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Immunoglobulin
Kinds of Immunoglobulin Terms modified by Immunoglobulin Selected AbstractsA RETROSPECTIVE CHART REVIEW OF THE TOLERABILITY AND EFFICACY OF INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN IN THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASEJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 4 2008Gayatri Devi MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Aspirin reduces anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with coronary artery diseaseEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 12 2006I. Ikonomidis Abstract Background, Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) have been found to be elevated in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and have been associated with an adverse outcome owing to their prothrombotic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aspirin treatment on aCL levels in patients with chronic CAD. Materials and methods, Forty patients with chronic CAD scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and 40 healthy controls participated in the study. Patients were treated with 300 mg of aspirin once daily (o.d.) for the first 12 days and placebo for the following 12 days before CABG in a double-blind, cross-over trial. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G-, IgM-, IgA-aCL and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured in the controls and at the end of each treatment period in the patients with CAD. Results, The IgA- and IgG-aCL levels were greater in patients with CAD than in the controls. Compared with the placebo, IgA, IgG subtypes and CRP levels were reduced after aspirin treatment (P = 0·001, P = 0·02, P = 0·04, respectively). The percentage reduction of IgA- and IgG-aCL was related to the percentage reduction of CRP after aspirin (P < 0·05). Conclusion, Aspirin treatment with 300 mg o.d. reduced the serum levels of IgA and IgG subtypes in patients with chronic CAD in parallel to a reduction in CRP. These findings offer an additional pathophysiological mechanism of the beneficial effects of aspirin in patients with chronic CAD. [source] Inefficient processing of mRNA for the membraneform of IgE is a genetic mechanism to limit recruitment of IgE-secreting cellsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 7 2006Alexander Karnowski Abstract Immunoglobulin,E (IgE) is the key effector element in allergic diseases ranging from innocuous hay fever to life-threatening anaphylactic shock. Compared to other Ig classes, IgE serum levels are very low. In its membrane-bound form (mIgE), IgE behaves as a classical antigen receptor on B,lymphocytes. Expression of mIgE is essential for subsequent recruitment of IgE-secreting cells. We show that in activated, mIgE-bearing B,cells, mRNA for the membrane forms of both murine and human epsilon (,) heavy chains (HC) are poorly expressed compared to mRNA for the secreted forms. In contrast, in mIgG-bearing B,cells, mRNA for the membrane forms of murine gamma-1 (,1) and the corresponding human ,4 HC are expressed at a much higher level than mRNA for the respective secreted forms. We show that these findings correlate with the presence of deviant polyadenylation signal hexamers in the 3,,untranslated region (UTR) of both murine and human ,,genes, causing inefficient processing of primary transcripts and thus poor expression of the proteins and poor recruitment of IgE-producing cells in the immune response. Thus, we have identified a genetic steering mechanism in the regulation of IgE synthesis that represents a further means to restrain potentially dangerous, high serum IgE levels. [source] Constitutive Secretion of Immunoglobulin a and Other Proteins into Lumina of Unstimulated Submandibular Glands in Anaesthetised RatsEXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003G. B. Proctor Salivary fluid secretion is dependent upon reflex stimuli mediated by autonomic nerves. In order to determine if immunoglobulin A (IgA) and salivary proteins are secreted in the absence of nerve stimulation, small volumes (< 2 µl) of saliva were consecutively collected from the submandibular duct of anaesthetised rats following rest pauses in order to sample the protein contents of the ductal system. Within the first 5 µl of such saliva collected by parasympathetic nerve stimulation, IgA and other salivary proteins reached peak concentrations that were over 20-fold greater than levels in parasympathetically stimulated saliva subsequently collected during a 5 min period of stimulation. Confocal microscopy of TRITC-labelled IgA added to live, acutely isolated submandibular acini indicated that it did not enter the lumina by paracellular leakage. IgG is thought to enter saliva by paracellular leakage but did not accumulate in luminal saliva in the present study. Electrophoresis suggested that the major proteins secreted in the absence of stimulation were the same as those present in subsequently stimulated saliva. It can be concluded that IgA and other major submandibular proteins are secreted into glandular lumina in the absence of nerve stimulation. The functional significance of such unstimulated protein secretion is at present unclear. [source] Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles in a Rod-Like Fashion Using Proteins as Templates,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 3 2006R. Bhattacharya Abstract An area of considerable current interest is the development of a practical approach for assembling inorganic nanoparticles into well-defined arrays because such a technique would offer immense opportunities leading to applications in microimaging, optoelectronics, therapeutics, etc. This paper illustrates a new, simple one-step process in which proteins act as templates to assemble gold nanoparticles in a shape-selective fashion. We show, for the first time, that antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor 165 isoform, 2C3, and epidermal growth factor receptor can act as templates when present in solution during the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. These proteins direct the assembly of the gold nanoparticles into rod-like shapes when cooled to ,20,°C followed by thawing at room temperature. Immunoglobulin,G and bovine serum albumin can also direct the assembly process in a similar fashion; however, small molecules, such as poly(L -lysine) and lysine, cannot. The formation of a self-assembled structure in the form of a continuous rod, or the assembly of discrete nanoparticles in a rod-like fashion, can be tailored by controlling the ratio of the precursor gold salt, HAuCl4, to the antibody/protein used as the template. The nanoconjugates are characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The nano-bioconjugates obtained via this process may find wide application in areas ranging from optoelectronics and biosensors to therapeutics in neoplastic disorders. [source] Effects of human interleukin-18 and interleukin-12 treatment on human lymphocyte engraftment in NOD-scid mouseIMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Hidenobu Senpuku Summary NOD/LtSz- prkdcscid/prkdcscid (non-obese diabetic-severe combine immunodeficiency; NOD-scid) mice grafted with human peripheral blood lymphoid cells have been used as an in vivo humanized mouse model in various studies. However, cytotoxic human T cells are induced in this model during immune responses, which gives misleading results. To assist in grafting of human lymphocytes without the induction of cytotoxic human T cells, we investigated the effects of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines on human lymphocyte grafting and migration, as well as the production of immunoglobulin deposited in glomeruli and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection using NOD-scid mice. Administration of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-12 enhanced the grafting of human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the mice, whereas co-administration prevented grafting due to interferon-,-dependent apoptosis. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) deposits were observed in mice treated with IL-18 alone, but not in those given phosphate-buffered saline, IL-12 alone, or IL-18 + IL-12. A high rate of HIV infection was also observed in the IL-18-treated group. Together, these results indicate that IL-18 may be effective for the grafting and migration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, except for the induction of apoptosis and regulation of class-switching IgA. IL-18-administered NOD-scid mice provide a useful small humanized model for the study of HIV infection and IgA nephropathy. [source] High Response to Intravenous Immunoglobulin in the Treatment of Acquired Hemophilia in an Elderly PatientJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 7 2004Marc Paccalin MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Immunoglobulin A deficiency and oral health status: a case,control studyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Gudmundur H. Jorgensen Abstract Introduction: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is important for mucosal health. Selective IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary immunodeficiency but its effect on oral health is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate dental, periodontal and oral mucosal health in IgAD individuals. Material and methods: In total, 32 adult IgAD subjects were compared with 63 randomly selected individuals. Participants answered questionnaires regarding general and oral health and underwent oral examination, including examination using the periodontal screening and recording (PSR) system and dental examination using the DMF system. Results: The IgAD individuals had significantly more often undergone tonsillectomy (44%versus 24%, p=0.046) and adenoidectomy (31%versus 8%, p=0.003) compared with the controls. Furthermore, the IgAD subjects reported having pharyngitis, stomatitis and herpes labialis significantly more often. There was no significant difference in periodontal health (mean PSR index; 1.87 versus 1.77) or dental health (mean DMFS; 51.3 versus 53.7) between the two cohorts. A positive correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and severity of periodontitis was found (p=0.036). Conclusion: IgAD predisposes to oral mucosal infections but does not influence periodontal or dental health. This is the first controlled study to include detailed clinical history and investigations, together with full oral and dental examination, in adults with IgAD. [source] Microencapsulation Protects Immunoglobulin in Yolk (IgY) Specific against Helicobacter pylori UreaseJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2002H.-M. Chang ABSTRACT: Hens were intramuscularly (im) immunized on thighs by using urease (E.C. 3.5.1.5) from Helicobactor pylori as antigen. The specificity of IgY against urease of H. pylori increased gradually after initial immunization. The collected yolk was microencapsulated with 10% or 20%,-cyclodextrin (,-CD) and gum arabic by a spray-drier. Microencapsulation was effective in protecting the IgY activity against pepsin. Liposome prepared at the lecithin/ cholesterol ratio of 1/0.25 (mole/mole) displayed satisfactory encapsulation efficiency (69%) of IgY. Increase in cholesterol content in the liposomal structure exhibited a stronger protection effect of IgY against pepsin and acid. [source] Effect of a gluten-free diet on growth and small-bowel histology in children with celiac disease in IndiaJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 8 2007Surender K Yachha Abstract Background and Aim:, Follow-up studies on growth and histological recovery of children with celiac disease (CD) while on a gluten-free diet (GFD) are lacking from Asia. We therefore assessed the effects of this diet. Methods:, Forty-two children with CD were enrolled. Weight and height were expressed as weight for height (WfH) and height standard deviation scores (HSDS), respectively. Twenty-five children had repeated duodenal biopsies after 1,2 years and 14 had a third biopsy after 3,7 years of GFD. Compliance was checked by regular interview and IgA antiendomysial antibody estimation (EMA). Results:, At diagnosis (n = 25), mean HSDS was ,3.3 ± 1.6 with 76% having a HSDS of <,2; 60% were undernourished (WfH mean 81.6 ± 5.7). Over a mean follow up of 3.7 years, HSDS improved to ,1.3 ± 1.7 and 84% cases achieved normal nutrition. Mean height velocity was 13.9 cm during first year and 5.6 cm in subsequent years. Small-bowel biopsies at diagnosis showed subtotal villous atrophy (Marsh IIIb) in 18 (72%) and partial villous atrophy (Marsh IIIa) in seven (28%) patients. Repeat biopsy at 1,2 years showed shift from subtotal to partial villous atrophy in 94% (n = 17/18) and normalization in one patient. In patients with Marsh IIIa improvement of partial villous atrophy was observed in all. Immunoglobulin A endomysial antibody was negative in 81%. Repeat biopsies at 5 years of GFD showed improvement to Marsh I,II, but none normalized. Conclusion:, The majority of children with CD show normalization of nutrition and growth after GFD. Small-bowel histology improves markedly but does not normalize even after 5 years of GFD. [source] A family with IgA nephropathy and hereditary lymphoedema praecoxJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 5 2002M. USTA Abstract.,Usta M, Dilek K, Ersoy A, Alper E, Özbek S, Özdemir B, Filiz G, Yavuz M, Güllülü M, Yurtkuran M (Uluda, University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey). A family with IgA nephropathy and hereditary lymphoedema praecox (Case Report). J Intern Med 2002; 251: 447,451. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. The pathogenesis is still unknown and treatment has not yet been established. Rarely it can be associated with other disorders. Its association with hereditary lymphoedema is not reported before. We report four patients, a 60-year-old father, his two sons and his daughter, with hereditary lymphoedema. The family had nine members and in four of them lymphoedema was evident. The other members had neither lymphoedema nor IgA nephropathy. This is the first report of IgA nephropathy in association with hereditary lymphoedema. [source] Izumo is part of a multiprotein family whose members form large complexes on mammalian spermMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 12 2009Diego A. Ellerman Izumo, a sperm membrane protein, is essential for gamete fusion in the mouse. It has an Immunoglobulin (Ig) domain and an N-terminal domain for which neither the functions nor homologous sequences are known. In the present work we identified three novel proteins showing an N-terminal domain with significant homology to the N-terminal domain of Izumo. We named this region "Izumo domain," and the novel proteins "Izumo 2," "Izumo 3," and "Izumo 4," retaining "Izumo 1" for the first described member of the family. Izumo 1,3 are transmembrane proteins expressed specifically in the testis, and Izumo 4 is a soluble protein expressed in the testis and in other tissues. Electrophoresis under mildly denaturing conditions, followed by Western blot analysis, showed that Izumo 1, 3, and 4 formed protein complexes on sperm, Izumo 1 forming several larger complexes and Izumo 3 and 4 forming a single larger complex. Studies using different recombinant Izumo constructs suggested the Izumo domain possesses the ability to form dimers, whereas the transmembrane domain or the cytoplasmic domain or both of Izumo 1 are required for the formation of multimers of higher order. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed the presence of other sperm proteins associated with Izumo 1, suggesting Izumo 1 forms a multiprotein membrane complex. Our results raise the possibility that Izumo 1 might be involved in organizing or stabilizing a multiprotein complex essential for the function of the membrane fusion machinery. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 1188,1199, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Brief Communication: Immunoglobulin A1 protease: A new therapeutic candidate for immunoglobulin A nephropathyNEPHROLOGY, Issue 5 2010LIN-SHEN XIE ABSTRACT Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), characterized by predominant or exclusive deposition of IgA1 in glomerular mesangium, is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. At present, the treatment is always limited due to the incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of IgAN. Mesangial deposited IgA1 is the common final pathway leading to glomerulonephritis and renal injury. IgA1 protease, a proteolytic enzyme with strict substrate specificity for human IgA1, may be an effective therapeutic candidate for IgAN by removing the mesangial deposited IgA1. [source] Spontaneous animal model, ddY mouse, for studying the pathogenesis and treatment in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathyNEPHROLOGY, Issue 1 2010YASUHIKO TOMINO ABSTRACT: Immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy has the highest incidence among the various forms glomerulonephritis in the world. The initiating and progressive factors in patients with IgA nephropathy are still obscure. Although there is no specific treatment for patients with IgA nephropathy at present, more clinical trials of new treatments are warranted for such patients. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify those factors and to develop more effective drugs using a spontaneous animal model, the ddY mouse, in the future. [source] Enhanced levels of cow's milk antibodies in infancy in children who develop type 1 diabetes later in childhoodPEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 5 2008Kristiina Luopajärvi Background:, Early exposure to cow's milk (CM) proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Objective:, We analyzed the development of the humoral immune response to dietary CM proteins in early childhood and its relation to later T1D. Subjects and methods:, We studied a subgroup of 94 children randomized to be weaned to a CM-based infant formula in the trial to reduce insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the genetically at risk (TRIGR) pilot study. All subjects carried human leukocyte antigen-conferred T1D susceptibility and had an affected first-degree relative. After 7 years of follow-up, 8 subjects had progressed to T1D, 15 had at least one disease-associated autoantibody, and 71 remained autoantibody negative (controls). Immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA class antibodies to whole CM formula, beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), bovine serum albumin, and alpha-casein and IgG antibodies to bovine insulin (BI) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays from sequential samples. Results:, The children with later T1D showed increased IgG levels to BLG from 3 to 18 months of age (p = 0.028) and enhanced IgA levels to CM formula at the age of 9 months (p = 0.022) compared with controls. In the children with an affected father or sibling, IgG antibodies to BI were higher in autoantibody-positive subjects than in autoantibody-negative subjects at 18 months of age (p = 0.022). Conclusion:, An enhanced humoral immune response to various CM proteins in infancy is seen in a subgroup of those children who later progress to T1D. Accordingly, a dysregulated immune response to oral antigens is an early event in the pathogenesis of T1D. [source] Immunoglobulin 1 (IgG1) Fc-glycosylation profiling of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies from human serumPROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, Issue 1 2009H. Ulrich Scherer Abstract In several autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autoantibodies are thought to be the driving force of pathogenicity. Glycosylation of the Fc-part of human Igs is known to modulate biological activity. Hitherto, glycosylation of human IgG-Fc has been analyzed predominantly at the level of total serum IgG, revealing reduced galactosylation in RA. Given the pathogenic relevance of autoantibodies in RA, we wished, in the present study, to address the question whether distinct Fc-glycosylation features are observable at the level of antigen-specific IgG subpopulations. For this purpose, we have developed a method for the microscale purification and Fc-glycosylation analysis of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA). ACPA represent a group of autoantibodies that occur with unique specificity in RA patients. Their presence is associated with increased inflammatory disease activity and rapid joint destruction. Results indicate that ACPA of the IgG1 subclass vary considerably from total serum IgG1 with respect to Fc-galactosylation, with galactosylation being higher on ACPA than on serum IgG1 for some patients, while other patients show higher galactosylation on serum IgG1 than on ACPA. Using this method, studies can be performed on the biological and clinical relevance of ACPA glycosylation within RA patient cohorts. [source] Immunoglobulin A antibodies against desmoglein 1, envoplakin, periplakin and BP230 in a patient with atypical bullous pemphigoidTHE JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Fumi YAMAKI Abstract Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease associated with autoantibodies against BP180 and BP230. We report herein a rare case of bullous pemphigoid with newly formed annular erythematous lesions when bullous skin lesions were in remission. Various immunological studies revealed immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibodies against desmoglein 1, envoplakin, periplakin and BP230 in addition to IgG antibodies against BP180 and BP230. These clinical and immunological changes in a patient are a rare event, suggesting an epitope-spreading phenomenon. [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Treatment with Adalimumab (Humira®) and Intravenous Immunoglobulin Improves Pregnancy Rates in Women Undergoing IVF,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Edward E. Winger Problem, The purpose of this study was to investigate whether treatment with TNF-, inhibitors and/or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) increases in vitro fertilization (IVF) success rates among young (<38 years) women with infertility and T helper 1/T helper 2 cytokine elevation. Method of study, Seventy-five sub-fertile women with Th1/Th2 cytokine elevation were divided into four groups: Group I: Forty-one patients using both IVIG and Adalimumab (Humira®), Group II: Twenty-three patients using IVIG, Group III: Six patients using Humira®, and Group IV: Five patients using no IVIG or Humira®. Results, The implantation rate (number of gestational sacs per embryo transferred, with an average of two embryos transferred by cycle) was 59% (50/85), 47% (21/45), 31% (4/13) and 0% (0/9) for groups I, II, III and IV respectively. The clinical pregnancy rate (fetal heart activity per IVF cycle started) was 80% (33/41), 57% (13/23), 50% (3/6) and 0% (0/5) and the live birth rate was 73% (30/41), 52% (12/23), 50% (3/6) and 0% (0/5) respectively. There was a significant improvement in implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth rates for group I versus group IV (P = 0.0007, 0.0009, and 0.003, respectively) and for group II versus group IV (P = 0.009, 0.04 and 0.05, respectively). Conclusion, The use of a TNF-, inhibitor and IVIG significantly improves IVF outcome in young infertile women with Th1/Th2 cytokine elevation. [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Treatment with Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors and Intravenous Immunoglobulin Improves Live Birth Rates in Women with Recurrent Spontaneous AbortionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Edward E. Winger Problem, The purpose of this study was to investigate whether treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors combined with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) increases live birth rates among women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) concurrently treated with anticoagulants (AC). Method of study, Seventy-five pregnancies in patients with a history of RSA were retrospectively evaluated. The population was divided into three groups: group I: 21 patients treated with AC (anticoagulants), group II: 37 patients treated with AC and IVIG, and group III: 17 patients treated with AC, IVIG and the TNF inhibitor Etanercept (Enbrel®) or Adalimumab (Humira®). In groups II and III, IVIG was administered at least once during the cycle of conception and/or at least once after a positive pregnancy test. In group III, either Adalimumab or Etanercept was administered by subcutaneous injection according to standard protocols. Statistical analysis of pregnancy outcome was performed using Fisher's exact test. Results, Patient populations in the three treatment groups were similar in terms of age, past miscarriages, inherited thrombophilia and autoimmunity. The live birth rate was 19% (4/21) in group I, 54% (20/37) in group II, and 71% (12/17) in group III. There was significant improvement in pregnancy outcome in group II versus group I (P = 0.0127) and in group III versus group I (P = 0.0026). The live birth rate in group III compared to group II was not significantly different (P = 0.3723). Side effects of AC, IVIG and TNF inhibitor treatment were minimal in these patients, and no birth defects were identified in their offspring. Conclusion, In women with RSA, addition of either IVIG or a TNF inhibitor + IVIG to the AC regimen appears to improve live birth rates compared to the treatment with AC alone. The positive effect of IVIG and TNF inhibitor therapy on pregnancy outcome merits further study in prospective clinical trials. [source] Inverse Association between T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain-1 and T-bet in a Mouse Model of Allergic Rhinitis,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 6 2007Geng Xu MD Abstract Background: It has been suggested that human hepatitis A virus cellular receptor, also known as T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-1 (TIM-1), plays an important role in the development of allergic diseases on the basis of epidemiologic data, but the molecular mechanism has been unclear. In a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized allergic rhinitis (AR), we examined the expression of TIM-1 and its correlation with T helper1-associated transcription factor, T-bet, as a potential mediator of T-cell immunoglobulin expression. Methods: Mice were challenged intranasally with OVA to elicit AR. The expression of TIM-1 in nasal tissues was examined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the surface expression of TIM-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was evaluated by means of flow cytometry. In addition, the expression of TIM-1 as well as T-bet in splenic lymphocytes was examined by Western blotting. Results: TIM-1 mRNA was increased significantly in nasal tissues (P < .05) as seen by real-time RT-PCR. Flow cytometry indicated a differential TIM-1 expression of 135.5 ± 34.2 in the AR group versus 51.1 ± 10.9 in the control group (P < .05). The mean values of normalized TIM-1 were 0.43 ± 0.18 and 0.21 ± 0.10 in AR and control groups, respectively, whereas the mean values of normalized T-bet were 0.22 ± 0.13 and 0.67 ± 0.17 in the AR and control groups, respectively. There was a significant difference in the production of TIM-1 as well as T-bet in AR mice versus control mice (P < .05). The increased production of TIM-1 correlated significantly with the decreased T-bet in spleen tissue of AR mice (r = ,0.52, P < .05). Conclusion: Our experimental model recapitulates an increase in lymphocyte TIM-1 expression seen in AR both locally and systemically. Our results also demonstrate an inverse relationship between lymphocyte TIM-1 and T-bet expression, suggesting a possible mechanism that TIM-1 influences the development of AR. [source] Prophylaxis Against Hepatitis B Recurrence Posttransplantation Using Lamivudine and Individualized Low-Dose Hepatitis B ImmunoglobulinAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 8 2010L. Jiang Although the combination of lamivudine (LAM) and high-dose intravenous (IV) hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) is very effective in preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT), the major limitation of this regimen is its high cost. A more cost-effective, convenient and widely accepted regimen is urgently needed. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of another strategy using LAM and individualized low-dose intramuscular (IM) HBIG. Between May 2002 and December 2009, a total of 254 adult patients undergoing LT for HBV-related benign end-stage liver diseases received this regimen in our center. The mean follow-up of these patients was 41.2 ± 22.7 months. Their 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 85.3%, 77.4% and 76.4%, respectively, and 1-, 3- and 5-year HBV recurrence rates were 2.3%, 6.2% and 8.2%. Fourteen patients experienced posttransplant HBV recurrence. Pretransplant high viral load and posttransplant prednisone withdrawal time were observed to be associated with recurrence. In conclusion, combination therapy with LAM and individualized low-dose IM HBIG provides a safe and effective prophylaxis against HBV recurrence after LT at about 5% of the cost of conventional high-dose IV HBIG regimens. [source] Posttransplant Prophylactic Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Kidney Transplant Patients at High Immunological Risk: A Pilot StudyAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 5 2007D. Anglicheau The effects of posttransplant prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) were investigated in renal transplant recipients at high immunological risk. Thirty-eight deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients with previous positive complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch (n = 30), and/or donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (n = 14) were recruited. IVIg (2 g/kg) was administrated on days 0, 21, 42 and 63 with quadruple immunosuppression. Biopsy-proven acute cellular and humoral rejection rates at month 12 were 18% and 10%, respectively. Glomerulitis was observed in 31% and 60% of patients at months 3 and 12, respectively, while allograft glomerulopathy rose from 3% at month 3 to 28% at 12 months. Interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy increased from 18% at day 0 to 51% and 72% at months 3 and 12 (p < 0.0001). GFR was 50 ± 17 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 48 ± 17 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 3 and 12 months. PRA decreased significantly after IVIg (class I: from 18 ± 27% to 5 ± 12%, p < 0.01; class II: from 25 ± 30% to 7 ± 16%, p < 0.001). Patient and graft survival were 97% and 95%, respectively and no graft was lost due to rejection (mean follow-up 25 months). In conclusion, prophylactic IVIg in high-immunological risk patients is associated with good one-year outcomes, with adequate GFR and a profound decrease in PRA level, but a significant increase in allograft nephropathy. [source] Indications of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae are associated with expansion of abdominal aortic aneurysmBRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 4 2000R. A. P. Scott Background: This was a study of the possible association between the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and indicators of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Methods: Blood samples were taken from patients with AAA (3 cm diameter or greater detected by an aneurysm screening programme) who had been followed prospectively for up to 11·5 (mean 4·1) years. A sex- and age-matched control group was also recruited. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA antibodies against C. pneumoniae were measured by a microimmunofixation test. Analysis of variance, multiple linear regression and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Ninety men and ten women with a small AAA and 20 age-matched male controls were investigated. Outcome measures studied were AAA expansion, and IgA and IgG titres of antibodies against C. pneumoniae. Results: Forty-four (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 31,55) per cent of the men with an AAA had IgA greater than 64 or IgA above 28 compared with 10 per cent of the women with an AAA (odds ratio (OR) 7·2 (95 per cent c.i. 1·0,160·8)) and 25 per cent of the controls (OR 2·24 (95 per cent c.i. 0·67,7·93)). IgA greater than 128 was significantly associated with greater expansion (5·3 versus 2·6 mm per year), even after adjustment for initial AAA size and age. A significant dose,response reaction was found between IgA titre and mean annual expansion (R = 0·45 (95 per cent c.i. 0·24,0·62)). The significant positive correlation remained after adjusting for initial AAA size and age. Finally, IgG greater than 128 was present significantly more often in patients with expansion above 1 cm annually (OR 12·6 (95 per cent c.i. 1·4,293)). Conclusion: A high proportion of men with AAA have signs of infection by C. pneumoniae. The progression of AAAs correlated with the presence of indicators of C. pneumonia infection, and a dose,response reaction between IgA titre and expansion was observed. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd [source] Too early to dismiss Yersinia enterocolitica infection in the aetiology of Graves' disease: evidence from a twin case,control studyCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Thomas H. Brix Summary Background,Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) infection has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD). The association between YE and GD could, however, also be due to common genetic or environmental factors affecting the development of both YE infection and GD. This potential confounding can be minimized by investigation of twin pairs discordant for GD. Aim, To examine whether YE infection is associated with GD. Design, We first conducted a classical case,control study of individuals with (61) and without (122) GD, and then a case,control study of twin pairs (36) discordant for GD. Methods, Immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG antibodies to virulence-associated Yersinia outer membrane proteins (YOPs) were measured. Main outcome measures, The prevalence of YOP IgA and IgG antibodies. Results, Subjects with GD had a higher prevalence of YOP IgA (49%vs. 34%, P = 0·054) and YPO IgG (51%vs. 35%, P = 0·043) than the external controls. The frequency of chronic YE infection, reflected by the presence of both IgA and IgG YOP antibodies, was also higher among cases than controls (49%vs. 33%, P = 0·042). Similar results were found in twin pairs discordant for GD. In the case,control analysis, individuals with GD had an increased odds ratio (OR) of YE infection: IgA 1·84 (95% CI 0·99,3·45) and IgG 1·90 (95% CI 1·02,3·55). In the co-twin analysis, the twin with GD also had an increased OR of YE infection: IgA 5·5 (95% CI 1·21,24·81) and IgG 5·0 (95% CI 1·10,22·81). Conclusion, The finding of an association between GD and YE in the case,control study and within twin pairs discordant for GD supports the notion that YE infection plays an aetiological role in the occurrence of GD, or vice versa. Future studies should examine the temporal relationship of this association in more depth. [source] Analysis of ,-globulin mobility on routine clinical CE equipment: Exploring its molecular basis and potential clinical utilityELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 15 2009Dieter Vanderschaeghe Abstract A study was conducted on the variability of ,-globulin mobility in serum protein electrophoresis and its molecular basis. We found that the migration time of ,-globulins can be reproducibly determined (CV=1.1%) on clinical CE equipment. Moreover, we found a significant difference (p<0.001) in the migration of ,-globulins between chronic liver disease patients (n=98) and a healthy reference group (n=47). Serum immunoglobulins were purified from these patients' sera using protein L -agarose and their glycosylation was studied using CE on a DNA sequencer. This glycomics approach revealed that several non-sialylated N-glycans show a moderate Pearson correlation coefficient (r=0.2,0.4) with the migration time of ,-globulins. Their sialylated structures correlate negatively (r=,0.2 to ,0.3). Immunoglobulins are significantly more sialylated in the healthy reference group compared with the patients (p<0.001). We estimated that sialylation heterogeneity contributes about 36% to the molecular variance (carbohydrates and amino acid composition) that affects the electrophoretic mobility of immunoglobulins. This is the first report on the migration time of ,-globulins on a clinical CE instrument and its potential clinical value to the routinely analyzed serum protein CE profiles. [source] Serum IgG Concentrations after Intravenous Serum Transfusion in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Dairy Calves with Inadequate Transfer of Colostral ImmunoglobulinsJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2010M. Chigerwe Background: Plasma transfusions have been used clinically in the management of neonates with failure of passive transfer. No studies have evaluated the effect of IV serum transfusions on serum IgG concentrations in dairy calves with inadequate transfer of passive immunity. Hypothesis: A commercially available serum product will increase serum immunoglobulin concentration in calves with inadequate transfer of colostral immunoglobulins. Animals: Thirty-two Jersey and Jersey-Holstein cross calves with inadequate colostral transfer of immunoglobulins (serum total protein <5.0 g/L). Methods: Thirty-two calves were randomly assigned to either control (n = 15) or treated (n = 17) groups. Treated calves received 0.5 L of a pooled serum product IV. Serum IgG concentrations before and after serum transfusion were determined by radial immunodiffusion. Results: Serum protein concentrations increased from time 0 to 72 hours in both control and transfused calves and the difference was significant between the control and treatment groups (P < .001). Mean pre- and posttreatment serum IgG concentrations in control and transfused calves did not differ significantly. Median serum IgG concentrations decreased from 0 to 72 hours by 70 mg/dL in control calves and increased over the same time interval in transfused calves by 210 mg/dL. The difference was significant between groups (P < .001). The percentage of calves that had failure of immunoglobulin transfer 72 hours after serum transfusion was 82.4%. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Serum administration at the dosage reported did not provide adequate serum IgG concentrations in neonatal calves with inadequate transfer of colostral immunoglobulins. [source] Immunoglobulins in saliva of preterm and full-term infants.MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 200318 months of age, A longitudinal study from 0 The aim of this longitudinal study was to determine salivary levels of total IgA, IgG and IgM in 84 preterm and 214 full-term infants, from birth to 18 months of age. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from each infant at birth, and subsequently at 3-monthly intervals. Immunoglobulin levels were estimated using an ELISA technique. At birth, IgA was detected in 147/214 (69%) full-term infants but only 47/84 (56%) preterm infants (P < 0.01). In the case of IgG, 61% of full-term and 56% of preterm infants showed detectable levels, whereas IgM was found in 71% and 73%, respectively. Levels of IgA and IgG rose from birth to 18 months, whereas IgM levels did not change significantly. Increases in salivary levels of IgA were associated with introduction of solid foods (P < 0.001), as well as tooth eruption (P < 0.001). Our results indicate that the majority of full-term and preterm infants are orally immunocompetent at birth. [source] Immunoglobulin uptake and processing by Schistosoma mansoniPARASITE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 9 2006C. THORS SUMMARY Intravascular Schistosoma mansoni worms seem to take up immunoglobulins from blood by surface Fc-receptors, but the process whereby bound immunoglobulins are processed by the parasite is poorly understood. We here present morphological data suggesting that two distinct main processes are involved: Host immunoglobulins were seen at two distinct locations in the parasite: in the frontal part of the enteric tube, the oesophagus, and as a fine granular staining at the surface and in the subtegumental region. The latter staining pattern corresponds to host immunoglobulin localization in discrete organelle-like aggregates tentatively identified as ,discoid or elongate bodies' at the ultrastructural level using immunogold staining. Immunoglobulin uptake by intravascular worms was also demonstrated in vivo after passive administration of 125I-labelled rabbit and mouse immunoglobulins. Radiolabelled immunoglobulins were taken up by the worms and shown to localize as fine strands running perpendicular to the parasite surface. Our results suggest that intravascular schistosomes take up host immunoglobulins both as part of their enteric digestion and by a surface Fc-receptor-mediated mechanism, involving transport and processing within organelles, ,elongate bodies'. Immunoglobulins taken up by intravascular schistosomes form a distinct organelle-like granules, which seem to be processed within the excretory system of the parasite. [source] Efficacy of Induction Therapy with ATG and Intravenous Immunoglobulins in Patients with Low-Level Donor-Specific HLA-AntibodiesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 5 2010K. Bächler Low-level donor-specific HLA-antibodies (HLA-DSA) (i.e. detectable by single-antigen flow beads, but negative by complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch) represent a risk factor for early allograft rejection. The short-term efficacy of an induction regimen consisting of polyclonal anti-T-lymphocyte globulin (ATG) and intravenous immunoglobulins (IvIg) in patients with low-level HLA-DSA is unknown. In this study, we compared 67 patients with low-level HLA-DSA not having received ATG/IvIg induction (historic control) with 37 patients, who received ATG/IvIg induction. The two groups were equal regarding retransplants, HLA-matches, number and class of HLA-DSA. The overall incidence of clinical/subclinical antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) was lower in the ATG/IvIg than in the historic control group (38% vs. 55%; p = 0.03). This was driven by a significantly lower rate of clinical AMR (11% vs. 46%; p = 0.0002). Clinical T-cell-mediated rejection (TCR) was significantly lower in the ATG/IvIg than in the historic control group (0% vs. 50%; p < 0.0001). Within the first year, allograft loss due to AMR occurred in 7.5% in the historic control and in 0% in the ATG/IvIg group. We conclude that in patients with low-level HLA-DSA, ATG/IvIg induction significantly reduces TCR and the severity of AMR, but the high rate of subclinical AMR suggests an insufficient control of the humoral immune response. [source] Immunoglobulins and complement in postmortem multiple sclerosis tissue,ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 1 2009Michael H. Barnett MBBS Objective To identify evidence of a discrete, specific immune response in multiple sclerosis (MS) by analyzing the distribution of immunoglobulins and complement in tissue derived from cases of MS, and from control inflammatory white matter diseases known to express viral and autoantigens in the brain and spinal cord. Methods Autopsy tissue from 25 MS patients and 24 patients with other neurological diseases was examined immunohistochemically for immunoglobulins and activated complement (C3d and C9neo). Results In tissue remote from focal lesions in MS and other neurological diseases, IgG was detected in many normal structures but not in myelin or ramified microglia. Disrupted myelin in areas of active myelin breakdown and in phagocytes stained positively for C3d and C9neo, and equivocally for IgG in MS and all other neurological diseases examined, including ischemic infarcts. Disease-specific deposits of IgG or complement were detected in virus-infected cells in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and cytomegalovirus encephalitis; in glial-limiting membranes in neuromyelitis optica; and in senile plaques in Alzheimer's dementia. Specific to MS were unusual microglial nodules containing short, linear deposits of activated complement (C3d) on partly demyelinated axons located in normal-appearing periplaque white matter. Interpretation IgG and complement immunostaining of disrupted myelin in MS lesions, frequently cited as an indication of pathogenic anti-myelin antibodies, is a nonspecific feature that cannot be interpreted as evidence of a distinct pathogenesis or serve to define particular variants of the disease. The unusual microglial nodules described in this study may constitute a specific biomarker with pathogenetic significance in MS. Ann Neurol 2009;65:32,46 [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||