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Income Households (income + household)
Selected AbstractsCredit Unions and the Supply of Insurance to Low Income HouseholdsANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2005by Pat McGregor This ignores their historical development as mutual self-help societies. The distinctive feature of a credit union is taken in this paper to be the provision of insurance , membership gives access to credit in the event of a negative income shock. Banks do not provide such loans because of the low credit worthiness of such borrowers. The application of the model to those credit unions designated as low-income in the US allows them to be broken up into distinct types. [source] Factors Affecting Plan Choice and Unmet Need among Supplemental Security Income Eligible Children with DisabilitiesHEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, Issue 5p1 2005Jean M. Mitchell Objective. To evaluate factors affecting plan choice (partially capitated managed care [MC] option versus the fee-for-service [FFS] system) and unmet needs for health care services among children who qualified for supplemental security income (SSI) because of a disability. Data Sources. We conducted telephone interviews during the summer and fall of 2002 with a random sample of close to 1,088 caregivers of SSI eligible children who resided in the District of Columbia. Research Design. We employed a two-step procedure where we first estimated plan choice and then constructed a selectivity correction to control for the potential selection bias associated with plan choice. We included the selectivity correction, the dummy variable indicating plan choice and other exogenous regressors in the second stage equations predicting unmet need. The dependent variables in the second stage equations include: (1) having an unmet need for any service or equipment; (2) having an unmet need for physician or hospital services; (3) having an unmet need for medical equipment; (4) having an unmet need for prescription drugs; (5) having an unmet need for dental care. Principal Findings. More disabled children (those with birth defects, chronic conditions, and/or more limitations in activities of daily living) were more likely to enroll in FFS. Children of caregivers with some college education were more likely to opt for FFS, whereas children from higher income households were more prone to enroll in the partially capitated MC plan. Children in FFS were 9.9 percentage points more likely than children enrolled in partially capitated MC to experience an unmet need for any type of health care services (p<.01), while FFS children were 4.5 percentage points more likely than partially capitated MC enrollees to incur a medical equipment unmet need (p<.05). FFS children were also more likely than partially capitated MC enrollees to experience unmet needs for prescription drugs and dental care, however these differences were only marginally significant. Conclusions. We speculate that the case management services available under the MC option, low Medicaid FFS reimbursements and provider availability account for some of the differences in unmet need that exist between partially capitated MC and FFS enrollees. [source] CREDIT CONSTRAINTS IN THE MARKET FOR CONSUMER DURABLES: EVIDENCE FROM MICRO DATA ON CAR LOANS,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2008Orazio P. Attanasio We investigate the significance of borrowing constraints in the market for consumer loans. Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey on auto loan contracts we estimate the elasticities of loan demand with respect to interest rate and maturity. We find that, with the exception of high income households, consumers are very responsive to maturity and less responsive to interest rate changes. Both elasticities vary with household income, with the maturity elasticity decreasing and the interest rate elasticity increasing with income. We argue that these results are consistent with the presence of binding credit constraints in the auto loan market. [source] Liquidity constraints, access to credit and pro-poor growth in rural TanzaniaJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 7 2005Alex Winter-Nelson Small-scale farmers in developing countries may become trapped in poverty by lack of the liquidity needed to make profitable investments. Increased access to credit could generate pro-poor economic growth if poor households are otherwise liquidity-constrained and if liquidity-constrained households benefit from the new financial services. Using household data from rural Tanzania, this paper presents evidence that increased finance for liquidity-constrained households could generate pro-poor agricultural growth, but that general expansion of financial services to households that have no access to credit would not effectively target lower income households or households whose farm activities are liquidity-constrained. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Marginal Costs and Benefits of Redistributing Income and the Willingness to Pay for StatusJOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 3 2006SAM ALLGOOD The effect of status on aggregate welfare is ambiguous for marginal reforms that redistribute income. If average consumption falls, the change in relative consumption increases household utility but reinforces the decrease in household labor supply, raising welfare cost. For parameterizations of the model developed here, reforms which lower average consumption increase aggregate welfare. Numerical calculations show that status increases marginal welfare cost and marginal net benefit for a demogrant reform. Redistributing to high income households may increase aggregate welfare depending on the definition of average consumption and if the willingness to pay for status increases with income. [source] Entry into the Schooling Market: How is the Behaviour of Private Suppliers Influenced by Public Sector Decisions?BULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Issue 4 2002Thomas A. Downes This research examines the location choice of private schools entering the California schooling market in 1979,80. We find that entrants are more likely to locate in public school districts with lower levels of per,pupil expenditure and higher fractions of public school students who reside in low,income households. In addition, we provide evidence of differences in the responsiveness of different types of private schools to the underlying conditions. Also, in comparing our results to those of previous research, we find that the determinants of the location choices of entrants appear to be the same as the determinants of the location pattern of incumbent private schools. [source] Modalities of Microfinance Delivery in Asia and Latin America: Lessons for ChinaCHINA AND WORLD ECONOMY, Issue 1 2006Heather Montgomery O19; G21; D02 Abstract Microfinance, the provision of small size loans and other financial services to low income households, is often seen as the key innovation of the last 25 years in terms of means of reaching out to the poor and vulnerable. There is extensive experience in microfinance provision in both Asia and Latin America, but as yet relatively little use of the approach in China. This paper assesses different approaches to microfinance delivery using a threefold distinction, the credit union approach, the non-government organization approach and the banking approach, to generalize across recent Asian and Latin American experience and discuss the role of microfinance in poverty reduction in a theoretical framework. Considering the current state of microfinance in China and international experience, we suggest the banking approach as the way to best increase outreach of micro-financial services in China. (Edited by Xiaoming Feng) [source] | |||||||||||||||||||