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Hydrodynamic Properties (hydrodynamic + property)
Selected AbstractsRole of Hydrodynamically Active Biopolymeric Ingredients in Texture Modification and Physical Stabilization of Gel-based Composite FoodsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2002C.M. Lee ABSTRACT: Unlike synthetic polymer composites, a large amount of water is required for composite foods and needs to be managed by the use of water-binding (hydrodynamically active) biopolymeric ingredients for texture and physical stabilization. "Hydrodynamic properties" encompass the dynamics of water binding/retention and the distribution between particulates and the matrix, and are responsible for the composite effect. The extent of reinforcement depends on their hydrodynamic and surface properties, volume fraction, size, and shape. Moisture management and the control of texture and physical stability in gel-based composites can be achieved by understanding the interrelationships among the physical parameters governing matrix and dispersed particulates. Such understanding will facilitate the introduction of new composite products with improved texture and storability, as well as improve the functional properties of biopolymeric ingredients through appropriate modification of hydrodynamic properties. [source] Fluid dynamics in coal liquefaction reactors using neutron absorption tracer techniqueAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 8 2000Naohide Sakai Hydrodynamic properties in the coal liquefaction reactors at the Kashima pilot plant, which was constructed based on the NEDOL process, were investigated using the neutron absorption tracer technique. The reactor system is composed of three vessels, each with 1.0 m ID and 11.8 m in height. The gas velocity in the reactors under coal liquefaction conditions was estimated using a reaction simulator that contained reaction rates and vapor,liquid equilibrium. The axial dispersion coefficients in the first and third reactors at superficial gas velocities of 0.06,0.07 m/s were much smaller than those reported for air,water systems under ambient conditions. This suggests that the pilot-plant reactors operated fundamentally in the homogeneous bubble flow regime. [source] Anomalous electrophoretic behavior of a very acidic protein: Ribonuclease U2ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 18 2005Lucía García-Ortega Abstract Ribonuclease U2 is a low-molecular-weight acidic protein with three disulfide bridges. This protein displays an anomalous electrophoretic behavior on standard SDS-PAGE. The electrophoretic mobility of the nonreduced protein roughly corresponds to its molecular mass while the migration of the reduced protein would be in accordance with the expected molecular mass of the protein dimer. This study reveals that the protein does not bind SDS under the SDS-PAGE conditions, its electrophoretic mobility being only determined by its electrostatic charge and hydrodynamic properties. In addition, the nonreduced protein cannot be blotted to a membrane. Unfolding of the protein upon reduction of its disulfide bridges enables electrotransference to membranes due to a restricted diffusion along the electrophoresis gel. [source] Solute movement through intact columns of cryoturbated Upper ChalkHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 13 2008M. Mahmood-ul-Hassan Abstract Cryoturbated Upper Chalk is a dichotomous porous medium wherein the intra-fragment porosity provides water storage and the inter-fragment porosity provides potential pathways for relatively rapid flow near saturation. Chloride tracer movement through 43 cm long and 45 cm diameter undisturbed chalk columns was studied at water application rates of 0·3, 1·0, and 1·5 cm h,1. Microscale heterogeneity in effluent was recorded using a grid collection system consisting of 98 funnel-shaped cells each 3·5 cm in diameter. The total porosity of the columns was 0·47 ± 0·02 m3 m,3, approximately 13% of pores were , 15 µm diameter, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity was 12·66 ± 1·31 m day,1. Although the column remained unsaturated during the leaching even at all application rates, proportionate flow through macropores increased as the application rate decreased. The number of dry cells (with 0 ml of effluent) increased as application rate decreased. Half of the leachate was collected from 15, 19 and 22 cells at 0·3, 1·0, 1·5 cm h,1 application rates respectively. Similar breakthrough curves (BTCs) were obtained at all three application rates when plotted as a function of cumulative drainage, but they were distinctly different when plotted as a function of time. The BTCs indicate that the columns have similar drainage requirement irrespective of application rates, as the rise to the maxima (C/Co) is almost similar. However, the time required to achieve that leaching requirement varies with application rates, and residence time was less in the case of a higher application rate. A two-region convection,dispersion model was used to describe the BTCs and fitted well (r2 = 0·97,0·99). There was a linear relationship between dispersion coefficient and pore water velocity (correlation coefficient r = 0·95). The results demonstrate the microscale heterogeneity of hydrodynamic properties in the Upper Chalk. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Assessing the impact of the hydraulic properties of a crusted soil on overland flow modelling at the field scaleHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 8 2006Nanée Chahinian Abstract Soil surface crusts are widely reported to favour Hortonian runoff, but are not explicitly represented in most rainfall-runoff models. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of soil surface crusts on infiltration and runoff modelling at two spatial scales, i.e. the local scale and the plot scale. At the local scale, two separate single ring infiltration experiments are undertaken. The first is performed on the undisturbed soil, whereas the second is done after removal of the soil surface crust. The HYDRUS 2D two-dimensional vertical infiltration model is then used in an inverse modelling approach, first to estimate the soil hydraulic properties of the crust and the subsoil, and then the effective hydraulic properties of the soil represented as a single uniform layer. The results show that the crust hydraulic conductivity is 10 times lower than that of the subsoil, thus illustrating the limiting role the crust has on infiltration. Moving up to the plot scale, a rainfall-runoff model coupling the Richards equation to a transfer function is used to simulate Hortonian overland flow hydrographs. The previously calculated hydraulic properties are used, and a comparison is undertaken between a single-layer and a double-layer representation of the crusted soil. The results of the rainfall-runoff model show that the soil hydraulic properties calculated at the local scale give acceptable results when used to model runoff at the plot scale directly, without any numerical calibration. Also, at the plot scale, no clear improvement of the results can be seen when using a double-layer representation of the soil in comparison with a single homogeneous layer. This is due to the hydrological characteristics of Hortonian runoff, which is triggered by a rainfall intensity exceeding the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil surface. Consequently, the rainfall-runoff model is more sensitive to rainfall than to the subsoil's hydrodynamic properties. Therefore, the use of a double-layer soil model to represent runoff on a crusted soil does not seem necessary, as the increase of precision in the soil discretization is not justified by a better performance of the model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Role of Hydrodynamically Active Biopolymeric Ingredients in Texture Modification and Physical Stabilization of Gel-based Composite FoodsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2002C.M. Lee ABSTRACT: Unlike synthetic polymer composites, a large amount of water is required for composite foods and needs to be managed by the use of water-binding (hydrodynamically active) biopolymeric ingredients for texture and physical stabilization. "Hydrodynamic properties" encompass the dynamics of water binding/retention and the distribution between particulates and the matrix, and are responsible for the composite effect. The extent of reinforcement depends on their hydrodynamic and surface properties, volume fraction, size, and shape. Moisture management and the control of texture and physical stability in gel-based composites can be achieved by understanding the interrelationships among the physical parameters governing matrix and dispersed particulates. Such understanding will facilitate the introduction of new composite products with improved texture and storability, as well as improve the functional properties of biopolymeric ingredients through appropriate modification of hydrodynamic properties. [source] Alkylated poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) monolithic columns for ,-HPLC and CEC separation of phenolic acidsJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 17 2007Zdenka Ku, erová Abstract Macroporous poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) monolithic columns were prepared in fused silica capillaries of 100 ,m id by in-situ copolymerization of styrene with divinylbenzene in the presence of propan-1-ol and formamide as the porogen system. The monoliths were subsequently alkylated with linear alkyl C-18 groups via Friedel-Crafts reaction to improve the retention and chromatographic resolution of strongly polar phenolic acids. A new thermally initiated grafting procedure was developed in order to shorten the time of the alkylation process. The grafting procedure was optimized with respect to the reaction temperature, time, the grafting reactant concentration, and the solvent used. The type of solvent and the grafting temperature are the most significant factors affecting the hydrodynamic properties, porosity, and efficiency of the columns. While the equivalent particle diameter of the grafted column increased, the capillary-like flow-through pore diameter decreased in comparison to non-alkylated monoliths. The hydrodynamic permeability of the monolith decreased, but the monolithic column still permitted fast ,-HPLC separations. [source] Preparation and HPLC applications of rigid macroporous organic polymer monolithsJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 10-11 2004Frantisek Svec Abstract Rigid porous polymer monoliths are a new class of materials that emerged in the early 1990s. These monolithic materials are typically prepared using a simple molding process carried out within the confines of a closed mold. For example, polymerization of a mixture comprising monomers, free-radical initiator, and porogenic solvent affords macroporous materials with large through-pores that enable applications in a rapid flow-through mode. The versatility of the preparation technique is demonstrated by its use with hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionizable, and zwitterionic monomers. Several system variables can be used to control the porous properties of the monolith over a broad range and to mediate the hydrodynamic properties of the monolithic devices. A variety of methods such as direct copolymerization of functional monomers, chemical modification of reactive groups, and grafting of pore surface with selected polymer chains is available for the control of surface chemistry. Since all the mobile phase must flow through the monolith, the convection considerably accelerates mass transport within the molded material, and the monolithic devices perform well, even at very high flow rates. The applications of polymeric monolithic materials are demonstrated mostly on the separations in the HPLC mode, although CEC, gas chromatography, enzyme immobilization, molecular recognition, advanced detection systems, and microfluidic devices are also mentioned. [source] | ||||||||||