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Hydrocarbon Gases (hydrocarbon + gase)
Selected AbstractsHydrocarbon gases and oils from the recycling of polystyrene waste by catalytic pyrolysisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 1 2004Paul T. Williams Abstract The yield and composition of oils and gases derived from the pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of polystyrene has been investigated. The pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. Two catalysts were used, zeolite ZSM-5 and Y-zeolite and the influence of the temperature of the catalyst, the amount of catalyst loading and the use of a mixture of the two catalysts was investigated. The main product from the uncatalysed pyrolysis of polystyrene was an oil consisting mostly of styrene and other aromatic hydrocarbons. The gases were found to consist of methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, butane and butene. In the presence of either catalyst an increase in the yield of gas and decrease in the amount of oil produced was found, but there was significant formation of carbonaceous coke on the catalyst. Increasing the temperature of the Y-zeolite catalyst and also the amount of catalyst in the catalyst bed resulted in a decrease in the yield of oil and increase in the yield of gas. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Development of an oxide semiconductor thick film gas sensor for the detection of total volatile organic compoundsELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN, Issue 10 2010Masahiro Kadosaki Abstract Since the amendment of the Building Standards Law in 2003, the installation of ventilators is compulsory in newly built houses, because many persons suffer from indoor air pollution caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The goal of this research is to develop a gas sensor that can monitor the total VOC (TVOC) gases indoors and then to control the ventilator efficiently using the sensor. In order to develop a sensor that detects TVOC, the responses of four oxide semiconductor materials to 37 different VOC gases were studied. These materials showed small responses to halogenated and aliphatic hydrocarbon gases. As a result of improving the response to these gases, among four metal oxides examined, SnO2 and WO3 showed high sensitivities by the addition of Pd and Pt. The sensing properties of SnO2 for halogenated hydrocarbon gases were greatly improved by the addition of 0.5 wt% Pd. The sensing properties of SnO2 for aliphatic hydrocarbon gases were improved by the addition of 0.7 wt% Pt. In addition, a sensor element with the addition of both platinum and palladium, that is, Pt (0.5 wt%)-Pd (0.5 wt%)-SnO2, showed a large response to many of the VOC gases examined. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(10): 34,41, 2010; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10190 [source] Origins of hydrocarbons in the Sagara oil field, central JapanISLAND ARC, Issue 3 2006Tomohiro Toki Abstract We collected free-gas and in situ fluid samples up to a depth of 200.6 m from the Sagara oil field, central Japan (34°44,N, 138°15,E), during the Sagara Drilling Program (SDP) and measured the concentrations and stable carbon isotopic compositions of CH4 and C2H6 in the samples. A combination of the CH4/C2H6 ratios with the carbon isotope ratios of methane indicates that the hydrocarbon gases are predominantly of thermogenic origin at all depths. The isotope signature of hydrocarbon gases of ,13 < ,13 suggests that these gases in the Sagara oil field are not generated by polymerization, but by the decomposition of organic materials. [source] Utilisation of C2,C4 gaseous hydrocarbons and isoprene by microorganismsJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Jean L Shennan Abstract Microorganisms able to grow on low molecular weight aliphatic hydrocarbon gases, i.e. the n -alkanes, ethane, propane and butane, and the terminal alkenes, ethylene, propylene and butylene, are not uncommon but mainly belong to certain taxonomic groups. These microbes are described in this review together with the pathways by which the hydrocarbons are assimilated. Microbial oxidation of the volatile alkadiene, isoprene, is also discussed. Avenues for possible commercial exploitation of these metabolic activities are also reviewed. Short-chain n -alkane-utilising organisms have been investigated as tools in petroleum exploration and for production of single cell protein. More recently microbes grown on gaseous hydrocarbons other than methane have been evaluated for use in biotechnological production of epoxides, synthesis of chiral epoxyalkanes and as catalysts in bioremediation systems. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Origin and Accumulation of Natural Gases in the Upper Paleozoic Strata of the Ordos Basin in Central ChinaACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 1 2009Yangming ZHU Abstract: The natural gases in the Upper Paleozoic strata of the Ordos basin are characterized by relatively heavy C isotope of gaseous alkanes with ,13C1 and ,13C2 values ranging mainly from ,35, to ,30, and ,27, to ,22,, respectively, high ,13C excursions (round 10) between ethane and methane and predominant methane in hydrocarbon gases with most C1/(C1 -C5) ratios in excess of 0.95, suggesting an origin of coal-derived gas. The gases exhibit different carbon isotopic profiles for C1 -C4 alkanes with those of the natural gases found in the Lower Paleozoic of this basin, and believed to be originated from Carboniferous-Permian coal measures. The occurrence of regionally pervasive gas accumulation is distinct in the gently southward-dipping Shanbei slope of the central basin. It is noted that molecular and isotopic composition changes of the gases in various gas reservoirs are associated with the thermal maturities of gas source rocks. The abundances and ,13C values of methane generally decline northwards and from the basin center to its margins, and the effects of hydrocarbon migration on compositional modification seem insignificant. However, C isotopes of autogenetic calcites in the vertical and lateral section of reservoirs show a regular variation, and are as a whole depleted upwards and towards basin margins. Combination with gas maturity gradient, the analysis could be considered to be a useful tool for gas migration. [source] Source Rocks for the Giant Puguang Gas Field Sichuan Basin: Implication for Petroleum Exploration in Marine Sequences in South ChinaACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 3 2008ZOU Huayao Abstract: Detailed geochemistry studies were conducted to investigate the origin of solid bitumens and hydrocarbon gases in the giant Puguang gas field. Two types of solid bitumens were recognized: low sulfur content, low reflectance (LSLR) solid bitumens in sandstone reservoirs in the Xujiahe Formation and high sulfur content, high reflectance (HSHR) solid bitumens in the carbonate reservoirs in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan and Upper Permian Changxing formations. Solid bitumens in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation correlate well with extracts from the Upper Triassic to Jurassic nonmarine source rocks in isotopic composition of the saturated and aromatic fractions and biomarker distribution. Solid bitumens in the Feixianguan and Changxing formations are distinctly different from extracts from the Cambrian and Silurian rocks but display reasonable correlation with extracts from the Upper Permian source rocks both in isotopic composition of the saturated and aromatic fractions and in biomarker distribution, suggesting that the Permian especially the Upper Permian Longtan Formation was the main source of solid bitumens in the carbonate reservoirs in the Feixianguan and Changxing formations in the Puguang gas field. Chemical and isotopic composition of natural gases indicates that the majority of hydrocarbon gases originated from sapropelic organic matter and was the products of thermal cracking of accumulated oils. This study indicates that source rock dominated by sapropelic organic matter existed in the Upper Permian and had made major contribution to the giant Puguang gas field, which has important implication for petroleum exploration in marine sequences in South China. [source] | |||||||||||||