grahami series should be phylogenetically nested within a Norops clade whose ancestral geography traces to the mainland. If Norops is West Indian in origin, then West Indian species should span the deepest phylogenetic divergences within the Norops clade. Location, Central and South America and West Indian islands. Methods, The phylogenetic relationships of Anolis lizards are reconstructed from aligned DNA sequences using both parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Hypotheses are tested in two ways: (1) by reconstructing the ancestral geographic location for the Norops clade using Pagel & Lutzoni's (2002) Bayesian approach, and (2) by testing alternative topological arrangements via Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks tests (Templeton, 1983) and Shimodaira,Hasegawa tests (Shimodaira & Hasegawa, 1999). Results, Our evidence supports an origin of mainland Norops anoles from a West Indian ancestor. A West Indian ancestor to the Norops clade is statistically supported, and alternatives to the biogeographic pattern [Cuban (Jamaican, Mainland)] are statistically rejected by Shimodaira,Hasegawa tests, although not by Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks tests. Main conclusions, Our data support the hypothesis of a West Indian origin for mainland Norops. This result contradicts previous hypotheses and suggests that island forms may be an important source for mainland biodiversity. [source] Health Promotion and Participatory Action Research with South Asian WomenJOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, Issue 1 2002U.K. Choudhry Purpose: To examine South Asian immigrant women's health promotion issues and to facilitate the creation of emancipatory knowledge and self-understanding regarding health-promoting practices; to promote health education and mobilization for culturally relevant action. Method: The study was based on critical social theory; the research model was participatory action research (PAR). Two groups of South Asian women (women from India and of Indian origin) who had immigrated to Canada participated in the project. The qualitative data were generated through focus groups. Reflexive and dialectical critique were used as methods of analyzing qualitative data. The data were interpreted through reiterative process, and dominant themes were identified. Findings: Three themes that were extracted from the data were: (a) the importance of maintaining culture and tradition, (b) placing family needs before self, and (c) surviving by being strong. An issue for action was the risk of intergenerational conflicts leading to alienation of family members. Over a period of 3 years, the following action plans were carried out: (a) workshops for parents and children, (b) sharing of project findings with the community, and (c) a presentation at an annual public health conference. Conclusions and Implications: The project activities empowered participants to create and share knowledge, which was then applied toward action for change. Health and health promotion were viewed as functions of the women's relationships to the world around them. [source] Protective effect of Nardostachys jatamansi on oxidative injury and cellular abnormalities during doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage in ratsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2006Rajakannu Subashini Nardostachys jatamansi is a medicinally important herb of Indian origin. It has been used for centuries in the Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine for the treatment of various ailments. We have evaluated the effect of N. jatamansi (rhizomes) on the biochemical changes, tissue peroxidative damage and abnormal antioxidant levels in doxorubicin (adriamycin)-induced cardiac damage. Preliminary studies on the effect of the graded dose of extract showed that 500 mg kg,1 orally for seven days was found to be optimum and hence all further study was carried out with this particular dose. Rats administered doxorubicin (15 mg kg,1, i.p.) showed myocardial damage that was manifested by the elevation of serum marker enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, aspartate aminotransaminase and alanine aminotransaminase). The animals showed significant changes in the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase) and lipid peroxidation levels. Pretreatment with N. jatamansi extract significantly prevented these alterations and restored the enzyme activity and lipid peroxides to near normal levels. Restoration of cellular normality accredits the N. jatamansi with a cytoprotective role in doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage. [source] Six novel mutations including triple heterozygosity for Phe31Ser, 514delT and 516T,G factor X gene mutations are responsible for congenital factor X deficiency in patients of Nepali and Indian originJOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 7 2005G. JAYANDHARAN Summary., Factor X (FX) deficiency is a rare (1 : 100000) autosomal recessive disorder caused by heterogeneous mutations in FX gene. We have studied the molecular basis this disease in six Indian and one Nepali patients. Diagnosis was confirmed by measuring the FX coagulant activity (FX: C) using a PT based assay. Six of them had a FX: C of < 1% and one patient had 24% coagulant activity. Mutations were identified in all the seven patients. These included eight (88.8%) missense and one frame-shift (11.2%) mutations of which six were novel. Three of the novel mutations, a Phe31Ser affecting ,Gla' domain and 514delT and 516T,G mutations affecting Cys132 in ,connecting region' were identified in a triple compound heterozygous state in a Nepali patient presenting with a severe phenotype. Two other novel mutations, Gly133Arg, may affect the disulphide bridge between Cys132-Cys302 in the connecting region while Gly223Arg may perturb the catalytic triad (His236, Asp282 and Ser379). The other novel mutation, Ser354Arg, involves the replacement of a small-buried residue by a large basic aminoacid and is likely to have steric or electrostatic effects in the pocket involving Lys351-Arg347-Lys414 that contributes to the core epitope of FXa for binding to FVa. Three previously reported mutations, Thr318Met; Gly323Ser; Gly366Ser were also identified. This is the first report of the molecular basis of FX deficiency in patients from the Indian subcontinent. [source] Improvement of thermooxidative stability of non-edible vegetable oils of Indian origin for biodegradable lubricant applicationLUBRICATION SCIENCE, Issue 4 2010P. V. Joseph Abstract For environmental reasons, as well as the dwindling source of petroleum, a new class of environmentally acceptable and renewable lubricants based on vegetable oils is available. Even though vegetable oils possess excellent lubricant-related properties, there are some concerns about using it as lubricant base oil. Still, unmodified and modified varieties of soybean, rapeseed, sunflower and canola oils have been in use in the USA and Europe. In India, with the shortage of edible oil, alternate sources of vegetable oils stocks are being explored. With this aim, a comprehensive study has been conducted earlier in the authors' laboratory. In this study, numerous options of non-edible vegetable oil sources were explored, and a few potential vegetable oils were studied in the laboratory. It was found that even though the oils performed much better in comparison with other vegetable oils, it still required improvement in thermooxidative stability. Therefore, in the later part of the study, different options were explored to improve thermooxidative stability. With a background on the initial studies of the authors as described above, the present paper deals with the studies on improvement of these non-edible candidate vegetable oils of Indian origin for lubricant by treating with selected antioxidants for applying them in lubricants. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Rhesus monkey model for Leishmania major transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi sandfly bitesMEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2001R. J. Probst Summary Leishmaniasis research needs a near-human model for investigations of natural infection processes, immunological responses and evaluation of treatments. Therefore, we developed a reproducible system using Leishmania major Yakimoff & Schokhor (Trypanosomatidae: Kinetoplastida), the cause of Old World zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), transmitted to rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta (Zimmerman) (Primates: Cercopithecidae) by sandfly bites of experimentally infected Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae). Eight monkeys of presumed Indian origin (Leishmania naïve) were exposed to bites of female sandflies that had been infected with L. major by membrane-feeding on human blood seeded with amastigotes isolated from hamster footpad lesions. Infection rates of membrane-fed sandflies averaged >,85% seven days after the infective feed, with uniformly high numbers of promastigotes in the stomodaeal valve region of the sandfly gut. Nodules and ulcerating dermal lesions developed on 7/8 monkeys 2,4 weeks post-bite and persisted for 3,7 months. Monkeys also developed satellite lesions beyond the area of sandfly bites on the head, but not on the chest. Three re-challenged monkeys developed lesions that healed faster than lesions from their primary challenges. After infection, monkeys developed delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to a panel of Leishmania skin test antigens (LSTA) and, when tested by ELISA and IFA, showed significant post-infection antibody titres which typically rose for ,170 days and then gradually receded during the next 100 days following the first challenge. After the second challenge, antibody titres spiked higher within ,50 days and receded more rapidly. In contrast, four rhesus macaques of Chinese origin developed no lesions following infected sandfly bites, although they raised antibodies and LSTA reactions, indicating subclinical infection. [source] Number II Pemphigus vulgarisORAL DISEASES, Issue 3 2005M Black Pemphigus is a group of potentially life-threatening autoimmune diseases characterized by cutaneous and/or mucosal blistering. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), the most common variant, is characterized by circulating IgG antibodies directed against desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), with about half the patients also having Dsg1 autoantibodies. There is a fairly strong genetic background to pemphigus with linkage to HLA class II alleles and ethnic groups such as Ashkenazi Jews and those of Mediterranean and Indian origin, are especially liable. Oral lesions are initially vesiculobullous but readily rupture, new bullae developing as the older ones rupture and ulcerate. Biopsy of perilesional tissue, with histological and immunostaining examination are essential to the diagnosis. Serum autoantibodies to either Dsg1 or Dsg3 are best detected using both normal human skin and monkey oesophagus or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Before the introduction of corticosteroids, PV was typically fatal mainly from dehydration or secondary systemic infections. Current treatment is largely based on systemic immunosuppression using corticosteroids, with azathioprine or other adjuvants or alternatives but newer therapies with potentially fewer adverse effects, also appear promising. [source] ,-Globin gene cluster haplotypes and ,-thalassemia in sickle cell disease patients from TrinidadAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Altheia Jones-Lecointe In this study, we have determined the frequency of ,S haplotypes in 163 sickle cell disease patients from Trinidad. The ,3.7 globin gene deletion status was also studied with an observed gene frequency of 0.17. Among the 283 ,S chromosomes analyzed, the Benin haplotype was the most prevalent (61.8%) followed by Bantu (17.3%), Senegal (8.5%), Cameroon (3.5%), and Arab-Indian (3.2%), while 5.7% of them were atypical. This ,S haplotypes distribution differed from those previously described in other Caribbean islands (Jamaica, Guadeloupe, and Cuba), in agreement with the known involvement of the major colonial powers (Spain, France, and Great Britain) in the slave trade in Trinidad and documented an Indian origin of the ,S gene. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Genetic characterization of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in NepalAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Randall C. Kyes Abstract Indian-origin rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have long served as an animal model for the study of human disease and behavior. Given the current shortage of Indian-origin rhesus, many researchers have turned to rhesus macaques from China as a substitute. However, a number of studies have identified marked genetic differences between the Chinese and Indian animals. We investigated the genetic characteristics of a third rhesus population, the rhesus macaques of Nepal. Twenty-one rhesus macaques at the Swoyambhu Temple in Kathmandu, Nepal, were compared with more than 300 Indian- and Chinese-origin rhesus macaques. The sequence analyses of two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loci, from the HVS I and 12,S rRNA regions, showed that the Nepali animals were more similar to Indian-origin than to Chinese-origin animals. The distribution of alleles at 24 short tandem repeat (STR) loci distributed across 17 chromosomes also showed greater similarity between the Nepali and Indian-origin animals. Finally, an analysis of seven major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles showed that the Nepali animals expressed Class I alleles that are common to Indian-origin animals, including Mamu-A*01. All of these analyses also revealed a low level of genetic diversity within this Nepali rhesus sample. We conclude that the rhesus macaques of Nepal more closely resemble rhesus macaques of Indian origin than those of Chinese origin. As such, the Nepali rhesus may offer an additional resource option for researchers who wish to maintain research protocols with animals that possess key genetic features characteristic of Indian-origin rhesus macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1,11, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Blood Supply in the Tongue of Nellore Bos indicus (Linnaeus, 1758)ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 2 2009J. R. Ferreira Summary Aspects of the vascularization of the tongue of Nellore Bos indicus (Linnaeus, 1758) were evaluated through the vascular injection technique (with latex-type Neoprene 450, Du Pont do Brasil S.A. and Sulvinil coloring, Glassurit), fixed in formaldehyde at 7% and dissected with magnifying glass. The material was collected at Goiás Carnes Freezer Warehouse in Goiania, Goias. It was found that the deep lingual artery penetrated the lower lateral region of the prominence of the dorsal area of the tongue, advancing rostrally between the hyoid bone and the hypoglossal muscle. In the intravisceral initial third, the artery represents the deep, sinuous continuation branch of the lingual artery, in which path the sublingual artery was stressed in the ventral plan. Then, the artery deepened in the interior of the hypoglossal muscles and genioglossal, supplying dorsal branches (from three to nine) for the lingual torus; from one to five dorsal collateral branches for the lingual cavity; and one or two ventral collateral branches. At the lingual apex, the artery undergoes bifurcation supplying collateral, dorsal and ventral branches with anastomoses between the parallel vessels in the same antimere and between branches of lower caliber hierarchy between opposite antemeres. The large presence of microvessels indicates a significant blood supply to the organ. These results, in comparison with those found in literature, suggest a peculiar vascular pattern for this cattle breed of Indian origin. [source] | ||||||||||||||||