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Indian Ink (indian + ink)
Selected AbstractsRoot and canal morphology of permanent mandibular molars in a Sudanese populationINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 10 2007H. A. Ahmed Abstract Aim, To investigate variations in the root canal systems of first and second permanent mandibular molar teeth in a Sudanese population using a clearing technique. Methodology, Two hundred extracted first and second permanent mandibular molars from three cities in the state of Khartoum were studied. Access cavities were prepared and pulp tissue was removed by immersion in 5% sodium hypochlorite under ultrasonication; Indian ink was then injected into the root canal systems assisted by a vacuum applied apically. The teeth were rendered clear by demineralization and immersion in methyl salicylate before evaluation. The following observations were made (i) number of roots and their morphology; (ii) number of root canals per tooth; (iii) number of root canals per root and (iv) root canal configuration. Results, Overall 59% of mandibular first molars had four canals with 3% having a third distolingual root. Seventy-eight per cent of second mandibular molars had two separate flat roots, whilst 10% were C-shaped. The most common canal system configurations were type IV (73%) and type II (14%). Inter-canal communications were more common in the mesial roots. The prevalence of inter-canal communications was 65% in first molars and 49% in second molars. Conclusions, In this sample of Sudanese teeth, 59% of the mandibular first permanent molars had four root canals whilst 10% of the mandibular second molars had C-shaped roots/canals. [source] Root and canal morphology of maxillary first and second permanent molar teeth in a Ugandan populationINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 9 2007C. M. Rwenyonyi Abstract Aim, To investigate the root and canal morphology of permanent maxillary molar teeth from a Ugandan population. Methodology, Maxillary first (n = 221) and second molar (n = 221) teeth were collected from patients attending dental clinics in Kampala. Teeth were prepared using a clearing technique: the pulp chambers were accessed and the teeth placed consecutively into 5% sodium hypochlorite, 10% nitric acid, then methyl salicylate. Indian ink was injected into the pulp chambers to demonstrate the canal system. Results, In the first molars, 95.9% of the teeth had separate roots. The mesiobuccal root was fused with the palatal root in 3% of specimens and with the distobuccal root in 0.5% of teeth. In the second molars, 86% of the teeth had separate roots. The mesiobuccal root was fused with the palatal root in 6.3% of specimens and with the distobuccal root in 6.8% of teeth. Apical deltas were more frequent in the mesiobuccal root when compared with distobuccal and palatal roots of both the first and second molars. A type I canal configuration (>75%) was the most frequent in all the roots of both the first and second molars. Canal intercommunications and lateral canals were more frequent in the mesiobuccal root when compared with other roots. Conclusions, The mesiobuccal root tended to have more variations in the canal system followed by the distobuccal root, whereas the palatal root had the least. The findings in root and canal morphology of this Ugandan population were different from previous studies, which may partly be attributed to racial differences. [source] Ex vivo microscopic assessment of factors affecting the quality of apical seal created by root-end fillingsINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 8 2007S. I. Tobón-Arroyave Abstract Aim, (i) To evaluate the incidence of microcracks around root-end preparations completed with ultrasonic tips and their relationship with the root filling technique and thickness of surrounding dentine. (ii) To investigate the effect of rapid exposure to a water-soluble dye of Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM), Super Ethoxybenzoic Acid (sEBA) and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), on the marginal adaptation and microleakage of root-end fillings. (iii) To describe the microstructure of the surface of root-end filling materials. Methodology, Ninety-two single-rooted teeth were divided into two groups (n = 46) according to the root canal instrumentation/filling techniques. Group 1 consisted of specimens in which canal preparation was completed using a crown-down technique and then filled with the Thermafil system (TF group); Group 2 consisted of specimens in which canal preparation was completed using a step-back technique and lateral condensation (LC group). Following root-end resection and ultrasonic cavity preparation, the samples were further divided into three subgroups (n = 24) for root-end filling with IRM, sEBA or MTA. The ultrasonic preparation time was recorded. Eight teeth were kept as positive and 12 as negative controls. Following immersion in Indian ink for 7 days, all resected root surfaces were evaluated for the presence of microcracks and the cross-sectional area of root-end surface and root-end filling were measured to evaluate the thickness of the dentinal walls. Thereafter, the samples were sectioned longitudinally so as to assess the depth of dye penetration and marginal adaptation of root-end fillings. Negative controls longitudinally sectioned were used to describe microstructural characteristics of the root-end filling materials using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. Results, Although the thickness of dentinal walls between groups 1 and 2 was similar, the ultrasonic preparation time and number of microcracks were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the TF group. Both groups had a significant correlation between microcracks and ultrasonic preparation time (P < 0.001). sEBA and IRM had better adaptation and less leakage compared with MTA. A SEM analysis displayed microstructural differences between the root-end filling materials. Conclusion, Microcracks can occur independently of the thickness of dentinal walls and may be associated with the prolonged ultrasonic preparation time required for the removal of the root filling during root-end cavity preparation. Although sEBA and IRM had better behaviour than MTA regarding microleakage and marginal adaptation, it is possible that exposure of MTA to a water-soluble dye before achieving full set and its porous microstructure contributed to the results. [source] An in vitro comparison of three thermal gutta percha systemsINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001M. P. Horrocks Aim,The aim of this study was to compare the ability of three contemporary obturation techniques to resist microleakage, using root canals prepared in extracted single rooted teeth by a standardized method. Methodology,The shaping technique involved the use of tapered nickel titanium rotary files to create a uniform 0.08-mm/mm taper. Six groups were compared, two representing control groups, a third group being obturated with a warm vertical condensation technique, a fourth group by an injection thermoplasticized system, a fifth group with a thermomechanical compaction method and a sixth group using cold lateral condensation. A zinc oxide/eugenol sealer was used as the sealant in all the obturation procedures. Forty-six extracted teeth were used in the study, three teeth in each control group and 10 teeth in each of the remaining four groups. Microleakage was compared using dye leakage with Indian ink. Penetration of the dye at the gutta percha/dentine interface was visualized after the root had been rendered transparent. Dye leakage was then measured from four aspects with the use of a stereomicroscope and export of a digital image to a software package, to facilitate accurate assessment of dye penetration. Two parameters were measured for each sample, the mean dye penetration and maximum dye penetration. Results,The mean values for linear dye leakage in the thermomechanical compaction group was 0.53 mm, the warm vertical condensation group was 0.73 mm, the injection thermoplasticized group was 0.15 mm and the cold lateral condensation group was 0.53 mm. There was no statistical difference between the means of the different groups (P > 0.05). The mean of the maximum values for dye leakage in the thermomechanical compaction group was 0.65 mm, the warm vertical condensation group was 1.02 mm, the injection-thermoplasticized group was 0.28 mm and the cold lateral condensation group was 0.74 mm. There was no statistical difference between the means of the different groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions,Within the conditions of this study, there was no statistical difference between the different groups with respect to either mean or maximum dye leakage. [source] Architecture of the Blood-Spleen Barrier in the Soft-Shelled Turtle, Pelodiseus SinensisTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 8 2009Hui-Jun Bao The soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiseus sinensis, and its spleen section showing carbon particles of injected Indian ink mainly in the ellipsoid which composed the blood-spleen barrier. See Bao et al, on page 1079, in this issue. Anatomical Record 292:1079,1087. [source] An In Vitro Study Of Coronal Microleakage In Endodontically-Treated Teeth Restored With PostsAUSTRALIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 3 2003Shohreh Ravanshad DMD. Coronal microleakage has received considerable attention as a factor related to failure of endodontic treatment and much emphasis is placed on the quality of the final restoration. Posts are frequently used for the retention of coronal restorations. These can be custom-made or prefabricated. Many authors have examined coronal microleakage with respect to gutta-percha root fillings and plastic coronal restorations, but few have investigated the coronal seal afforded by various post systems. The seal provided by a cemented post depends on the seal of the cement used. The purpose of this study was to compare coronal microleakage around cast and prefabricated posts using a dye-penetration method. Sixty extracted single-rooted human teeth were chemomechanically prepared. The root canals were filled with gutta-percha and sealer and they were then prepared for standard posts. Six groups, each of 10 teeth, were restored with either cast post or prefrabricated post. The posts were cemented with either glass ionomer cement (GIC), Variolink II or Durelon. The teeth were thermocycled and placed in Indian ink for one week. They were then demineralised and rendered transparent. Linear coronal dye penetration around the post was measured and compared. The least dye-penetration was observed in roots restored with a cast post and Variolink II. Dentatus posts demonstrated the most microleakage. It appears that the dentine-bonding cements have less microleakage than the traditional, non-dentine-bonding cements and adaptation of the post with the canal may be more important than the cement used. [source] Incision design in implant dentistry based on vascularization of the mucosaCLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH, Issue 5 2005Johannes Kleinheinz Abstract Objectives: The delivery of an adequate amount of blood to the tissue capillaries for normal functioning of the organ is the primary purpose of the vascular system. Preserving the viability of the soft tissue segment depends on the soft tissue incision being properly designed in order to prevent impairment of the circulation. A knowledge of the course of the vessels as well as of their supply area are crucial to the decision of the incision. The aim of this study was to visualize the course of the arteries using different techniques, to perform macroscopic- and microscopic analyses, and to develop recommendations for incisions in implant dentistry. Material and methods: The vascular systems of seven edentulous human cadavers were flushed out and filled with either red-colored rubber bond or Indian ink and formalin mixture. After fixation a macroscopic preparation was performed to reveal the course, distribution and supply area of the major vessels. In the area of the edentulous alveolar ridge specimens of the mucosa were taken and analyzed microscopically. Results: The analyses revealed the major features of mucosal vascularization. The main course of the supplying arteries is from posterior to anterior, main vessels run parallel to the alveolar ridge in the vestibulum and the crestal area of the edentulous alveolar ridge is covered by a avascular zone with no anastomoses crossing the alveolar ridge. Conclusion: The results suggest midline incisions on the alveolar ridge, marginal incisions in dentated areas, releasing incisions only at the anterior border of the entire incision line, and avoidance of incisions crossing the alveolar ridge. Résumé Fournir une quantité adéquate de sang aux capillaires pour un fonctionnement normal de l'organe est le but premier du système vasculaire. Préserver la viabilité du segment de tissu mou dépend de l'incision du tissu mou qui doit être effectuée de manière précise pour prévenir la détérioration de la circulation. Une connaissance de géographie des vaisseaux ainsi que de leurs aires de réserve sont essentiels pour la décision de l'incision. Le but de cette étude a été de visualiser les artères en utilisant différentes techniques afin d'effectuer des analyses tant macro- que microscopiques et pour developper des recommandations pour les incisions lors de la pose d'implants dentaires. Les systèmes vasculaires de sept cadavres humains édentés ont été vidés et remplis avec soit de l'encre de Chine ou une solution rouge et du formol. Après fixation une préparation macroscopique a été effectuée pour mettre en évidence le cours, la distribution et l'aire de réserve des principaux vaisseaux. Dans la zone du rebord alvéoaire édenté des spécimens des muqueuses ont été prélevés et analysés microscopiquement. Les analyses ont mis en évidence les principaux caractères de la vascularisation de la muqueuse. Le cours principal des artères converge de l'arrière vers l'avant, les vaisseaux principaux courent parallèlement au rebord alvéolaire dans le vestibule et l'aire crestale des rebords alvéolaires édentés et sont couverts par une zone non-vascularisée sans anastomose traversant le rebord alvéolaire. Ces résultats suggèrent donc des incisions au milieu de la ligne du rebord alvéolaire, des incisions marginales dans les zones dentées, des incisions d'accès seulement dans la frontière antérieure de la ligne d'incision générale et l'abstention d'incision traversant la crête alvéolaire. Zusammenfassung Ziele: Das erste Ziel des Gefässsystems ist es, eine adäquate Menge Blut zu den Kapillaren zu führen, um eine normale Funktion des Organs zu gewährleisten. Der Erhalt der Lebensfähigkeit des Weichteilsegments hängt von der Weichgewebsinzision ab, welche sauber gestaltet sein sollte, um die Zirkulation nicht zu beeinträchtigen. Die Kenntnis des Verlaufs und der Versorgungsgebiete der Gefässe ist für die Wahl der Inzision entscheidend. Das Ziel dieser Studie war, den Verlauf der Arterien mittels verschiedener Techniken sichtbar zu machen, um makroskopische und mikroskopische Analysen durchführen zu können und um Empfehlungen für Inzisionen in der oralen Implantatchirurgie zu entwickeln. Material und Methoden: Das Gefässsystem von 7 zahnlosen menschlichen Kadavern wurde ausgespült und entweder mit rot gefärbter Gummiflüssigkeit oder mit indischer Tinte und einer Formalinmixtur aufgefüllt. Nach der Fixierung wurde eine makroskopische Präparation durchgeführt, um den Verlauf, die Verteilung und die Versorgungsgebiete der grossen Gefässe aufzuzeigen. Im Bereich des zahnlosen Alveolarkammes wurden Proben der Mukosa entnommen und mikroskopisch analysiert. Resultate: Die Analysen zeigten die generellen Eigenschaften der Vaskularisation von Schleimhäuten. Die Hauptrichtung der versorgenden Gefässe verläuft von posterior nach anterior, die Hauptgefässe liegen parallel zum Alveolarkamm im Vestibulum und die Kammregion des zahnlosen Alveolarkammes wird durch eine avaskuläre Zone ohne den Alveolarkamm überkreuzende Anastomosen bedeckt. Schlussfolgerung: Aufgrund der Resultate werden Inzisionen im Bereich der Kammmitte des zahnlosen Alveolarkammes und marginale Inzisionen im bezahnten Bereich vorgeschlagen. Entlastungsschnitte sollten nur an der anterioren Grenze der gesamten Inzisionslinie gelegt werden. Inzisionen, welche den Alveolarkamm überkreuzen, sollten vermieden werden. Resumen Objetivos: El suministro de una cantidad adecuada de sangre a los capilares tisulares para el funcionamiento normal de un órgano es el propósito primario del sistema vascular. La preservación de la viabilidad del segmento de tejido blando depende en la incisión del tejido blando que debe estar debidamente diseñada en orden a prevenir mermas en la circulación. Un conocimiento del curso de los vasos al igual que del área de suministro es crucial para la decisión de la incisión. La intención de este estudio fue visualizar el curso de las arterias usando diferentes técnicas, para realizar análisis macro- y microscópicos, y desarrollar recomendaciones para incisiones en odontología de implantes. Material y métodos: Se vaciaron los sistemas vasculares de 7 cadáveres humanos edéntulos y rellenados con pegamento de goma de color rojo o con una mezcla de tinta india y formalina. Tras la fijación se llevó a cabo una preparación macroscópica para revelar el curso, distribución y área de suministro de los vasos principales. En el área de la cresta alveolar edéntula se tomaron especímenes y se analizaron microscópicamente. Resultados: Los análisis revelaron las principales características de la vascularización mucosa. El curso principal de las arterias de suministro as desde posterior a anterior, los vasos principales corren paralelos a la cresta alveolar en el vestíbulo y el área crestal de la cresta alveolar esta cubierta por una zona avascular sin anastomosis que crucen la cresta alveolar. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren incisiones en la cresta alveolar, incisiones marginales en áreas dentadas, incisiones liberadoras solo en el borde anterior de la línea completa de incisión, y evitar las incisiones que crucen la cresta alveolar. [source] | ||||||||||