Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
In Order To (in + order_to)
Selected AbstractsThe Male Accessory Gland Substances of Lucilia illustris (I): Its Effect on Mating ReceptivityENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2002Jong-Jin LEE ABSTRACT In order to verify the physiological functions of male accessory gland (MAG) substances of the blowfly, Lucilia illustris Meigen, the growth and changes in metabolites of male accessory gland with aging, and the effect of male accessory gland extract on mating receptivity of L. illustris were examined. There was not a significant difference in length of MAG with aging, but the width of MAG was grown widely from 0 to 5-days old apparently. Changes in glycogen, total protein and lipid of male accessory gland substances showed same patterns but total protein content was higher than the others. Therefore, male nutrition affected the production of male accessory proteins. During the mating fed unmated male transferred larger amount of protein than that of starved male. When male accessory gland homogenates injected, mating receptivity of gravid female was greatly inhibited comparing to control, suggesting that the accessory gland substances of L. illustris alters female mating receptivity after mating. [source] Horizontal violence: experiences of Registered Nurses in their first year of practiceJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 1 2003Brian G. McKenna BA MHSc RCpN Background.,Interpersonal conflict among nurses (traditionally called ,horizontal violence' or ,bullying') is a significant issue confronting the nursing profession. However, there is a dearth of research focusing on horizontal violence experienced by new graduate nurses. Aims.,In order to assess the priority for preventive intervention programmes, the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of horizontal violence experienced by nurses in their first year of practice; to describe the characteristics of the most distressing incidents experienced; to determine the consequences, and measure the psychological impact, of such events; and to determine the adequacy of training received to manage horizontal violence. Method.,An anonymous survey was mailed to nurses in New Zealand who had registered in the year prior to November 2000 (n = 1169) and 551 completed questionnaires were returned (response rate 47%). Information was requested on the type and frequency of interpersonal conflict; a description of the most distressing event experienced; the consequences of the behaviour; and training to manage such events. The Impact of Event Scale was used to measure the level of distress experienced. Results.,Many new graduates experienced horizontal violence across all clinical settings. Absenteeism from work, the high number of respondents who considered leaving nursing, and scores on the Impact of Event Scale all indicated the serious impact of interpersonal conflict. Nearly half of the events described were not reported, only 12% of those who described a distressing incident received formal debriefing, and the majority of respondents had no training to manage the behaviour. Conclusions.,First year of practice is an important confidence-building phase for nurses and yet many new graduates are exposed to horizontal violence, which may negatively impact on this process. The findings underscore a priority for the development of effective prevention programmes. Adequate reporting mechanisms and supportive services should also be readily available for those exposed to the behaviour. [source] Pain: a review of three commonly used pain rating scalesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 7 2005Amelia Williamson MSc Aims and objectives., This review aims to explore the research available relating to three commonly used pain rating scales, the Visual Analogue Scale, the Verbal Rating Scale and the Numerical Rating Scale. The review provides information needed to understand the main properties of the scales. Background., Data generated from pain-rating scales can be easily misunderstood. This review can help clinicians to understand the main features of these tools and thus use them effectively. Method., A MedLine review via PubMed was carried out with no restriction of age of papers retrieved. Papers were examined for methodological soundness before being included. The search terms initially included pain rating scales, pain measurement, Visual Analogue Scale, VAS, Verbal Rating Scale, VRS, Numerical/numeric Rating Scale, NRS. The reference lists of retrieved articles were used to generate more papers and search terms. Only English Language papers were examined. Conclusions., All three pain-rating scales are valid, reliable and appropriate for use in clinical practice, although the Visual Analogue Scale has more practical difficulties than the Verbal Rating Scale or the Numerical Rating Scale. For general purposes the Numerical Rating Scale has good sensitivity and generates data that can be statistically analysed for audit purposes. Patients who seek a sensitive pain-rating scale would probably choose this one. For simplicity patients prefer the Verbal Rating Scale, but it lacks sensitivity and the data it produces can be misunderstood. Relevance to clinical practice., In order to use pain-rating scales well clinicians need to appreciate the potential for error within the tools, and the potential they have to provide the required information. Interpretation of the data from a pain-rating scale is not as straightforward as it might first appear. [source] Concept development of family resilience: a study of Korean families with a chronically ill childJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 5 2004Insook Lee RN Aims., To clarify and delineate the concept of family resilience in the context of the chronic illness of a child. This study also investigated the concept of family resilience in relation to family functioning in order to compare and contrast family resilience and family functioning. Design and method., Three phases of the hybrid model of concept development were applied: theoretical, fieldwork and final analytical. In the theoretical phase, a working definition of family resilience was developed by a literature review. The fieldwork phase comprised in-depth interviews with 11 parents with a chronically ill child, in the paediatric oncology unit of a university hospital in South Korea. The qualitative data obtained from the interviews were analysed to find attributes of family resilience. The final analytical phase compared and interpreted the findings from the theoretical and fieldwork phases in order to clarify and refine the concept of resilience. Results., The definition of family resilience was of an enduring force that leads a family to change its functioning dynamics in order to solve problems encountered. Twenty-one conceptual attributes of family resilience emerging from this study were differentiated into four dimensions: (i) intrinsic family characteristics, (ii) family member orientation related to family characteristics, (iii) responsiveness to stress and (iv) external orientation. Conclusions., Family resilience is an enduring force that leads a family to change its dynamics of functioning in order to solve problems associated with stresses encountered. This conceptualization led to the development of a model of family coping that incorporates both family resilience and family functioning, as the property and as the process of change, respectively. Relevance to clinical practice., In order to build a family that functions better under stress, it is necessary for nurses to focus more attention on family resilience, especially in terms of the development of intervention strategies to strengthen family resilience. [source] Lineage-specific overexpression of the P2Y1 receptor induces platelet hyper-reactivity in transgenic miceJOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 1 2003B. Hechler Summary., In order to investigate the role of the platelet P2Y1 receptor in several aspects of platelet activation and thrombosis, transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing this receptor specifically in the megakaryocytic/platelet lineage were generated using the promoter of the tissue-specific platelet factor 4 gene. Studies of the saturation binding of [33P]2MeSADP in the presence or absence of the selective P2Y1 antagonist MRS2179 indicated that wild-type (WT) mouse platelets bore 150 ± 31 P2Y1 receptors and TG platelets 276 ± 34, representing an 84% increase in P2Y1 receptor density. This led to a well defined phenotype of platelet hyper-reactivity in vitro, as shown by increased aggregations in response to adenosine 5,-diphosphate (ADP) and low concentration of collagen in TG as compared with WT platelets. Moreover, overexpression of the P2Y1 receptor enabled ADP to induce granule secretion, unlike in WT platelets, which suggests that the level of P2Y1 expression is critical for this event. Our results further suggest that the weak responses of normal platelets to ADP are due to a limited number of P2Y1 receptors rather than to activation of a specific transduction pathway. TG mice displayed a shortened bleeding time and an increased sensitivity to in vivo platelet aggregation induced by infusion of a mixture of collagen and epinephrine. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of the P2Y1 receptor in hemostasis and thrombosis and suggest that variable expression levels of this receptor on platelets might play a role in thrombotic states in human, which remains to be assessed. [source] HCV-specific T-cell responses in injecting drug users: evidence for previous exposure to HCV and a role for CD4+ T cells focussing on nonstructural proteins in viral clearanceJOURNAL OF VIRAL HEPATITIS, Issue 6 2008T. A. Ruys Summary., In order to understand the parameters associated with resolved hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infection, we analysed the HCV-specific T-cell responses longitudinally in 13 injecting drug-users (IDUs) with a prospectively identified acute HCV infection. Seven IDUs cleared HCV and six IDUs remained chronically infected. T-cell responses were followed in the period needed to resolve and a comparable time span in chronic carriers. Ex vivo T-cell responses were measured using interferon-, Elispot assays after stimulation with overlapping peptide pools spanning the complete HCV genome. CD4+ memory- T-cell responses were determined after 12-day stimulation with HCV proteins. The maximum response was compared between individuals. The T-cell responses measured directly ex vivo were weak but significantly higher in resolvers compared to chronic carriers, whereas the CD4+ memory -T-cell response was not different between resolvers and chronic carriers. However, HCV Core protein was targeted more often in chronic carriers compared to individuals resolving HCV infection. CD4+ T-cell responses predominantly targeting nonstructural proteins were associated with resolved HCV infection. Interestingly, observation of memory-T-cell responses present before the documented HCV-seroconversion suggests that reinfections in IDUs occur often. The presence of these responses however, were not predictive for the outcome of infection. However, a transition of the HCV-specific CD4+ memory -T-cell response from targeting Core to targeting nonstructural proteins during onset of infection was associated with a favourable outcome. Therefore, the specificity of the CD4+ memory -T-cell responses measured after 12-day expansion seems most predictive of resolved infection. [source] | ||||||||||