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Anatolia
Kinds of Anatolia Selected AbstractsTHE RESERVOIR POTENTIAL OF MIOCENE CARBONATE ROCKS IN THE ASKALE AND HINIS-MUS-VAN SUB-BASINS, EAST ANATOLIA, TURKEYJOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2003A. G. Büyükutku Lower-middle Miocene limestones in East Anatolia (eastern Turkey) assigned to the Adilcevaz Formation were studied using core and cuttings data from eight wells in the Tertiary Askale and Hinis-Mus-Van sub-basins. Their depositional environment, diagenetic characteristics and reservoir quality are reviewed. The Adilcevaz Formation carbonates are up to 225m thick. Abundant bioclasts are dominated by corals, encrusting red algae, bryozoans, and benthonic and planktonic foraminifera. Reef-core, fore-reef and back-reef facies were recognized. The preservation of primary porosity is generally poor as a result of late calcite cementation. Porosity is mainly present as moulds, vugs and interparticle types, which are best developed in the fore-reef and reef-core facies. However these pores are poorly connected and permeability is generally less than 0.1 mD. In contrast to coeval limestones of similiar facies in Iran, Iraq and other parts of the Middle East, the Adilcevaz Formation has little reservoir potential. [source] ANATOLIA AND THE BALKANS, ONCE AGAIN , RING-SHAPED IDOLS FROM WESTERN ASIA AND A CRITICAL REASSESSMENT OF SOME ,EARLY BRONZE AGE' ITEMS FROM ,K,ZTEPE, TURKEYOXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 1 2007THOMAS ZIMMERMANN Summary. The ring-shaped idol pendant, a distinctive type of Chalcolithic ritual (?) jewellery, is discussed with regard to its chronology in the Balkans in light of its occasional appearance in Asia Minor. Known from domestic contexts, funerals and hoards (?), none of the so far documented Anatolian pendants (clearly another aspect testifying to the well-known Anatolian,Balkan connections in the fourth millennium BC) can be dated later than the Late Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age I. This fact provides further evidence for the developing hypothesis that certain inventories from ,kiztepe, the only prehistoric reference site on the Turkish Black Sea coast excavated on a large scale, need some profound chronological redating. Selected features and levels dated to ,Early Bronze Age II,III' at ,kiztepe seem to be several centuries older than currently believed, which has implications for the overall chronological range of these pendants. [source] THE USE OF OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN SHEEP MOLARS TO INVESTIGATE PAST HERDING PRACTICES AT THE NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT OF ÇATALHÖYÜK, CENTRAL ANATOLIAARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 3 2010E. HENTON This paper presents a pilot study designed to test the use of oxygen isotopes for investigating aspects of early herding practices in the Neolithic of western Asia, using the site of Çatalhöyük in central Anatolia as a case study. Time-sequenced ,18O values in dental enamel of archaeological sheep are assessed for post-depositional diagenetic effects and compared with seasonal ,18O meteoric water values in the region today. The evidence is used to indicate the environmental conditions in which individual sheep spent their first year, enabling management of breeding and birthing seasons, and movement to seasonal pastures, to be investigated. [source] Resettlement, Rights to Development and the Ilisu Dam, TurkeyDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2004Behrooz Morvaridi A cursory attempt to measure the extent of displacement over the past two decades indicates significant increases in conflict-induced displacement and displacement resulting from development projects. At the same time a growing opposition to the latter form of displacement has raised questions over its legitimacy through a variety of media, including public campaigns and protests. This article focuses on some of the challenges that this presents to the displacement and resettlement discourse. In particular it considers the influences of the rights to development agenda on the spatial context of displacement and its associated economic and political changes. There appears to be a disjuncture between the practices of mainstream development, which tend to interpret development policy as it is defined and applied by a nation state and to assess inequalities within clear geographical definitions, and the universality of a rights based approach to development. This article examines these tensions in the context of displacement and resettlement management, drawing on evidence from a case study of the Ilisu dam in South East Anatolia, Turkey. [source] Electrochemical Investigation of Binding of Heavy Metal Ions to Turkish LignitesELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 16 2004Erol Pehlivan Abstract Adsorption and desorption of Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ ions on samples of lignites (young brown coal) from three areas in the vicinity of Konya (Anatolia, Turkey) were followed using the polarographic method of analysis. This method enables the determination of free metal ions in suspensions containing both small and colloidal particles of lignite. Effects of pH, nature of the metal ion, and origin of the lignite on its adsorption capacity were followed. Binding is only between 5 and 30% reversible, indicating that ion exchange is not the predominant factor. The role of the size and shape of cavities inside pulverized lignite and of the functional groups inside these cavities was considered. [source] Prediction studies supported by computer on potato late blight in central Anatolia in Turkey,EPPO BULLETIN, Issue 2 2007E. Cakir Prediction of potato late blight epidemics, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary, was studied in three different villages of Bolu Province having large potato growing areas with the Winstel and Ullrich Schrodter models in the years 2002,05. During these years, a late blight outbreak was observed only in 2005 with the disease being less apparent in the other years. The Ullrich Schrodter model was found to poorly predict potato late blight epidemics in 2005. The Winstel model gave first warnings too early but correctly predicted late infections. Both the A1 and A2 mating types were found in Central Anatolia for the first time, in Bolu province. [source] Potato wart disease survey in TurkeyEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 3 2005E. Çak Synchytrium endobioticum was first detected in Turkey in 2003, in two areas remote from each other: two potato fields at Ordu and Giresun in the Black Sea region and adjacent potato fields at Nev,ehir and Ni,de in Central Anatolia. After an extensive survey carried out in the whole potato-growing areas of Turkey, the disease was found only in these places. The disease was present in areas of 1999.7, 54.2, 9.2 and 1.5 ha in Nev,ehir, Ni,de, Ordu and Giresun provinces respectively in 2004. This comprises 1.8% of the total potato-growing area. [source] Stratigraphy and volcanology of the Türkbükü volcanics: products of a stratovolcano in the Bodrum Peninsula, SW AnatoliaGEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Zekiye Karacik Abstract The Middle-Upper Miocene Bodrum magmatic complex of the Aegean region, southwestern Turkey, is mainly represented by intermediate stocks, lavas, pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits. Monzonitic stocks and connected porphyry intrusions and extrusions are the first products of the magmatism. These are followed by a volcanic succession consisting of andesitic-latitic lavas, autobrecciated lavas, pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits. The final stage is represented by basaltic and basaltic andesitic flows and dykes intruded into previous units. The volcanic succession crops out in the northern part of the Bodrum peninsula. In the lower part of this succession are widespread pyroclastic deposits, composed of pyroclastic fall and flow units, alternating with epiclastic deposits. Grain size, volume and thickness of the pyroclastic deposits were mainly controlled by the type, magnitude and intensity of the eruption. Further up the section, there are two horizons of debris avalanche deposits forming the coarsest and thickest deposits of the volcaniclastic succession. The debris avalanche deposits indicate at least two different flank collapses coeval with the volcanism. The stratigraphy and map pattern of these volcanic units imply that the northern part of the Bodrum peninsula was the north-facing flank of a stratovolcano during the mid-Late Miocene. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The syn-collisional Danac,obas, biotite leucogranite derived from the crustal thickening in central Anatolia (K,r,kkale), TurkeyGEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Issue 5 2005bel Tatar Abstract The Behrekda, composite batholith, which crops out as a huge N,S-trending plutonic body in central Anatolia, Turkey, consists of five mappable granitoid units of Late Cretaceous age. They are (1) the S-type, peraluminous Danac,obas, biotite leucogranite, (2) the I-type, hybrid, metaluminous Konur K-feldspar megacrystic quartz monzonite, (3) the mafic A-type, alkaline Kizdede monzogabbro, (4) the felsic A-type, alkaline Hasandede quartz syenite/monzonite, and (5) the M-type, low-K tholeiitic Yeniköy tonalite. The S-type Danac,obas, biotite leucogranite constitutes the oldest intrusive unit in the mapped area. It has coarse- to medium-crystalline texture and consists of quartz, orthoclase and plagioclase, with variable amounts of biotite and accessory minerals, including apatite, zircon and opaque phases. K-Ar age dating of biotite separates, yields cooling ages of 69.1,±,1.42 and 71.5,±,1.45,Ma for the Danac,obas, biotite leucogranite. Major-element, trace-element, and rare-earth element geochemical data suggest an exclusively peraluminous, S-type, high-K calc-alkaline, upper crustal genesis for the Danac,obas, biotite leucogranite. This petrogenetic interpretation is also supported by oxygen-isotope data from quartz separates, with a mean value of 10.58,±,0.11 , of ,18OVSMOW value. The magma source of the Danac,obas, biotite leucogranite is proposed to have been a syn-collisional leucogranitic melt derived by anatexis of high-grade metasediments of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex during peak conditions of regional metamorphism. This metamorphic event was induced by crustal thickening which was a result of Late Cretaceous collision between the Eurasia and Tauride,Anatolide Platform along the ,zmir,Ankara,Erzincan Suture Zone in central Anatolia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] K-Ar age determination, whole-rock and oxygen isotope geochemistry of the post-collisional Bizmi,en and Çalt, plutons, SW Erzincan, eastern Central Anatolia, TurkeyGEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2005Ayten Önal Abstract Post-collisional granitoid plutons intrude obducted Neo-Tethyan ophiolitic rocks in central and eastern Central Anatolia. The Bizmi,en and Çalt, plutons and the ophiolitic rocks that they intrude are overlain by fossiliferous and flyschoidal sedimentary rocks of the early Miocene Kemah Formation. These sedimentary rocks were deposited in basins that developed at the same time as tectonic unroofing of the plutons along E,W and NW,SE trending faults in Oligo-Miocene time. Mineral separates from the Bizmi,en and Çalt, plutons yield K-Ar ages ranging from 42 to 46,Ma, and from 40 to 49,Ma, respectively. Major, trace, and rare-earth element geochemistry as well as mineralogical and textural evidence reveals that the Bizmi,en pluton crystallized first, followed at shallower depth by the Çalt, pluton from a medium-K calcalkaline, I-type hybrid magma which was generated by magma mixing of coeval mafic and felsic magmas. Delta 18O values of both plutons fall in the field of I-type granitoids, although those of the Çalt, pluton are consistently higher than those of the Bizmi,en pluton. This is in agreement with field observations, petrographic and whole-rock geochemical data, which indicate that the Bizmi,en pluton represents relatively uncontaminated mantle material, whereas the Çalt, pluton has a significant crustal component. Structural data indicating the middle Eocene emplacement age and intrusion into already obducted ophiolitic rocks, suggest a post-collisional extensional origin. However, the pure geochemical discrimination diagrams indicate an arc origin which can be inherited either from the source material or from an upper mantle material modified by an early subduction process during the evolution of the Neo-Tethyan ocean. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Insights into biaxial extensional tectonics: an examplefrom the Sand,kl, Graben, West Anatolia, TurkeyGEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2003Mustafa Cihan Abstract West Anatolia, together with the Aegean Sea and the easternmost part of Europe, is one of the best examples of continental extensional tectonics. It is a complex area bounded by the Aegean,Cyprus Arc to the south and the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) to the north. Within this complex and enigmatic framework, the Sand,kl, Graben (10,km wide, 30,km long) has formed at the eastern continuation of the Western Anatolian extensional province at the north-northwestward edge of the Isparta Angle. Recent studies have suggested that the horst,graben structures in West Anatolia formed in two distinct extensional phases. According to this model the first phase of extension commenced in the Early,Middle Miocene and the last, which is accepted as the onset of neotectonic regime, in Early Pliocene. However, it is controversial whether two-phase extension was separated by a short period of erosion or compression during Late Miocene,Early Pliocene. Both field observations and kinematic analysis imply that the Sand,kl, Graben has existed since the Late Pliocene, with biaxial extension on its margins which does not necessarily indicate rotation of regional stress distribution in time. Although the graben formed later in the neotectonic period, the commencement of extension in the area could be Early Pliocene (c. 5,Ma) following a severe but short time of erosion at the end of Late Miocene. The onset of the extensional regime might be due to the initiation of westward motion of Anatolian Platelet along the NAFZ that could be triggered by the higher rate of subduction at the east Aegean,Cyprus Arc in the south of the Aegean Sea. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Seismotectonics of the Sinai subplate , the eastern Mediterranean regionGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2003Amos Salamon SUMMARY We define the Sinai subplate, from a seismotectonic perspective, as a distinct component in the plate tectonics of the eastern Mediterranean region. This is based on the tectonic characteristics of a comprehensive listing of all ML, 4 recorded seismicity in the region during the 20th century, on newly calculated and recalculated fault plane mechanisms of first P -wave arrivals and on published solutions based on waveform inversion of broad-band data. The low seismicity level and scarcity of strong events in the region required a thorough search for useful data and a careful examination of the reliability of the focal solutions. We gathered all available records of first P -wave onsets from the ISS and ISC Bulletins and the local seismic networks. Altogether, we were able to calculate 48 new focal mechanisms and 33 recalculated ones of events that occurred during the years 1940,1992. With the increasing number of teleseismic and regional broad-band stations in the later years, we added 37 solutions based on teleseismic and regional waveform inversions of events that occurred during 1977,2001. These mechanisms enabled us to examine the seismotectonic character of the Sinai subplate. The strike and rake directions of the calculated mechanisms usually reflect the geometry and the large-scale type of deformation observed along the boundaries of the Sinai subplate,the Dead Sea Transform, the Cypriot Arc convergent zone and the Suez Rift. Nevertheless, along each of these boundaries we found anomalous solutions that attest to the complexity of the deformation processes along plate margins. Earthquakes along the Dead Sea Transform exhibit mainly sinistral transtension and transpression, reflecting its leaky manner and local change in the transform geometry. The presence of other unexpected mechanisms near the transform, however, reflects the heterogeneous deformation it induces around. As expected, thrust mechanisms along the Cypriot Arc mirror its convergent nature and typical curved geometry. Transtension and transpressional solutions in the eastern segment of the arc reflect the sinistral shear motion between Anatolia and Sinai there. However, shear mechanisms found between Cyprus and the Eratosthenes Seamount pose a problem regarding its collision process. Most intriguing of all are ML, 4 thrust and shear solutions found in the Gulf of Suez. They are associated with predominantly normal mechanisms within a rift zone and therefore constitute a unique phenomenon, yet to be deciphered. [source] In the Wake of Mantzikert: The First Crusade and the Alexian Reconquest of Western AnatoliaHISTORY, Issue 314 2009JASON T. ROCHE The main aims of this article are threefold. It initially seeks to address two popular misconceptions frequently found in crusade histories and general histories of the Byzantine empire concerning the Turkish invasion and settlement of western Anatolia after the battle of Mantzikert in 1071. The article maintains that blurring the distinctions between the Seljuk Turks of Rans,m and the tribes of pastoral nomads or rather transhumants who came to be known as Türkmens or Turcomans is incorrect. The oft-repeated assumption that the Seljuk Turks of Baghdad oversaw the Turkish conquest of Anatolia is addressed when tracing the unstructured nature of the Turkish migration and the subsequent lack of unity amongst the invaders. After providing the context of the Turkish settlement in western Anatolia, the article throws new light on the relative ease with which the armies of the First Crusade traversed the Anatolian plateau and Byzantine forces compelled the speedy capitulation of Turkish towns and territories along the western coastal plains and river valleys of Anatolia in 1097 and 1098 respectively. [source] The influences of the Southern and North Atlantic Oscillations on climatic surface variables in TurkeyHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 6 2005M. Ça, atay Karabörk Abstract In this study, Turkish climatic variables (precipitation, stream flow and maximum and minimum temperatures) were first analysed in association with both the Southern Oscillation (SO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The relationships between Turkish maximum and minimum monthly temperatures and the extreme phases of the SO (El Niño and La Niña events) were examined. The results of this analysis showed that relationships between Turkish monthly maximum temperatures and El Niño and La Niña contain some complexity still to be identified, because both events produce a signal indicating a correspondence with cold anomalies in the aggregate composites. A relationship between turkish minimum temperatures and El Niño was detected in western Anatolia, whereas there was no significant and consistent signal associated with La Niña. Moreover a series of cross-correlation analyses was carried out to demonstrate the teleconnections between the climatic variables and both the NAO and SO. The NAO during winter was found to influence precipitation and stream-flow patterns. In contrast temperature patterns appeared to be less sensitive to the NAO. Furthermore, lag-correlation results indicated a prediction potential for both precipitation and stream-flow variables in connection with the NAO. Simultaneous and time-lag correlations between the climatic variables and the SO index, in general, indicated weaker relationships in comparison with those for the NAO. These analyses also showed that the influences of the SO on Turkish temperature data are negligible. The outcomes were presented in conjunction with an explanation regarding physical mechanisms behind the implied teleconnections. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The epidemiological aspects of irritable bowel syndrome in Southeastern Anatolia: a stratified randomised community-based studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 3 2005erif Yilmaz Summary Even though studies on the epidemiology of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are increasing day by day, epidemiological data are still unknown in many regions. Our objective was to determine the IBS prevalence, factors associated with this prevalence and probable risk groups in Southeastern Anatolia. The total population in the target region is approximately 6 million. A total of 3000 people (1521 females and 1479 males) randomly selected by stratified cluster sampling were interviewed face-to-face by using a questionnaire comprising demographic features and the Rome II criteria which also included probable risk factors and questions related with Bristol scale stool form. The statistical analysis was performed by using a package program called epi info 2000. IBS prevalence was 10.2% according to the Rome II criteria in our region. Six hundred and twenty-five of 3000 subjects had gastrointestinal symptoms in the last 3 months. IBS rate was higher in women (12.4%) than in men (8.0%), and married subjects had higher IBS rates (11.6%) than singles (6.7%). Those differences were statistically significant (p = 0.000 for both). It was most common in the 35,54-year age group. No difference was observed in terms of settlement (rural/urban), age group, education and occupation. History of abortion in women increased the IBS risk by 1.8 times (p = 0.000 Crude odds ratios = 1.8 (1.3,2.6) 95% confidence intervals). Of the IBS patients, 48.1% had characteristics of diarrhoea-predominance, 38.9% constipation-predominance while 13.0% had none. There was a significant relation between dominant stool form and Bristol scale stool form. IBS prevalence is 10.2% in the first community-based study carried out in this specific subject in Southeastern Anatolia. The dominance of middle age and females remained significant. [source] Some chemical and microbiological properties of ghee produced in Eastern AnatoliaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2008AYSEGUL KIRAZCI Some properties of 30 ghee samples produced in Eastern Anatolia in Turkey were evaluated. Lipolytic bacteria and yeast,mould counts ranged from undetectable to 9.9 × 105 and 6.9 × 105 cfu/g, respectively. Most of the samples showed higher free fatty acids (FFA) and peroxide values (PV) than the limits mentioned in International Dairy Federation standards. Storage at 5°C for 30 days was not sufficient to stop the lipolytic and yeast,mould growth and lipid oxidation of the samples. Ghee samples with considerably higher trans -C18 : 1 and trans -C18 : 2 fatty acids contents were considered to be adulterated with hydrogenated oils. It is recommended that specific attention should be given to technology transfer and the education of traditional dairy product manufacturers. [source] Occlusal grooves in anterior dentition among Kovuklukaya inhabitants (Sinop, northern Anatolia, 10th century AD)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Y. S. Erdal Abstract Mesiodistally directed grooves have been observed on the occlusal surfaces of nine incisors of five females in a small skeletal population from Kovuklukaya (Sinop, northern Anatolia, 10th century AD). There is no archaeological evidence to explain the cultural practices that must have caused such unusual abrasions of the anterior dentition. Investigations of the geographical characteristics of the region and data gathered on the traditional lifestyles of Çulhal, inhabitants enables us to reach meaningful conclusions about the Kovuklukaya people. According to the direction of the grooves, ecological characteristics of the region, and ethnographic data, it is proposed that the unusual abrasion observed in the Kovuklukaya population may be linked to passing yarn between the anterior teeth to wet it. The grooves in the Kovuklukaya population were found only in female skeletons, indicating the existence of a sex-based division of labour in yarn production. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A pre-Columbian case of congenital syphilis from Anatolia (Nicaea, 13th century AD)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Y. S. ErdalArticle first published online: 16 AUG 200 Abstract In this study, the skeleton of an approximately 15-year-old child, dating back to the Late Byzantine period (13th century AD) is examined with the aim of determining where this specimen fits in the continuing arguments on the origins of syphilis. It was unearthed during an excavation at an amphitheatre in Nicaea dating to the Roman period. The Nicaea specimen displays common symptoms found in the majority of people with congenital syphilis such as Hutchinson's incisor, mulberry molar, darkened enamel, radial scar on frontal bone, sabre tibia, syphilitic dactylitis, and gummatous and non-gummatous osteomyelitis on almost every post-cranial bone. Because of the sub-periosteal new bone formation, the medullary spaces in some long bones are narrowed or completely obliterated. These lesions, which were observed via macroscopic and radiological examination, reflect the late stages of congenital syphilis. The specimen, when examined together with increasing numbers of other finds from the Old World, contributes to the argument that venereal syphilis did exist in the Old World before 1493, and brings forward the need to revise the Columbian hypothesis, which maintains that syphilis is a new disease carried to the Old World from the New World by Columbus' crew. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The ,oriental' component of the Balkan flora: evidence of presence on the Thracian Plain during the Weichselian late-glacialJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 5 2008E. K. Magyari Abstract Aim, To obtain palaeobotanical evidence enabling evaluation of the viability of the hypothesis that the ,oriental' element of the Balkan flora reached south-east Europe from Turkey prior to the Holocene, probably via the Thracian Plain during a late Quaternary glacial stage but no later than the late Weichselian. Location, Ezero wetland, northern Thracian Plain, Bulgaria. Methods, We undertook analyses of pollen and microspores, plant macrofossils, wood fragments and molluscs recovered from sediments deposited in the Ezero wetland during the late Weichselian and Weichselian late-glacial. Sediment chronology was determined using radiocarbon age estimates. Results, Six metres of sediments were recovered from the basin, of which the lower 3 m, extending from c. 15,450 cal yr bp to the early Allerød, was analysed. A major hiatus occurred after c. 13,900 cal yr bp, the overlying sediments being of late Holocene age. Palaeobotanical evidence indicates predominantly open vegetation during the Weichselian late-glacial, although macrofossil remains of woody taxa demonstrate the local presence of patches of wooded steppe and gallery forest. Changes in the composition of the steppe vegetation, and in the nature of the sediments deposited in the basin, indicate changes in climatic conditions, especially in the hydrological regime and in the moisture available to vegetation. After an initially relatively moister phase, the final centuries of the late Weichselian were drier, as was a short interval that may correlate with the Older Dryas. Moister conditions characterize intervals corresponding to the Bølling and Allerød sub-units of the Weichselian late-glacial interstadial. Although the pollen evidence is thus consistent with that from previous studies of this period in south-east Europe and south-west Asia, indicating predominantly open steppe vegetation, the macrofossil evidence indicates the persistent local presence of woody taxa. The woody taxa recorded include Celtis tournefortii -type and Juniperus cf. J. excelsa, two taxa today characteristic of the wooded steppes of Anatolia and members of the ,oriental' element of the southern Balkan flora, as well as Rosaceae Subfams. Maloideae and Prunoideae, Alnus and Fraxinus. Main conclusions, The late Weichselian vegetation of the northern Thracian Plain included patches of wooded steppe that supported members of the ,oriental' element of the modern Balkan flora. The presence of such taxa renders viable the hypothesis that they could have reached south-east Europe from Turkey via the Thracian Plain during glacial times. Such hypotheses in historical biogeography can be evaluated critically using the evidence obtained from plant macrofossil analyses in combination with that from pollen analysis. [source] Mole Guns in Turkey in 2003,2005JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 1 2007lmaz M.D. ABSTRACT: This study describes the frequency of mole guns in Turkey by examining the cases sent to the Council of Forensic Medicine of Turkey between 2003 and 2005. In total, 11 mole guns were examined. Mole guns are manufactured to be used as a trap against detrimental animals. Although they are not meant to be used as a firearm, they are able to cause death. Mole guns appearing in regular casework were evaluated in terms of type of the gun, number of barrels, size and caliber, rifling, design, mechanism, fitness for use, legality, and geographical distribution. Ninty-one percent of the guns were 12 gauge. Most commonly they originate from Inner Anatolia. Mole guns are typically handmade. Some examples of injuries and deaths caused by mole guns are also offered. [source] Pen Guns in TurkeyJOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 1 2007lmaz M.D. ABSTRACT: This study describes the frequency and type of pen guns in Turkey by examining the cases sent to the Council of Forensic Medicine of Turkey between 2000 and 2004. In total, 32 cases and 61 pen guns were examined. These guns were evaluated in respect of the type of the gun, size and caliber, rifling, design, mechanism, fitness for use, legality, and geographical distribution. Fifty-nine percent of the guns were 22-gauge. Most commonly, they originate from South Eastern Anatolia. It is suggested that the guns are handmade. [source] Sub-ophiolite metamorphic rocks from NW Anatolia, TurkeyJOURNAL OF METAMORPHIC GEOLOGY, Issue 5 2000Önen The metamorphic rocks from near Kütahya in north-west Anatolia record different stages in the history of closure of the Neo-Tethyan ,zmir,Ankara,Erzincan ocean. Sub-ophiolite metamorphic rocks within the Tav,anl, zone are a tectonically composite sequence of quartz,mica schists, amphibole schists, amphibolites and garnet amphibolites. They show increasing metamorphic grade towards the base of the ophiolite. A first metamorphic event, typical of sub-ophiolite metamorphic sole rocks, was characterized by high-grade assemblages, and followed by retrograde metamorphism. A second event was marked by a medium-to high-pressure overprint of the first-stage metamorphic assemblages with assemblages indicating a transition between the blueschist and greenschist facies. The chemistry of the sub-ophiolite metamorphic rocks indicates an ocean island basalt origin, and Ar,Ar dating indicates a high temperature metamorphic event at 93±2 Ma. Counter-clockwise P,T,t paths recorded by the sub-ophiolite metamorphic rocks are interpreted to result from intra-oceanic thrusting during the closure of the ,zmir, Ankara,Erzincan ocean, initiating subduction, which formed the high-temperature assemblages. Further subduction then produced the widespread blueschists of the Tav,anl, zone during the Late Cretaceous. Later cold thrusting obducted the ophiolite (with the metamorphic sole welded to its base), ophiolitic melanges and blueschists onto the Anatolide passive margin in the latest Cretaceous. All these events pre-date the final Anatolide,Pontide continent,continent collision. [source] THE RESERVOIR POTENTIAL OF MIOCENE CARBONATE ROCKS IN THE ASKALE AND HINIS-MUS-VAN SUB-BASINS, EAST ANATOLIA, TURKEYJOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2003A. G. Büyükutku Lower-middle Miocene limestones in East Anatolia (eastern Turkey) assigned to the Adilcevaz Formation were studied using core and cuttings data from eight wells in the Tertiary Askale and Hinis-Mus-Van sub-basins. Their depositional environment, diagenetic characteristics and reservoir quality are reviewed. The Adilcevaz Formation carbonates are up to 225m thick. Abundant bioclasts are dominated by corals, encrusting red algae, bryozoans, and benthonic and planktonic foraminifera. Reef-core, fore-reef and back-reef facies were recognized. The preservation of primary porosity is generally poor as a result of late calcite cementation. Porosity is mainly present as moulds, vugs and interparticle types, which are best developed in the fore-reef and reef-core facies. However these pores are poorly connected and permeability is generally less than 0.1 mD. In contrast to coeval limestones of similiar facies in Iran, Iraq and other parts of the Middle East, the Adilcevaz Formation has little reservoir potential. [source] An improved method for determination of Holocene coastline changes around two ancient settlements in southern Anatolia: a geoarchaeological approach to historical land degradation studiesLAND DEGRADATION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2003Y. Bal Abstract Two well-known ancient sites in southern Anatolia were selected to investigate and quantify the impact of historical land degradation on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. These sites are the Luwian settlements of Kelenderis (modern Ayd,nc,k) and nearby Nagidos (Bozyaz,), both in Mersin Province and both occupied since around 4000,BP. Changes in local climatic conditions over this period have produced variations in the rates of fluvial transport of sediment/soil from the hinterland into the relevant deltaic regions, thus influencing rates of coastal progradation and aggradation. In addition, both eustatic and neotectonic movements have contributed to deltaic subsidence and/or hinterland uplift, with consequential impact on coastal evolution (positive or negative). The novel geoarchaeological methodology adopted in this study involves the creation of a graphical archive from detailed and standardised measurements taken from rectified mono- and stereoscopic aerial photographs. These archival data were then integrated with data from several types of historical map and field measurements in order to develop a geographical information system (GIS) database that could be interrogated, enabling graphical models of past coastal change to be constructed and calculations then made of the coastal configurations at successive historical periods. These calculations reveal that over the past 6000 years there has been only limited erosion/degradation in the karstic hinterland supplying the sediment to these two study sites (contrary to some previous statements concerning the high degradation risk of Mediterranean karst terrains). Furthermore, rates of progradation in each delta appear to have become diminished or even reversed in the past several decades as a result of both natural and anthropogenic factors. The precise contribution of neotectonic movements in this seismically active zone remains unquantified and is a topic requiring further interdisciplinary study. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] New species of the Scopaeus elegans group from Turkey, with distributional notes on Anatolian Scopaeus species (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederinae)MITTEILUNGEN AUS DEM MUSEUM FUER NATURKUNDE IN BERLIN-DEUTSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT, Issue 1 2002Johannes Frisch Abstract This paper gives taxonomic and distributional data on Anatolian Scopaeus species. Six new species belonging to the S. elegans species group are described: S. bituberculatus sp. n., S. cariensis sp. n., S. efesi sp. n., S. kurdistanicoides sp. n., S. mariae sp. n. and S. trifurcatus sp. n. New distributional data from Anatolia are given and mainly mapped for S. bilaminulatus Scheerpeltz 1957, S. cameroni Coiffait 1968. S. chalcodactylus Kolenati 1846, S. elegans Luze 1910, S. fagelianus Coiffait 1969, S. haemusensis Frisch 1997, S. korelli Frisch 1999, S. kurdistanus Korge 1971, S. loebli Frisch 1997, S. minutoides Coiffait 1969, S. ponticus Frisch 1999, S. pusillus Kiesenwetter 1834 and S. tauricus Frisch 1997. [source] Effects of late referral to a nephrologist in patients with chronic renal failureNEPHROLOGY, Issue 5 2005EKREM DOGAN SUMMARY: Background: We lack information about the role of late diagnosis of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), late nephrological referral and its impact on biochemical variables and first hospitalization in East Anatolia, Turkey. Methods and Results: For a total of 101 ESRD patients, dialysis was initiated between January 1998 and December 2002 at the Yuzuncu Yil University Hospital. Early referral (ER) and late referral (LR) were defined as the time of first referral or admission to a nephrologist greater or less than 12 weeks, respectively, before initiation of haemodialysis (HD). Results: The need for urgent dialysis was less among the early referral cases compared with the late referral cases (P = 0.03). Patients with LR started dialysis with lower levels of haemoglobin (8.6 vs 9.5 g/dL, P < 0.05) bicarbonate (16 vs 12 mEq/lt, P < 0.03) and albumin (2.9 vs 3.29 mg/dL, P < 0.02) and with higher serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (173 vs 95 mg/dL, P < 0.001), creatinine (10 vs 7.9 mg/dL, P < 0.001) and potassium (5.3 vs 4.8, P < 0.04). Hospitalization duration beginning at dialysis was significantly longer in the LR group (27.3 ± 24) compared with the ER group (13.4 ± 7.5, P < 0.001). When the groups were compared in terms of distance between the patients home and hospital, there were significantly more patients living far away from hospital (i.e. >100 km) in the LR group compared with the ER (P < 0.0001) group. Conclusion: Early referral to a nephrology unit and/or early diagnosis of ESRD results in better biochemical variables, shorter first hospitalization length and a higher percentage of elective construction of AVF and the availability to start with an alternative dialysis modality (i.e. CAPD). [source] The orthodoxization of ritual practice in western AnatoliaAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 4 2009KIMBERLY HART ABSTRACT In rural western Turkey, villagers have replaced male performances of davul (bass drum) and zurna (double-reed wind instrument) as well as men's dancing with mevluts, special prayer services, and they have replaced women's dances to taped or live electric harmonium music with sohbets, sermons. Villagers are motivated to transform "cultural practices" that appear "backward" from the perspective of state-based ideologies of cultural progress and that are considered sinful from the perspective of Islamists. I trace their quests for spiritual and secular salvation and how they relate to the construction of a modernist Islamic worldview. [source] Centaurea cadmea subsp. pontica subsp. nov. (Asteraceae) from northwest Anatolia, TurkeyNORDIC JOURNAL OF BOTANY, Issue 4 2010Yavuz Bülent Köse Centaurea cadmea Boiss. subsp. pontica Wagenitz ex Y.B. Köse & Ocak (Asteraceae), a new subspecies occuring in north Anatolia, Turkey, is described and illustrated. The new subspecies grows in rocky places in the Zonguldak province. It is closely related to C. cadmea subsp. cadmea, but differs in its involucrum, achen, appendage and radiant flowers. Diagnostic morphological characters are discussed and notes are presented on ecology and conservation status. In addition, the pollen characteristics of both subspecies have been examined by SEM. [source] Jurinea tortumensis sp. nov. (Asteraceae) from northeast Anatolia, TurkeyNORDIC JOURNAL OF BOTANY, Issue 4 2010Bekir Dogan A new species, Jurinea tortumensis A. Duran & B. Dogan (Asteraceae), is described and illustrated from Anatolia, Turkey. The species grows on serpentine stony places in the Tortum district (Erzurum Province) in northeast Anatolia. It is morphologically similar to J. consanguinea DC. The pollen characteristics and achene surface morphology of J. tortumensis and J. consanguinea are examined by SEM. Diagnostic morphological characters from closely similar taxa are discussed and arranged in a key. Ecology, conservation status and biogeography of the species are also presented. In addition, the geographical distributions of the new species and other related species are mapped. [source] Verbascum eskisehirensis sp. nov. (Scrophulariaceae) from central Anatolia, TurkeyNORDIC JOURNAL OF BOTANY, Issue 3 2009Faik Ahmet Karavelio, ullar Verbascum eskisehirensis Karavel., Ocak & Ekici sp. nov. (sect. Bothrosperma Murb.) is described and illustrated from Turkey. This new species is confined to B3 Eskisehir in central Anatolia. A morphological comparison is made with the closely related species; V. oreophilum K. Koch and V. pyramidatum M. Bieb. In addition, a cluster analysis was conducted and a distribution map of the new species and the related species is also given. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||