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Importing Countries (importing + country)
Selected AbstractsThe impact of multiple volatilities on import demand for U.S. commodities: the case of soybeansAGRIBUSINESS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2010Qiang Zhang The focus of this study is the effects of exchange rate, commodity price, and ocean freight cost risks on import demand with forward-futures markets. The case of U.S. and Brazilian soybeans is analyzed empirically using monthly data. A two-way error component two-stage least squares procedure for panel data is used for the analysis. Risk for these three effects is measured by the moving average of the standard deviation. Major soybean importers are sensitive to exchange rate risk. Importing countries in general are not sensitive to soybean price and ocean shipping cost risks for Brazilian or U.S. soybeans. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Identification of Acipenseriformes species in tradeJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 2008A. Ludwig Summary Sturgeons and paddlefishes (Acipenseridae) are highly endangered freshwater fishes. Their eggs (sold as caviar) are one of the most valuable wildlife products in international trade. Concerns of overharvesting and the conservation status of many of the 27 extant species of Acipenseriformes led to all species being included on the CITES Appendices in 1998. Since then international trade in all products and parts from sturgeon and paddlefish has been regulated. However, despite the controls on trade, unsustainable harvesting continues to threaten many populations. Illegal fishing and trade continues to be a threat to the management of these fish. To enforce the regulation of legal trade and prevention of illegal trade, the development of a uniform identification system for parts and derivates of Acipenseriformes has been identified as an urgent requirement. Ideally this system should be suitable for (i) identification at the species-level of caviar and other products from Acipenseriformes; (ii) population identification; (iii) source identification (wild vs aquaculture); and (iv) determining the age of caviar because strict timeframes govern its international trade. This paper reviews the techniques currently available and their potential to be used in an identification system for Acipenseriformes species and their products in trade. A review of all available identification techniques has shown that there is not a single method that can meet all requirements (see i,iv), and it does not appear to be feasible to develop such a method in the near future therefore the most appropriate methods need to be developed for each. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of all techniques reviewed in this document, the following conclusions can be drawn: (i) for the identification of species, approaches are recommended that target mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences (RFLP, nested PCR or direct sequencing). However, they show limitations for the detection of hybrids (although natural hybrids are rare, the number of artificially produced hybrids in aquaculture is increasing) and for the differentiation of the following closely related species complexes: Acipenser gueldenstaedti,Acipenser baerii,Acipenser persicus,Acipenser naccarii; Acipenser medirostris,Acipenser mikadoi; and Scaphirhynchus albus,Scaphirhynchus plathorhynchus,Scaphirhynchus suttkusi; (ii) the identification of different populations of the same species is currently not feasible because genetic data are incomplete for most populations, and stocking and release programmes, which have become more and more common, often result in a mixture of phenotypes and genotypes, thereby impeding the creation and application of such a population identification system; (iii) source identification based on genetic approaches can be excluded at present because there are no genetic differences between wild and hatchery-raised fish. This is the result of the continuing restocking of natural populations with captive fish and vice versa. However, because rearing (i.e. environmental) conditions are different, methods focusing on differences in water quality or food seem to be more appropriate (for example differences in fatty acid composition). So far, very few studies have been conducted and therefore, source identification methods merit further exploration; and (iv) the age of a product in trade cannot be detected by DNA-based methods and protein profiling is undoubtedly impractical due to hard-to-perform, labour-and cost-intensive methods, which are highly susceptible to protein degradation. Arising from the limits discussed above, the next steps in the development of a uniform sturgeon identification system are proposed to be the following: (i) designation of qualified reference laboratories at national levels in (re-) exporting and importing countries. These should be approved through a standardized testing procedure, for instance a ring test on blind samples. Registered laboratories should be published and disseminated and their accreditations should be subject to certain guarantees regarding quality, economic independence and scientific rigour. Operational procedures have to be determined and standardized among reference laboratories; (ii) establishment of reference collections that are accessible to the reference laboratories containing DNA analyses results and information on the location and availability of tissue samples. This is highly recommended as an important step towards a population identification system and indispensable for a general species identification system; (iii) creation of a website access to the reference collections containing the reference database information about genetic samples, comparable to NCBI, which provides background data: sample location; population information; citation; available genetic data; location of archival storage; currently treated and distributed caviar and status of analysis. This website should also be a forum for the exchange of knowledge on and experiences with identification systems, species and population status information, relevant scientific research, etc.; and (iv) the outcome of the trade identification tests should be made available to the reference laboratories for future reference. The universal caviar labelling system could incorporate an indication of the verification of the consignment. In view of the lack of knowledge and the great need to develop a uniform identification system for Acipenseriformes with regard to the importance of the international caviar trade, further scientific guidance and appropriate research is strongly recommended. Progress should be assessed and exchanged on a regular basis. [source] Floating without flotations,the exchange rate and the Mexican stock market: 1995,2001JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2006Jesús Muñoz Abstract Pegged exchange rates in capital importing countries partially ,socialised' the risks of international borrowing. A corollary of managed floating, therefore, is a reallocation of risk bearing to private capital markets. Equity finance offers explicit risk sharing but Mexican experience since 1995 confirms that it may not expand spontaneously under a floating regime, despite buoyant international conditions. As an explanation for this disappointing outcome, the analysis highlights the implications of managed floating for equity demand when corporate debt is high. Policy must recognize that while firms need to reduce gearing, investors may not be attracted to the shares of indebted companies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] South Africa's export trade in asbestos: Demise of an industryAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 5 2010John S. Harington DSc Abstract Background South Africa's export of each of its three types of asbestos, crocidolite, amosite, and chrysotile, and the total amounts to 84 countries in metric tonnes is examined over a 24-year period, 1980,2003. Methods For convenience, the countries are divided into nine world regional groups, Europe, Eastern Europe, North America with the Caribbean, South America, Africa, Middle East, Far East, South Asia, and Oceania. Results The three greatest importing countries of total asbestos in metric tonnes were all in the Far East region, ranging from Japan, South Korea to Thailand, and followed by USA and Italy. All exports to all countries diminished steadily as the South African trade came virtually to an end by 2003, due to ever increasing international pressure. Conclusion The export trade has changed significantly since 1960 from being dominantly to European countries to being directed in recent years to the Far East, with serious implications for asbestos-related ill-health in those countries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:524,534, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Protein and the demand for hard wheats,AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2009William W. Wilson Wheat protein is one of the most important specifications used in domestic and import purchase contracts and is used partly as a proxy for functional quality. The purpose of this article is to analyse the demand for wheat delineated by protein class. A choice-based econometric model is specified and estimated using a novel dataset of pooled wheat shipments to individual importing countries. Buyers are importing countries that make purchase decisions among different protein levels. The model frames the choice in terms of attributes of the choice and of the importing countries. Results indicate that there have been shifts over time, and purchase probabilities are highly price elastic and vary across importing regions. Functional characteristics including wet gluten content and extraction rates have significant impacts on purchase probabilities. These results have implications for breeders as it clearly illustrates the role of protein and functional characteristics on demand. The results also have implications for analysts modelling wheat trade in that there are many factors impacting market segments that would not be captured in conventional demand specifications. [source] Exchange-rate pass-through at the product levelCANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2008Guillaume Gaulier Abstract., We use a detailed database to investigate exchange-rate pass-through at the product level for a large number of countries. The empirical analysis suggests that pricing behaviours are dichotomous, with complete pass-through in around 25% of sectors and significant pricing-to-market in the remaining ones. Average long-run pass-through coefficient is close to 80%; this result hides a strong heterogeneity of pass-through behaviours across sectors. Even when composition effects are controlled for, average pass-through varies across importing countries. The econometric analysis shows that pass-through tends to be higher in volatile environments; in less developed countries; in weakly integrated markets. Cet article utilise une base de données détaillée pour analyser l'effet du taux de change sur les prix à l'exportation, mesurés au niveau du produit. L'analyse empirique suggère que les comportements des prix sont dichotomiques: dans 25% des secteurs, les mouvements de change se répercutent entièrement sur les prix à l'importation tandis que la transmission est incomplète pour les autres. Le coefficient moyen de transmission est de 80%à long terme. Ce résultat cache cependant une grande hétérogénéité des comportements de transmission selon les secteurs. De plus, même quand on standardise pour tenir compte des effets de composition, le coefficient moyen de transmission varie selon les pays importateurs. En particulier, l'analyse économétrique montre que l'effet de transmission est plus élevé i) dans les environnements volatils, ii) dans les pays moins développés, et iii) dans les marchés plus faiblement intégrés. [source] The Choice of Optimal Protection under Oligopoly: Import Tariff v. Production SubsidyTHE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2002Tsuyoshi Toshimitsu Economists researching the area of optimal protection have tended to analyse the ranking of alternative policy tools in the presence of perfect competition, either when the government in an importing country achieves a non-economic target, or when there is a market distortion. Assuming international oligopolistic competition, I reconsider the choice of optimal policy instruments, i.e. an import tariff and a production subsidy. I show that the choice of optimal policy instruments depends on the relative number of home firms and foreign ones and on the magnitude of international cost differences. JEL Classification Numbers: F12, F13. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||