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IV Pili (iv + pili)
Kinds of IV Pili Selected AbstractsTemperature and pyoverdine-mediated iron acquisition control surface motility of Pseudomonas putidaENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 7 2007Miguel A. Matilla Summary Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is unable to swarm at its common temperature of growth in the laboratory (30°C) but exhibits surface motility similar to swarming patterns in other Pseudomonas between 18°C and 28°C. These motile cells show differentiation, consisting on elongation and the presence of surface appendages. Analysis of a collection of mutants to define the molecular determinants of this type of surface movement in KT2440 shows that while type IV pili and lipopolysaccharide O-antigen are requisites flagella are not. Although surface motility of flagellar mutants was macroscopically undistinguishable from that of the wild type, microscopy analysis revealed that these mutants move using a distinct mechanism to that of the wild-type strain. Mutants either in the siderophore pyoverdine (ppsD) or in the FpvA siderophore receptor were also unable to spread on surfaces. Motility in the ppsD strain was totally restored with pyoverdine and partially with the wild-type ppsD allele. Phenotype of the fpvA strain was not complemented by this siderophore. We discuss that iron influences surface motility and that it can be an environmental cue for swarming-like movement in P. putida. This study constitutes the first report assigning an important role to pyoverdine iron acquisition in en masse bacterial surface movement. [source] Shuffling genes around in hot environments: the unique DNA transporter of Thermus thermophilusFEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Issue 3 2009Beate Averhoff Abstract Natural transformation permits the transport of DNA through bacterial membranes and represents a dominant mode for the transfer of genetic information between bacteria and between microorganisms of distant evolutionary lineages and even between members of different domains. This phenomenon, known as horizontal, or lateral, gene transfer, has been a major force for genome plasticity over evolutionary history, and is largely responsible for the spread of fitness-enhancing traits, including antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. In particular, for adaptation of prokaryotes to extreme environments, lateral gene transfer seems to have played a crucial role. Here, we present a survey of the natural transformation machinery of the thermophile Thermus thermophilus HB27. A tentative model of the transformation machinery comprising of components similar to proteins of type IV pili and type II secretion systems is presented. A comparative discussion of the subunits and the structure of the DNA translocator and the underlying mechanism of transfer of free DNA in T. thermophilus highlights conserved and unique features of the DNA translocator in T. thermophilus. We hypothesize that the extraordinary broad substrate specificity and the high efficiency of the T. thermophilus DNA uptake system is of major importance for thermoadaptation and interdomain DNA transfer in hot environments. [source] Respiration of metal (hydr)oxides by Shewanella and Geobacter: a key role for multihaem c -type cytochromesMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Liang Shi Summary Dissimilatory reduction of metal (e.g. Fe, Mn) (hydr)oxides represents a challenge for microorganisms, as their cell envelopes are impermeable to metal (hydr)oxides that are poorly soluble in water. To overcome this physical barrier, the Gram-negative bacteria Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and Geobacter sulfurreducens have developed electron transfer (ET) strategies that require multihaem c -type cytochromes (c -Cyts). In S. oneidensis MR-1, multihaem c -Cyts CymA and MtrA are believed to transfer electrons from the inner membrane quinone/quinol pool through the periplasm to the outer membrane. The type II secretion system of S. oneidensis MR-1 has been implicated in the reduction of metal (hydr)oxides, most likely by translocating decahaem c -Cyts MtrC and OmcA across outer membrane to the surface of bacterial cells where they form a protein complex. The extracellular MtrC and OmcA can directly reduce solid metal (hydr)oxides. Likewise, outer membrane multihaem c -Cyts OmcE and OmcS of G. sulfurreducens are suggested to transfer electrons from outer membrane to type IV pili that are hypothesized to relay the electrons to solid metal (hydr)oxides. Thus, multihaem c -Cyts play critical roles in S. oneidensis MR-1- and G. sulfurreducens -mediated dissimilatory reduction of solid metal (hydr)oxides by facilitating ET across the bacterial cell envelope. [source] Analysis of FimX, a phosphodiesterase that governs twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosaMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Barbara I. Kazmierczak Summary Type IV pili (Tfp) are polar surface structures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa required for twitching motility, biofilm formation and adherence. One protein required for the assembly of tfp is FimX, which possesses both GGDEF and EAL domains characteristic of diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases respectively. In this work we demonstrate that FimX has phosphodiesterase activity towards bis-(3,-5,)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), but does not show diguanylate cyclase activity. Instead, the imperfect GGDEF domain of FimX likely serves to activate phosphodiesterase activity when bound to GTP, as has recently been described for the Caulobacter crescentus composite GGDEF-EAL protein, CC3396. Bacteria expressing FimX in which either the GGDEF or EAL domain is deleted or mutated have phenotypes indistinguishable from a ,fimX strain, demonstrating the importance of both domains to function. Previous work has shown that FimX localizes to the bacterial pole. In this work we show that restriction of FimX to a single pole requires intact GGDEF and EAL domains. Deletion of the amino-terminal REC domain of FimX, which contains a putative polar localization signal, results in a protein that still supports intermediate levels of pilus assembly and function. RFP,FimX,REC, unlike RFP,FimX, is no longer localized to the bacterial pole, while transmission electron microscopy shows that surface pili can originate from non-polar sites in this mutant. Although ,fimX mutants show limited in vitro cytotoxicity, they are as virulent as the wild-type strain in a murine model of acute pneumonia. [source] Structural alterations in a type IV pilus subunit protein result in concurrent defects in multicellular behaviour and adherence to host tissueMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Hae-Sun Moon Park The ability of bacteria to establish complex communities on surfaces is believed to require both bacterial,substratum and bacterial,bacterial interactions, and type IV pili appear to play a critical but incompletely defined role in both these processes. Using the human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, spontaneous mutants defective in bacterial self-aggregative behaviour but quantitatively unaltered in pilus fibre expression were isolated by a unique selective scheme. The mutants, carrying single amino acid substitutions within the conserved amino-terminal domain of the pilus fibre subunit, were reduced in the ability to adhere to a human epithelial cell line. Co-expression of the altered alleles in the context of a wild-type pilE gene confirmed that they were dominant negative with respect to aggregation and human cell adherence. Strains expressing two copies of the altered alleles produced twice as much purifiable pili but retained the aggregative and adherence defects. Finally, the defects in aggregative behaviour and adherence of each of the mutants were suppressed by a loss-of-function mutation in the twitching motility gene pilT. The correlations between self-aggregation and the net capacity of the microbial population to adhere efficiently demonstrates the potential significance of bacterial cell,cell interactions to colonization. [source] Vibrio vulnificus infection and metalloproteaseTHE JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2006Shin-ichi MIYOSHI ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus,is ubiquitous in aquatic environments; however, it occasionally causes serious and often fatal infections in humans. These include invasive septicemia contracted through consumption of raw seafood, as well as wound infections acquired through contact with brackish or marine waters. In most cases of septicemia, the patients have underlying disease(s), such as liver dysfunction or alcoholic cirrhosis, and the secondary skin lesions including cellulitis, edema and hemorrhagic bulla appear on the limbs. Although V. Vul,produces various virulent factors including polysaccharide capsule, type IV pili, hemolysin and proteolytic enzymes, the 45-kDa metalloprotease may be a causative factor of the skin lesions, because the purified protease enhances vascular permeability through generation of chemical mediators and also induces serious hemorrhagic damage through digestion of the vascular basement membrane. As well as other bacteria, V. Vul,can regulate the protease production through the quorum-sensing system depending on bacterial cell density. However, this system operates efficiently at 25°C, but not at 37°C. Therefore, V. vulnificus may produce sufficient amounts of the protease only in the interstitial tissue of the limbs, in which temperature is lower than the internal temperature of the human body. [source] Infection of human mucosal tissue by Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires sequential and mutually dependent virulence factors and a novel pilus-associated adhesinCELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 8 2010Ryan W. Heiniger Summary Tissue damage predisposes humans to life-threatening disseminating infection by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial adherence to host tissue is a critical first step in this infection process. It is well established that P. aeruginosa attachment to host cells involves type IV pili (TFP), which are retractile surface fibres. The molecular details of attachment and the identity of the bacterial adhesin and host receptor remain controversial. Using a mucosal epithelium model system derived from primary human tissue, we show that the pilus-associated protein PilY1 is required for bacterial adherence. We establish that P. aeruginosa preferentially binds to exposed basolateral host cell surfaces, providing a mechanistic explanation for opportunistic infection of damaged tissue. Further, we demonstrate that invasion and fulminant infection of intact host tissue requires the coordinated and mutually dependent action of multiple bacterial factors, including pilus fibre retraction and the host cell intoxication system, termed type III secretion. Our findings offer new and important insights into the complex interactions between a pathogen and its human host and provide compelling evidence that PilY1 serves as the principal P. aeruginosa adhesin for human tissue and that it specifically recognizes a host receptor localized or enriched on basolateral epithelial cell surfaces. [source] Lipooligosaccharide-independent alteration of cellular homeostasis in Neisseria meningitidis -infected epithelial cellsCELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2005Robert A. Bonnah Summary Neisseria meningitidis (MC) is an important cause of meningitis and septic shock. Primary loose attachment of MC to host epithelial cells is mediated by type IV pili. Lipooligosaccharide (LOS), opacity (Opa) proteins and glycolipid adhesins facilitate subsequent tight attachment. MC infection causes numerous changes in host epithelial cell homeostasis. These include cortical plaque formation, increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and alterations in host iron homeostasis. Using both biochemical and genetic approaches, we examined the role of LOS in mediating these events. We first examined specific cellular iron homeostasis changes that occur following addition of purified MC LOS to epithelial cells. Using an MC mutant that completely lacks LOS (MC lps tbp), we examined pili-mediated attachment and cortical plaque formation in human endocervical epithelial cells (A431). We also tested whether the lack of LOS alters cellular homeostasis, including changes in the levels of host stress response factors and proinflammatory cytokines. MC lps tbp elicited the formation of cortical plaques in A431 cells. However, the plaques were less pronounced than those formed by the MC parent. Surprisingly, the proinflammatory cytokine TNF, was upregulated during infection in MC lps tbp -infected cells. Furthermore, alterations in iron homeostasis, including lower transferrin receptor 1 (TfR-1) levels, altered TfR-1 trafficking, an ,iron-starvation' gene expression profile and low iron regulatory protein (IRP) binding activity are independent of LOS. Our results demonstrate that LOS is partially involved in both the attachment to host cells and formation of cortical plaques. However, TNF, induction and changes in iron homeostasis observed in MC-infected epithelial cells are independent of LOS. [source] Dynamics of gonococcal type IV pili during infectionCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 9-10 2009Dirk Opitz Abstract Keep that motor running: Type IV pili are among the strongest molecular motors characterized to date. Herein it is reported that pilus motors of the human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae are very active for at least one day post-infection of epithelial cells. They generate force in the range on 70 pN and retract at a higher velocity as compared to abiotic environments (see picture). Type IV pili are important bacterial virulence factors that mediate attachment to mammalian host cells and elicit downstream signals. When adhered to abiotic surfaces, the human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae generates force by retracting these polymeric cell appendages. We recently found that single pili generate stalling forces that exceed 100 pN, but it is unclear whether bacteria generate force once they adhere to their human host cells. Here, we report that pili retract very actively during infection of human epithelial cells. The retraction velocity is bimodal and the high velocity mode persisted at higher forces in contrast to an abiotic environment. Bacteria generate considerable force during infection, but the maximum force is reduced from 120±40 pN on abiotic surfaces to 70±20 pN on epithelial cells, most likely due to elastic effects. Velocity and maximum force of pilus retraction are largely independent of the infection period within 1 h and 24 h post-infection. Thus, the force generated by type IV pili during infection is high enough to induce cytoskeletal rearrangements in the host cell. [source] | ||||||||||