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Independent Way (independent + way)
Selected AbstractsFor a Bayesian Account of Indirect ConfirmationDIALECTICA, Issue 2 2002Luca Moretti Laudan and Leplin have argued that empirically equivalent theories can elude underdetermination by resorting to indirect confirmation. Moreover, they have provided a qualitative account of indirect confirmation that Okasha has shown to be incoherent. In this paper, I develop Kukla's recent contention that indirect confirmation is grounded in the probability calculus. I provide a Bayesian rule to calculate the probability of a hypothesis given indirect evidence. I also suggest that the application of the rule presupposes the methodological relevance of non-empirical virtues of theories. If this is true, Laudan and Leplin's strategy will not work in many cases. Moreover, without an independent way of justifying the role of non-empirical virtues in methodology, the scientific realists cannot use indirect evidence to defeat underdetermination. [source] A polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class II-like locus maps outside of both the chicken B-system and Rfp-Y-systemINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS, Issue 2 2000H. R. Juul-Madsen Chickens have two major regions encoding major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, genes and MHC class IIß genes, the serological and functional B-system and the Rfp-Y-system. Recently, they have been shown to assort in a genetically independent way although still located on the same microchromosome. Moreover, the monomorphic MHC class II, gene maps at a third locus located 5 c m from the nearest class IIß genes, located in the B-system ( Kaufman et al., 1995 ). A pedigree family was studied in three generations in order to assign MHC class IIß restriction fragments observed in Southern blot analyses to either the B-system, the Rfp-Y-system or the B-L, locus. In this study, we demonstrate by classical genetic testing of chickens within this fully pedigreed family the existence of an MHC class II-like polymorphic restriction fragment that segregates independently of the B-system, the Rfp-Y-system and of the B-L, locus. [source] Enhanced oral absorption of paclitaxel in N -deoxycholic acid- N, O -hydroxyethyl chitosan micellar system,JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 11 2010Hong Li Abstract The overall goal of this study was to develop a micellar system of paclitaxel (PTX) to enhance its oral absorption. An amphiphilic chitosan derivative, N -deoxycholic acid- N, O -hydroxyethyl chitosan (DHC), was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The degree of substitution (DS) of hydroxyethyl group and deoxycholic acid group ranged from 89.5,114.5% and 1.11,8.17%, respectively. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of DHC decreased from 0.26 to 0.16,mg/mL as the DS of deoxycholic acid group increased. PTX was successfully loaded in DHC micelles with a high drug loading (31.68,±,0.14%) and entrapment efficiency (77.57,±,0.51%). The particle size of PTX-loaded DHC micelles ranged from 203.35,±,2.19 to 236.70,±,3.40,nm as the DS of deoxycholic acid group increased. After orally administration of PTX-loaded DHC micelles, the bioavailability was threefold compared with that of an orally dosed Taxol®. The single-pass intestinal perfusion studies (SPIP) showed that the intestinal absorption of micelles was via endocytosis involving a saturable process and a p-glycoprotein (P-gp)-independent way. All these indicated that the DHC micelles might be a promising tool for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:4543,4553, 2010 [source] Spectral models for solar-scaled and ,-enhanced stellar populationsMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 2 2007P. Coelho ABSTRACT We present the first models allowing one to explore in a consistent way the influence of changes in the ,-element-to-iron abundance ratio on the high-resolution spectral properties of evolving stellar populations. The models cover the wavelength range from 3000 Å to 1.34 ,m at a constant resolution of full width at half-maximum (FWHM) = 1 Å and a sampling of 0.2 Å, for overall metallicities in the range 0.005 ,Z, 0.048 and for stellar population ages between 3 and 14 Gyr. These models are based on a recent library of synthetic stellar spectra and a new library of stellar evolutionary tracks, both computed for three different iron abundances ([Fe/H]=,0.5, 0.0 and 0.2) and two different ,-element-to-iron abundance ratios ([,/Fe]= 0.0 and 0.4). We expect our fully synthetic models to be primarily useful for evaluating the differential effect of changes in the ,/Fe ratio on spectral properties such as broad-band colours and narrow spectral features. In addition, we assess the accuracy of absolute model predictions in two ways: first, by comparing the predictions of models for scaled-solar metal abundances ([,/Fe]= 0.0) to those of existing models based on libraries of observed stellar spectra; and secondly, by comparing the predictions of models for ,-enhanced metal abundances ([,/Fe]= 0.4) to observed spectra of massive early-type galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 4. We find that our models predict accurate strengths for those spectral indices that are strongly sensitive to the abundances of Fe and , elements. The predictions are less reliable for the strengths of other spectral features, such as those dominated by the abundances of C and N, as expected from the fact that the models do not yet allow one to explore the influence of these elements in an independent way. We conclude that our models are a powerful tool for extracting new information about the chemical properties of galaxies for which high-quality spectra have been gathered by modern surveys. [source] Quality of performance of everyday activities in children with spina bifida: a population-based studyACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 10 2009M Peny-Dahlstrand Abstract Aim:, The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the performance of everyday activities in children with spina bifida. Methods:, Fifty children with spina bifida (of 65 children in a geographic cohort), aged 6 to14 years, were evaluated with Assessment of Motor and Process Skills. Results:, Compared with age-normative values, 60% of the children with spina bifida were found to have motor ability measures below 2 SD and 48% process ability measures below 2 SD. Most of the children with spina bifida had difficulties performing well-known everyday activities in an effortless, efficient and independent way, relating to both motor and process skills. The motor skills hardest to accomplish involved motor planning and the process skills hardest to accomplish were adaptation of performance and initiations of new steps, thus actually getting the task done. Conclusion:, To reach autonomy in life, children with spina bifida may need particular guidance to learn not only how to do things but also how to get things done. [source] | ||||||||||