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Anatomic Classification (anatomic + classification)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	100%

Selected Abstracts

Slow Repetitive TMS for Drug-resistant Epilepsy: Clinical and EEG Findings of a Placebo-controlled Trial

EPILEPSIA, Issue 2 2007
Roberto Cantello
Summary:,Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as an adjunctive treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. Methods: Forty-three patients with drug-resistant epilepsy from eight Italian Centers underwent a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover study on the clinical and EEG effects of slow rTMS. The stimulus frequency was 0.3 Hz. One thousand stimuli per day were given at the resting motor threshold intensity for 5 consecutive days, with a round coil at the vertex. Results:"Active" rTMS was no better than placebo for seizure reduction. However, it decreased interictal EEG epileptiform abnormalities significantly (p < 0.05) in one-third of the patients, which supports a detectable biologic effect. No correlation linked the rTMS effects on seizure frequency to syndrome or anatomic classification, seizure type, EEG changes, or resting motor threshold (an index of motor cortex excitability). Conclusions: Although the antiepileptic action was not significant (p > 0.05), the individual EEG reactivity to "active" rTMS may be encouraging for the development of more-powerful, noninvasive neuromodulatory strategies. [source]

Different Electroclinical Manifestations of the Epilepsy Associated with Hamartomas Connecting to the Middle or Posterior Hypothalamus

EPILEPSIA, Issue 9 2003
Alberto J. R. Leal
Summary:,Purpose: The epilepsy associated with hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) has typical clinical, electrophysiologic, and behavioral manifestations refractory to drug therapy and with unfavorable evolution. It is well known that only sessile lesions produce epilepsy, but no correlation has been established between the different types of sessile hamartomas and the diverse manifestations of the epilepsy. We correlate anatomic details of the hamartoma and the clinical and neurophysiologic manifestations of the associated epilepsy. Methods: HHs of seven patients with epilepsy (ages 2, 25 years) were classified as to lateralization and connection to the anteroposterior axis of the hypothalamus by using high-resolution brain magnetic resonance imaging. We correlated the anatomic classification with the clinical and neurophysiologic manifestations of the epilepsy as evaluated in long-term (24 h) video-EEG recordings. Results: HHs ranged in size from 0.4 to 2.6 cc, with complete lateralization in six of seven patients. Ictal manifestations showed good correlation with the lobar involvement of ictal/interictal EEGs. These manifestations suggest the existence of two types of cortical involvement, one associated with the temporal lobe, produced by hamartomas connected to the posterior hypothalamus (mamillary bodies), and the other associated with the frontal lobe, seen in lesions connecting to the middle hypothalamus. Conclusions: A consistent clinical and neurophysiologic pattern of either temporal or frontal lobe cortical secondary involvement was found in the patients of our series. It depends on whether the hamartoma connects to the mamillary bodies (temporal lobe cases) or whether it connects to the medial hypothalamus (frontal lobe cases). [source]

1262: Symptoms and signs of anterior uveitis

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010
I TUGAL-TUTKUN
Purpose Based on the anatomic classification of uveitis, iritis and iridocyclitis are classified as anterior uveitis. Methods Symptoms and signs of anterior uveitis will be presented Results Patients with acute anterior uveitis typically present with red eyes, photophobia, ocular pain, and sometimes visual blurring. In chronic anterior uveitis, onset is usually insidious and patients may be asymptomatic until the development of complications. Ciliary injection, endothelial dusting or fine keratic precipitates (KPs), cells and flare in the anterior chamber with or without hypopyon formation or fibrinous exudate are the typical findings of alternating unilateral acute nongranulomatous anterior uveitis which is most commonly seen in association with HLA-B27 antigen and spondyloarthropaties. Medium-size KPs or large mutton-fat KPs, chronic flare, Koeppe and Busacca nodules of the iris, peripheral anterior synechiae and broad-based posterior synechiae are the typical findings of granulomatous anterior uveitis which is often chronic. Viral anterior uveitis is characterized by unilateral recurrent episodes of anterior uveitis characterized by endotheliitis, elevated intraocular pressure, and patchy or sectoral iris atrophy. JIA-associated anterior uveitis is typically a bilateral nongranulomatous chronic anterior uveitis often complicated by band keratopathy, seclusion of the pupil, and cataract. Conclusion Symptoms and signs in anterior uveitis vary depending on the acute or chronic, ganulomatous or nongranulomatous nature of the disease. Specific anterior uveitic entities are characterized by a distinct constellation of ocular signs. [source]

3333: The clinical spectrum of corneal dystrophies

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010
P KESTELYN
Purpose To review the most common corneal dystrophies from the clinician's standpoint. Methods A systematic overview of the natural history and the clinical characteristics of the most common corneal dystrophies will be presented following the anatomic classification: epithelial and anterior stromal dystrophies, stromal dystrophies, and Descemet and endothelial dystrophies. Abundant use of slitlamp images will help to illustrate the most salient clinical features. Conclusion Despite the fact that the knowledge about the genetic mutations responsible for the different corneal dystrophies has led to a better understanding of their basic defect and to molecular tests for their precise diagnosis, in most patients the careful examination at the slitlamp combined with personal and family history will remain the cornerstone for diagnosis, counseling and treatment. [source]